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Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （16429）      PDF（pc） （348KB）（46417）       Knowledge map    Save Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(342)

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The influence of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction and its internal mechanism ZHANG Tianyu, ZHANG Yali, ZHANG Xiangkui Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (9): 1514-1527.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01514 Abstract （806）      PDF（pc） （579KB）（801）       Knowledge map    Save Body dissatisfaction, an unpleasant emotional experience related to one's own body, is prevalent among adolescents. The use of social networking sites is considered a risk factor. Scholars from different countries have initiated investigations on the influence of social networking site use on body dissatisfaction in adolescents through empirical studies. Although some theoretical and empirical findings have been obtained, they are fragmented, impeding a comprehensive understanding of research progress in this area. Building upon prior studies, we aim to present a thorough overview of how social networking site use influences body dissatisfaction in adolescents while also examining the underlying mechanisms. This study assists future researchers in gaining a precise and rapid understanding of the impact of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Additionally, it offers theoretical guidance and recommendations to reduce adolescents' body dissatisfaction and enhance their mental health and subjective well-being. Initially, we conducted a structural summary of the association between various levels of social networking site use and adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The extent, mode, behavior, and motivation related to social networking site use may influence adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Specifically, the extent of social networking site use was defined as the duration, frequency, and intensity. The mode of social networking site use encompasses active and passive engagement. Behaviors linked to social networking site use included body talk and selfie-related activities. Motivations for social networking site use included seeking appearance-related feedback, fashion-focused incentives, and others. Building on this foundation, we investigated three pathways through which the use of social networking sites influences adolescents' body dissatisfaction within the framework of established theories. The first pathway entails comparing appearance and internalizing the ideal body, as posited by the tripartite influence model. The second pathway involves the development of self-objectification and body surveillance, as suggested by objectification theory. The third pathway encompasses appearance self-schema and appearance self-discrepancy, rooted in self-schema theory and self-discrepancy theory. We then further elucidated three categories of moderators of the effects of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The first category encompasses personality factors, including the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, and perfectionism, which are primarily associated with an individual's personality traits and psychological structure. The second category includes self-cognitive factors such as self-compassion and self-concept clarity, mainly related to an individual's inner emotions and self-awareness. The third category consists of media-cognitive factors such as social media literacy and appearance-related social media consciousness, primarily linked to an individual's use of social networking platforms and their attitudes toward social networking content. Furthermore, in conjunction with the findings above, we constructed an integrative model of how social networking site use affects adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The model seeks to elucidate the mechanisms of action and boundary conditions of social networking sites affecting adolescents' body dissatisfaction. It also aims to provide a systematic framework for researchers in the field to advance the prevention and intervention of adolescents' body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, the article provides valuable suggestions and reference directions for future research. For example, future research should focus on exploring the relationship between social networking site use and body dissatisfaction in China, expanding the scope of research to include various aspects such as research subjects, methods, and content, and further validating and simplifying the theoretical framework, which will help in developing more effective online intervention programs to address adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identifying the impact of unconscious fear on adolescent anxiety: Cognitive neural mechanisms and interventions LEI Yi, MEI Ying, Wang Jinxia, YUAN Zixin Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (8): 1221-1232.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01221 Abstract （799）      PDF（pc） （1012KB）（1086）       Knowledge map    Save Fear plays an important role in the development of anxiety disorders, with abnormalities in conditioned fear—specifically in the aspects of conditioning, generalization, and extinction—being central mechanisms. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that overreactivity of the amygdala and insufficient prefrontal modulation are key factors in the abnormal processing of fear among adolescents. This phenomenon is attributed to the earlier maturation of the amygdala compared to the prefrontal cortex, with the volume of the amygdala peaking during adolescence. Fear can manifest at both conscious and unconscious levels. Unconscious fear is automatic and not directly accessible to introspection. It's closely linked to anxiety-related symptoms because it can trigger physiological and psychological responses without the individual consciously recognizing the source of the threat. Adolescents are particularly sensitive to unconscious fear due to the ongoing development of their brains. Yet, current research on unconscious fear and its neural underpinnings in adolescents is limited. Thus, exploring unconscious fear could shed light on the developmental mechanisms underlying anxiety in adolescents. Traditional CBT focuses on altering maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors associated with anxiety, requiring a level of self-awareness and cognitive maturity that adolescents may not fully possess. Pharmacological treatments, on the other hand, target the biochemical aspects of anxiety but can come with side effects that may affect compliance and overall well-being. Examining the effects of neurofeedback on the unconscious fear in adolescents has