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Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （17392）      PDF（pc） （348KB）（47968）       Knowledge map    Save Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(342)

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MBTI: New Development and Application GU Xue-Ying;HU Shi Advances in Psychological Science    2012, 20 (10): 1700-1708.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.01700 Abstract （3823）      PDF（pc） （221KB）（9810）       Knowledge map    Save MBTI is an instrument designed to assess personality type. It is jointly developed by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers. In recent years, along with the advancement of its theory, MBTI has gone through three developmental stages. Based on our systematic review of the development of the theory and findings of applied research, we have found that the MBTI has evolved from examining inter-type differences, to examining intra-type differences, and then to examining individual differences. Future research should focus on investigating personality types among people employed in various occupations to establish a Chinese MBTI database, deepening the research on MBTI instrument, carrying out longitudinal and cross-cultural studies, and conducting more applied research on the use of