the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of anxiety treatments in this age group. This study aims to investigate the development and cognitive neural mechanisms of unconscious fear in adolescents, uncovering its role in the development of anxiety disorders, and exploring neurofeedback intervention techniques. Study 1 primarily investigates the dynamic change patterns of neural circuits related to unconscious fear processing in adolescents from a developmental perspective. It examines the cognitive neural mechanisms of unconscious fear processing in adolescents, utilizing the Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Furthermore, it explores the role of chronic stress in the modulation of conditioned fear acquisition, extinction, and generalization. Study 1 aims to provide new insights into why anxiety susceptibility is higher in adolescence and uncover potential reasons for the increased prevalence of anxiety disorders in this age group. Study 2 aims to examine unconscious fear in adolescents with different types of anxiety disorders, highlighting potential differences in brain region activation patterns across these disorders. Together, the two studies offer a comprehensive view of adolescent anxiety, enhancing our understanding and management strategies. We anticipate that the results of Studies 1 and 2 will collectively indicate a pattern of either prefrontal underdevelopment in healthy adolescents or prefrontal underactivation in adolescents with anxiety disorders. Study 3 focuses on the prefrontal neural mechanisms, particularly targeting the vmPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex), to investigate the effects of neurofeedback on unconscious fear processing in adolescents. This has significant implications for the optimization of treatment methods for adolescent anxiety disorders. Considering that the amygdala develops during adolescence, but the prefrontal cortex is still maturing, adolescents are more likely to have stronger unconscious fear responses. Therefore, the current research is expected to offer substantial insights into the psychopathological frameworks that underpin anxiety among adolescents. Furthermore, the capacity of neurofeedback to target the brain's fear circuits directly might offer a faster, more efficient means to reduce anxiety by helping adolescents learn to regulate their own brain activity associated with fear responses. This could help them manage anxiety better and for longer, giving them skills that traditional treatments may not fully realize. The current research could significantly enhance our understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents, offering a complementary or alternative option that is both innovative and tailored to their developmental stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The bilingual advantage effect on executive control and its moderators: Evidence from meta-analysis LI Ying, ZHAO Hongyu, ZHANG Mujun, FAN Zixuan, WANG Yue Advances in Psychological Science    2023, 31 (6): 970-987.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00970 Abstract （1374）   HTML （71）    PDF（pc） （932KB）（2174）       Knowledge map    Save The advantage of executive control brought by bilingual experience has long attracted much attention. However, the theoretical explanation and specific performance of the bilingual advantage are inconsistent. Some studies suggest that only some components of executive control exist bilingual advantage effect, which is conditional or there is no bilingual advantage effect on executive control. The present study suggests that the contradicted results of previous studies are probably due to an incongruent division on the components of executive control, especially confusing the concepts and task paradigms of interference control and response inhibition. In order to further clarify the internal mechanism of the bilingual advantage effect on executive control and identify which components of the executive control have a bilingual advantage, the current study distinguished interference control and response inhibition from traditional classification of inhibitory control and mainly focused on the bilingual advantage effect of interference control, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. At the same time, neglected variables such as age and language family, which were added to the study as moderators for the first time, as well as sample size, the proficiency of a second language, the acquisition age of a second language, and socioeconomic status were also included as moderating variables to explore their respective influences on the bilingual advantage effect of executive control. Finally, the meta-analysis of 102 works of literature found that the bilingual advantage of executive control was marginally significant (g = 0.11), but the bilingual advantage disappeared after controlling for publication bias. Furthermore, the bilingual advantage of the interference control component was marginally significant (g = 0.08) without significant modulating effect. The bilingual advantage of the response inhibition component was significant (g = 0.21), and was moderated by proficiency of a second language. That is to say, the skilled bilinguals were more likely to show bilingual advantage compared to non-proficient bilinguals. Nevertheless, the bilingual advantage effect disappeared after controlling for publication bias. At the same time, the cognitive flexibility component was moderated by age and publication year. To be more specific, a bilingual advantage was found in child bilinguals while not in adult bilinguals, and there was a more significant result of the bilingual advantage in recent publication years. In addition, whether native and second languages belong to the same language family also influenced the bilingual advantage effect on executive control to some extent. Different language families had larger effect size than the same language family, and response inhibition showed a bilingual advantage when the native and second language belonged to different language families. This suggests language family is an important moderating variable that has been overlooked in previous studies. Future research should further explore the influence of the distance between the native and second language on the bilingual advantage of executive control. In summary, this study not only found a bilingual advantage effect on executive control, but more importantly, tested the need to separate interference control and response inhibition from traditional inhibitory control. After separation, a stable bilingual advantage effect was found only for the interference control component, and an unstable bilingual advantage effect was found for the response inhibition component. Given that no study has yet hypothesized a bilingual advantage effect on interference control component alone, the findings provide new ideas and certain references for future exploration in the related field. Moreover, in explaining whether bilingual experience can lead to generalized cognitive advantage, the specific effects of language characteristics and the language using subjects, on different cognitive components of executive control should be fully considered. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Career Plateau Xie Baoguo,Long Lirong    2005, 13 (3): 348-355.   Abstract （2352）      PDF（pc） （569KB）（3735）       Knowledge map    Save Career plateau was described an individual current career status within a particular organization. Ference and his colleagues developed the concept of career plateau, based on organizational career management in 1977. The empirical studies found that career plateau would result in some unfavorable consequences. The article reviewed the research on career plateau from the aspects of its concept, psychological structure, influencing factors, consequences and coping strategies. In the end, some problems and future research direction were put forward. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(15)

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“Rat Race” or “Lying Flat”? The effect of competition stress on psychological compensation WANG Wangshuai, YI Yanxi, LUO Zhiwei, LI Jie Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1057-1072.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01057 Abstract （1238）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （710KB）（1873）       Knowledge map    Save In the modern society with rapidly accelerating pace, competition has become ubiquitous and intense. No doubt that competition can lead to aversive psychological stress. Interestingly, in response to the competition stress, individuals choose two contradictory compensation strategies, as some go “Rat Race”, while others do “Lying Flat”. Why do individuals make contrasting choices? Does it result from different types of stress? What are the psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions of the “Rat Race” and “Lying Flat” effects, respectively? In the current literature, none of these questions has been answered. Therefore, the core concepts of this research are competition stress and psychological compensation; the central story is to reveal the relationship between different types of competition stress and psychological compensation. More specifically, this research distinguishes the multi-dimensional attributes of competition stress. Based on the theory of psychological compensation, we then explore individuals’ compensation strategies when faced with different types of competition stress. The paper is structured into three main sections: (1) competition stress is a multi-dimensional concept, encompassing both competition result stress and competition process stress; (2) competition result stress leads to the fluid compensation strategy, which is termed as the “Rat Race” effect. The psychological mechanism of this effect is self-esteem threat, and the boundary condition is self-affirmation; (3) competition process stress drives the escapism compensation strategy, which is termed as the “Lying Flat” effect. The psychological mechanism of this effect is well-being threat, and the boundary condition is social support. This study marks the first attempt to identify different types of competition stress and examines how they respectively affect individuals’ compensation strategies. The present paper significantly contributes to the existing literature on competition stress, psychological compensation, self-esteem, and well-being. Moreover, research findings can guide companies’ marketing activities, promote individual well-being, and assist public policy making. The research questions of this paper are rooted in practicality and real-world, and answering these questions in turn contributes to the extant literature in at least two ways. First, while existing research on competition stress has shed light on how it alters an individual’s physical and mental states, it portrayed competition stress as a unidimensional construct, overlooking its potential multidimensional nature. Moreover, prior studies have failed to explore individuals’ compensatory strategies under competition stress. Consequently, this research reveals the multidimensional attribute of competition stress, delineating it into competition result stress and competition process stress. Subsequently, how different types of competition stress lead to contrasting compensatory strategies are analyzed, including the “Rat Race” effect engendered by competition result stress and the “Lying Flat” effect prompted by competition process stress. Second, this paper contributes to the literature on self-esteem and well-being. Specifically, regarding self-esteem, while previous research has primarily examined its direct influence on individuals, this study uncovers that self-esteem serves as the underlying psychological mechanism driving the “Rat Race” effect. In terms of well-being, despite being frequently investigated in extant research, yet it received less attention in explaining psychological compensation. Therefore, findings from the present research enrich the literature on well-being, expanding our understanding of its connections with competition stress and compensatory behaviors. Aside from the theoretical contributions, the current research also provides practical implications in three ways. For enterprises, the psychological compensation behavior impelled by competition stress is shown to follow a traceable pattern, which can be leveraged for increasing market share and sales profits. For instance, product slogans aimed at individuals opting for “Rat Race” can aim to evoke their competitive mindset, while brands tailored to those embracing “Lying Flat” should emphasize concepts like escaping the “noise” and maintaining the inner peace. As for individuals, it is suggested that when faced with severe competition stress, individuals can restore psychological resources through recalling past successful experiences or seeking for the support from families and friends. Furthermore, for policymakers, given that over-competition may lead to negative outcomes, this research reminds policymakers to maintain a moderate competition level in the society and to make necessary interventions when necessary. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of the Theory of Planned Behavior Duan Wenting;Jiang Guangrong    2008, 16 (2): 315-320.   Abstract （4651）      PDF（pc） （874KB）（13569）       Knowledge map    Save Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the most famous theory about attitude-behavior in social psychology and has been found to be well supported by empirical evidences. According to TPB, intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. In this paper, various aspects of TPB were introduced, including its derivation, general picture, measurements, new researches and developments. Other issues that remain unresolved and further studies were discussed in the end Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(338)

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Theory Basis of MBTI and Its Application for Practice from Research Zeng Weixi;Zhang Jinfu    2006, 14 (2): 255-.   Abstract （2867）      PDF（pc） （431KB）（9260）       Knowledge map    Save First, analyzed the difference between MBTI and Quality assessment; pointed out the advantage of MBTI. Second, reviewed the relational study of MBTI at home and abroad, including the data of reliability, validity, and norm; revision at home and relational analysis with other scales; MBTI personality type in organization; application in organization development and team analysis, application in career guidance, teaching-learning style study and family therapy. At last, pointed out some indecent use and gave some advice Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(15)

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The relationship between parenting styles and positive development of Chinese adolescents : A series of meta-analytic studies TANG Tian, WANG Yu, GONG Fangying, SHI Ke, LI Xi, LIU Wei, CHEN Ning Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (8): 1302-1314.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01302 Abstract （681）      PDF（pc） （725KB）（878）       Knowledge map    Save Objective: Positive Youth Development (PYD) is one of the most influential concepts in adolescent development research, which focuses on the potential advantages and plasticity of adolescent development trajectory, and emphasizes the important role of the interaction between individuals and the environment on adolescent development. Previous meta-analytic studies have mostly examined the effects of family parenting styles on single variables in the structure of positive adolescent development, and no study has examined the effects of family parenting styles on the holistic conceptualization of positive adolescent development. Methods: Based on the perspective of positive adolescent development, this study took Chinese adolescents as samples and included three variables: academic achievement, self-esteem and resilience to conduct a series of meta-analyses (206 articles, 1822 independent effect sizes, and the total number of subjects reached 109,968). Three databases including CNKI, Wanfang and VIP were selected for Chinese, and Web of Science Core Set, Wiley, Proquest, EBSCO and Elsevier databases were selected for foreign languages to search relevant studies on Chinese adolescents. For joint retrieval by keyword, such as "parenting/rearing styles" and "academiac achievemant/success/performance" or "self-esteem" or "resilience", At the same time, a large number of documents are included through subject search and full-text search. Retrieved on 22 December 2022. In the end, 206 articles met the above criteria, including 57 articles on academic achievement, 97 articles on self-esteem (including 3 articles in English), and 52 articles on resilience (including 1 article in English). The zero-order correlation coefficient r was used as the index of effect quantity. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis(CMA 2.0) was used to test the main effect and the moderating effect of the series of meta-analyses; meta-regression analysis was used to analyze the moderating effect of female ratio and publication year, etc.; subgroup analysis was used to analyze the moderating effect of education stage, publication type and measurement tools, etc. Results: Result:Different types of family rearing styles were significantly correlated with the three core indices of adolescents' positive development. Positive family parenting styles were moderately correlated with adolescents' positive development (r = 0.32), while negative family rearing styles were moderately correlated with adolescents' positive development (r = -0.13). The results confirm the relationship between family parenting style and the positive development of adolescents from a holistic perspective. Specifically, among the concrete constructs of adolescents' positive development, positive parenting style had the highest correlation with resilience (r = 0.43), followed by self-esteem (r = 0.318) and academic achievement (r = 0.18). Negative parenting styles were associated with higher levels of resilience (r = -0.17) and self-esteem (r = -0.16), and lower levels of academic achievement (r = -0.10). These results indicate that the effect of family rearing style on adolescent development is both holographic and different. In addition, meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis found that the ratio of females in the continuous variable and the stage of education in the group variable had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between family parenting style and the indicators of adolescent positive development. Conclusion: In this study, three representative variables such as academic achievement, resilience and self-esteem were included in the core indices of adolescents' positive development. Based on the first-order and second-order meta-analysis, the relationship between the development resource of family parenting style and adolescents' positive development was investigated. In order to comprehensively and deeply understand the development resource value of family parenting style. It provides a theoretical perspective and new evidence for the holistic and differentiated effects on the positive development of adolescents. There is a close correlation between family parenting style and adolescent development variables, which confirms the important role of "family style parenting" in promoting the overall positive development of adolescents, and the holographic function of positive family parenting style in shaping adolescents' ability, self-worth and positive psychological character. It highlights the theoretical contribution and practical significance of this study under the background of Chinese excellent traditional family culture. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Poverty leads to the desire to change, and wealth leads to the desire for stability: The impact of perceived money scarcity and abundance on individual risk decision-making LIANG Shujing, YANG Guangyong Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (8): 1233-1249.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01233 Abstract （555）      PDF（pc） （608KB）（842）       Knowledge map    Save The objective of this study is to determine the psychological mechanism by which money perception affects risk decision-making from the perspectives of relative scarcity and relative abundance. We will reveal the impact of perceived money scarcity and abundance on individual risk decision-making through laboratory and field experiments, cross-temporal tracking empirical research, and eye movement behavioral experiments. In Study 1, we will deconstruct the dimensions of perceived money scarcity and abundance and construct an item bank. Through processes such as purifying initial items, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and repeated testing, we will establish a perceived money scarcity and abundance scale. In Study 2, we will test the impact of perceived money scarcity and abundance on high- or low-risk decision-making (risk perception, expected return, risk choice) through behavioral experiments. In Study 3, we will establish the cognitive mechanism of the influence of perceived money scarcity and abundance on high- or low-risk decision-making, and we will test the effects of the mediators of cognitive bias, cognitive reflection, and executive control in the influence of perceived money scarcity and abundance on risk decision-making. In Study 4, we will determine the emotional mechanism of the influence of perceived money scarcity and abundance on the tendency to promote high- or low-risk decision-making, and we will examine the mediating role of specific scarcity and abundance emotions in perceived money scarcity and abundance promoting high- and low-risk decision-making. Following are the contributions of this research: First, we will reveal the effect of money scarcity and abundance from the perspective of relative perception, and we will define and deconstruct the perceived money scarcity and abundance based on physiological information and psychological characteristics. These results will provide a new explanation for the impact of relative poverty on risk decision-making. Additionally, by exploring the definition of perceived money abundance and its impact on risk judgment and selection processes, we will enrich the research results and conclusions of risk decision-making and money effect theories. Moreover, by introducing perceived money scarcity, especially the perceived money abundance, into the field of risk decision-making, we will further enrich the key influencing factors of the “black box” of risk decision-making and expand the knowledge boundaries of factors influencing risk decision-making. Second, based on cognitive functions (cognitive biases, cognitive reflection, executive control), we will test the mediating effects of perceived money scarcity and abundance on risk decision-making, which will provides an explanatory pathway for the cognitive mechanisms of risk decision-making. Additionally, by introducing cognitive biases, cognitive reflection, and executive control into the fields of money perception and risk decision-making, we will not only empirically verify the research results of the effects of perceived money scarcity and abundance on decision-making processes from a behavioral perspective but also expand the application of cognitive decision biases and cognitive reflection. Third, by testing the mediating role of the money scarcity and abundance emotions on the effects of money scarcity and abundance on risk decision-making, we will provide a new explanatory pathway for the emotional mechanisms of risk decision-making. The construction of the scale of money scarcity and abundance will more precisely define this relationship from an emotional perspective, deepening understanding in related fields of the relationships among money effects, emotional states, and risk decision-making. Fourth, all individuals may face situations of money scarcity or abundance. By exploring the cognitive and emotional mechanisms through which money scarcity and abundance influence risk decision-making, it is possible to predict, control, and intervene in risk decision-making at the individual, organizational, and specific population levels. Such a possibility can play an important role for individuals, their families and work organizations, and society as a whole. Taking enterprise management as an example, at the level of enterprise and organizational management, uncovering the effects of perceived money scarcity and abundance on important risk decisions of enterprise managers and employees in the workplace, as well as their psychological mechanisms, can help us positively guide improvements in the performance of managers and employees and prevent counterproductive and negative deviant behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of AI awareness on employee’s psychological and behavioral outcomes and its theoretical explanation WANG Tao, ZHAN Xiaojun, YU Wei Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1195-1208.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01195 Abstract （736）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （609KB）（1112）       Knowledge map    Save AI awareness refers to an employee's perception that the use of AI affects their work attitude, behavior, well-being, and work environment. The fourth Industrial Revolution has arrived, and while AI improves employee performance, it also brings risks and uncertainties that have a huge impact on employees. Although many studies have explored the impact of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes, due to scholars' academic background, current studies are more focused on the field of relative segmentation. At the same time, because the concept of AI awareness is relatively new, its name is not unified, and the ambiguity of the concept limits the public's in-depth insight into AI awareness. In addition, the action path and boundary conditions of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes have not yet been clarified, and the lack of AI awareness research framework has hindered the understanding of how AI application affects employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. In order to explore the specific impact of AI application on employees and its function explanation mechanism, firstly, the research on AI awareness was systematically reviewed, the concept connotation of AI awareness was clarified, and AI awareness was re-defined as employees' perception of the impact of AI application on their work attitude, behavior, well-being and working environment. This definition highlights the two-sided nature of AI awareness, that is, AI awareness has both positive and negative effects on employees, rather than just negative effects. Second, it reveals the effects of AI awareness, advancing the understanding of how AI awareness affects employee psychology and behavior. The positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' psychological state are explained from the three aspects of emotion, stress and cognition, and the positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' behaviors are explained from the two aspects of active and negative behaviors, so that organizations and academia can more clearly, comprehensively and systematically recognize the important effects of AI application on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. Promote research in related fields. Thirdly, the theoretical explanation mechanism of AI awareness is explained based on resource perspective (conservation of resources theory, JD-R model), pressure perspective (cognitive evaluation theory), psychological needs perspective (self-determination theory), and environment perspective (person-environment fit theory). Finally, the paper elaborates on five aspects: exploring the multi-level driving mechanism of AI awareness, enriching the action mechanism of AI awareness, mining the spillover effect of AI awareness and strengthening the interaction impact between AI and employees, and builds an integrated model diagram for future research on AI awareness, which will help promote local relevant research. By answering the above questions, it is expected to provide theoretical reference for the subsequent research of scholars, enhance the academic community's cognition and understanding of how the application of AI affects employees, and provide new ideas for promoting the development of AI research. At the same time, it is revealed that managers in the era of Industry 4.0 should re-examine themselves, understand, learn and trust AI technology, use AI technology to develop new skills to improve their management ability, help organizations adopt AI technology more effectively, prevent risks and promote the healthy development of organizations. Managers must clarify the use of AI technology, allow employees to participate in the process of developing and implementing AI systems, eliminate misunderstandings and mistrust, and conduct AI technology training for employees, so that employees have more understanding of AI, reduce the sense of rejection of AI, and recognize that coexistence with AI is an inevitable development of the times. At the same time, it also informs employees that the purpose of applying AI is to help rather than replace them, relieve employees' anxiety and sense of threat, reduce their fear of unemployment, enhance employees' positive cognition of the application of AI, and then reduce their negative evaluation of the application of AI, and help organizations maximize the positive side of AI and reduce the dark side brought by AI. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Why is it difficult to reach consensus in interpersonal value conflict situations? Theoretical explanations and mediation strategies YUE Tong, WANG Hong, FU ANguo, XU Hao, LI Wenqiao Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (9): 1528-1538.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01528 Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （590KB）（467）       Knowledge map    Save Harinck and Ellemers (2014) classify interpersonal conflicts into two types: conflicts based on the distribution of interests (or resources) and conflicts based on differences in values. The former is essentially caused by disagreements over the distribution of scarce resources, such as time, space, money, and possessions, while the latter is often related to identity and personal stance. In terms of the underlying motives of the conflicting parties in constructing a situation, interpersonal conflict of interest involves the distribution of resources, with the root of the conflict lying in the satisfaction of each party's interest claims. In contrast, when an individual constructs a conflict situation based on differences with other people's values, the interpersonal conflict often involves the issue of right and wrong, and thus is more abstract and complex. Interest-based interpersonal conflicts can often be mitigated or resolved through negotiation, resource reallocation, and compromise. However, when interpersonal conflicts involve values, the differences at issue can easily be seen as non-negotiable and non-transactional: not only is it difficult to reach a consensus, but the conflict can easily lead to tensions and further escalation. Moreover, mediation strategies that are effective in conflicts of interest, such as give-and-take, compromise, or trade-offs, do not work in interpersonal value conflicts. Based on a systematic review of previous studies, this paper will first clarify the specific manifestations of interpersonal values conflicts that make it difficult to reach a consensus by comparing them with interpersonal conflicts of interest. Then the relevant theoretical explanations and corresponding mediation strategies will be introduced, with a view to providing theoretical inspiration for both basic research and practical applications in this field. Compared with interpersonal conflicts based on the distribution of benefits or resources, interpersonal conflicts arising from differences in values are more difficult to resolve. This difficulty is mainly manifested in the following two aspects. First, people in interpersonal value conflicts seem to be unwilling to take the initiative to solve the problem. This psychological and behavioral tendency is also reflected in the corresponding physiological indicators; specifically, in the face of interpersonal value conflicts, people will exhibit obvious signs of pressure or even perceive that they are under threat. Second, compared with conflicts of interest, individuals in value conflicts will experience more negative perceptions and emotions, and even display hostile behaviors towards their opponents, which increases the interpersonal distance between them. Thus, people are unwilling to solve the problem through contact and communication. Currently, researchers mainly focus on two aspects - self-threat and the illusion of personal objectivity - to explain why it is difficult to reach consensus in interpersonal value conflicts. The former suggests that individuals may develop self-threat perceptions during value confrontations with others, the avoidance of which makes people reluctant to compromise and accept mediation on their originally held values. The latter suggests that the main reason why interpersonal value conflicts are so difficult to resolve is that individuals suffer from a cognitive bias of the illusion of personal objectivity. Specifically, individuals overestimate the rationality and correctness of their own views, perceiving opponents who disagree with them as uninformed, irrational, or biased, and subsequently are unwilling to compromise on or revise the values they hold. Based on current research, self-affirmation and other-affirmation are the more common and proven mediation strategies for interpersonal values conflicts. Self-affirmation theory suggests that people are motivated to maintain self-integrity. Specifically, individuals believe that the self is positive overall and that they have the ability to control a socially adaptive image. Thus, when an aspect of the self-concept is threatened, individuals can restore their perceptions of self-integrity and sense of worth by utilizing a resource base that includes values. Relevant empirical research suggests that self-affirmation mitigates interpersonal values conflict through two main pathways. On one path, the source of an individual's sense of self-worth is broadened beyond the specific domain of self-threat through the process of self-affirmation. In other words, the perceived threat to the self-concept due to the values clash is “decoupled” from the current self-concept, and thus the negative impact of the perceived self-threat is diminished. On the other possible path of action, self-affirmation interventions can be effective in reducing adversarial bias and hostility during interpersonal value conflicts. Other-affirmation, or asking individuals in an interpersonal conflict to think about the positive qualities of their opponents (that are not directly related to the conflict), has been suggested as an alternative strategy for mitigating interpersonal values conflict. On one hand, other-affirmation can effectively weaken the ego threat posed by the adversary in the process of interpersonal values conflict. On the other hand, it can effectively enhance people's perception of common identity and thus improve conflict adjustment strategies. As shown in the previous discussion, current research on the theoretical explanations of and mediation strategies for interpersonal values conflict comprise a single step forward and should be further explored. First, the theoretical explanation of interpersonal values conflict needs to be further verified and expanded. Second, the influencing factors and their effects in the process of interpersonal values conflict are also worthy of attention. Finally, the mediation strategies and related applications to interpersonal values conflict need to be further expanded. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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MBTI: New Development and Application GU Xue-Ying;HU Shi Advances in Psychological Science    2012, 20 (10): 1700-1708.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.01700 Abstract （3528）      PDF（pc） （221KB）（8835）       Knowledge map    Save MBTI is an instrument designed to assess personality type. It is jointly developed by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers. In recent years, along with the advancement of its theory, MBTI has gone through three developmental stages. Based on our systematic review of the development of the theory and findings of applied research, we have found that the MBTI has evolved from examining inter-type differences, to examining intra-type differences, and then to examining individual differences. Future research should focus on investigating personality types among people employed in various occupations to establish a Chinese MBTI database, deepening the research on MBTI instrument, carrying out longitudinal and cross-cultural studies, and conducting more applied research on the use of MBTI in the field. Related Articles | Metrics

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Eudaimonic Well-being: A Review on Psychological Well-being Zhang Lu;Zuo Bin    2007, 15 (1): 134-139.   Abstract （3530）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（11767）       Knowledge map    Save According to the Eudaimonic philosophical roots, psychological well-being researchers suggest that well-being involves more than happiness, rather it is characterized by the quest to actualize potential, and the structure and measurement of PWB should be based on the psychological theories. The results of relative researches show that some internal and external variables such as demographic variables, personality and life contexts can be predictors of PWB. Recently there has been an integration tendency between PWB and SWB. And the study of Chinese well-being should be based on the Chinese culture Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(43)

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The Nature of the Bond between Pets and Owners: A Psychological Analysis ZHANG Maoyang; PENG Xiaofan; HU Chaobing; ZHANG Xingyu Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (1): 142-149.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00142 Abstract （3151）      PDF（pc） （176KB）（5862）       Knowledge map    Save As humans’ loyal friends, pets have a widely acknowledged positive effect on humans’ physical and mental health. The researches on pet personality have revealed that pets, rather than merely a kind of animal, were human-like companions who could interact with their owner like human friends. Pets are one part of the owners’ social support system, but they are neither compensation or competitor against human relationship. They function independently. The behavior evidence implied that the bond between pets and their owners is similar with the parental relationship, where pets elicited the parental behavior and the owners also benefit from caring the pets. This review revealed the limitation of former researches in sample selection and the lack of experimental evidence. Further researches should have more concern on the integrity of research samples, develop the behavioral experiment paradigm and introduce the neural cognition method to examine the inner mechanism by which pets affect the owners. Related Articles | Metrics

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For those who wash less dishes, please buy flowers: Couple’s contribution imbalance and family hedonic consumption LI Shihao, ZHANG Wenyue, FU Guoqun Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (8): 1250-1264.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01250 Abstract （450）      PDF（pc） （587KB）（697）       Knowledge map    Save The variance in the magnitude of contribution to the completion of the joint task is regarded as contribution imbalance. It is common for couples to make unequal contributions to a wide variety of joint tasks in the household. However, previous studies have paid little attention to the impact of contribution imbalance on consumption behavior. The present research depicts that contribution imbalance in household tasks increases household hedonic consumption by integrating the dynamic equity perspective and the husband-wife dyadic model. We propose the underlying mechanism of this dyad: The one who contributes more, on the unfairly disadvantaged side, restores the sense of fairness by self-reward; while the one who contributes less, on the unfairly advantaged side, restores the sense of fairness by guilt and engaging in compensatory behaviors. Interestingly,all roads lead to Rome. The two different psychological mechanisms both enhance hedonic consumption in the family. Notably, this effect is mitigated when (1) the gender role concept is equal, (2) the partner's emotional support is high, and (3) the culture of gender equality is equal. Our findings make several important contributions to family consumption behavior theory and practice. Firstly, the present research identifies how an important but overlooked factor in households (i.e., the contribution imbalance) shapes consumption choices. Previous research on contribution imbalance has focused primarily on the sociological or psychological field of family studies (e.g. marital quality, relationship satisfaction, well-being, relationship conflict, stress, depression). Significantly, we show that the perceived equity leads the dyad to increase their hedonic consumption as a way to bring the couple's relationship back to a state of equilibrium, thus realizing dynamic equity within the family as a whole. Secondly, our work provides novel insights to extant theories on the role of hedonic consumption in consumers’ interpersonal relationships. We reveal that a family’s consumption behavior can also be used as a way to achieve dynamic equity and reach equilibrium within the system, i.e., after a partner’s sense of inequity in family tasks has arisen, the partner can compensate for and restore the sense of fairness through the corresponding purchasing behaviors, which is an essential theoretical contribution on understanding systemic equilibrium in family life and how couples can achieve dynamic equity. Our results pave the way for future research on the role of consumption that may restore equity and maintain intimacy. Thirdly, our findings contribute to the broader literature on perceived equity or fairness in the context of dyadic consumer-consumer. Existing research has focused on the perceived fairness between consumers and merchants. In contrast, our findings establish consumption as a tool that can help the dyad restore equity and reveal the underlying mechanism of each individual. We explore three boundary conditions: gender role concept, partner’s emotional support, and culture of gender equality, which reinforce the understanding of equity-related theories. In terms of managerial implications, our study responds to the social problem of the wide gap between men and women in the family sphere. According to our findings, marketing campaigns targeting family consumption need to take into account the mutual influence of both partner sides, not just the individual. For example, it is more effective to emphasize the hedonic attributes of a product for couples whose division of labor patterns do not conform to gender norms (e.g., breadwinning men and homemaking women, stay-at-home moms) compared to couples whose division of labor patterns conform to gender norms (e.g., breadwinning women and homemaking men, babysitting daddies). Thus, firms or marketers can then decide whether to push hedonic or utilitarian products to consumers, emphasizing the hedonistic or utilitarian attributes of the product, by observing or capturing whether consumers’ purchasing or usage behaviors conform to gender norms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Summary of Parenting Style And Children’s Development in China Wang Li, Fu Jinzhi    2005, 13 (3): 298-304.   Abstract （4781）      PDF（pc） （547KB）（19902）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the psychologist and educational researchers in China proved that parenting style has considerable influence on children’s cognitive development, social emotion, character and explored the influential factors to guide and improve the parenting style. On the other hand, they also achieved some different effects from the west under the Chinese cultural background. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preventing and detecting insufficient effort survey responding ZHONG Xiaoyu, LI Mingyao, LI Lingyan Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (2): 225-237.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00225 Abstract （3406）   HTML （221）    PDF（pc） （695KB）（8701）       Knowledge map    Save Surveys are commonly used in psychological and educational research. Insufficient effort response (IER), as one source of invalid response data, is somewhat prevalent due to the low-stakes nature of the majority of surveys, which often leads to statistically significantly biased estimates and invalid inferences. The current literature shows: (a) IER is commonly believed to be caused by some inner causes, (e.g., low motivation), showing as specific patterns, (e.g., random responding); (b) The most common methods to prevent IER include reducing task difficulty and increasing respondents’ motivation; (c) Current detection methods fall into three main categories, which are proactive approaches/ direct screening methods, response patterns analysis, and response time analysis. Recommendations for future research directions and practitioners are (a) deepening the investigation on IER mechanism and improving the preventing methods, (b) examining the effectiveness of IER identification methods’ applicability of cross-situation and developing new approaches, and (c) delving into the identification and treatment of partial IER. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Identity Theory and It’s Development Zhang Yingrui,  Zuo Bin    2006, 14 (3): 475-480.   Abstract （6501）      PDF（pc） （760KB）（22534）       Knowledge map    Save Social identity theory, developed by Tajfel and Turner et al.，which made new explanations to the group behavior， has become the most influential theory in the field of intergroup relation. The social identity theory developed from the explanations for intergroup behavior, it proposed that group identity is the fundamental cause of intergroup behavior. Recent research provides much evidence for the theory, The social identity theory is important achievement of European psychology localization and has important contributions to the social psychology. At the same time it also waits for further consummates Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of Gross’s Research on Emotion Regulation Process and Strategy Wang Zhenhong, Guo Dejun    2003, 11 (6): 629-634.   Abstract （3505）      PDF（pc） （461KB）（7689）       Knowledge map    Save Gross suggested that emotion regulation generated in emotion regulation process. It acted in any point of five stages of emotion-generative process, situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, and cognitive change comes early in emotion-generative process. They belong to antecedent-focused emotion regulation. Response modulation comes later in emotion-generative process. It belongs to response-focused emotion regulation. There are two commonly used strategies in emotion regulation process, namely reappraisal and suppression. Reappraisal and suppression strategies have different influence on affective, cognitive, and social consequences Related Articles | Metrics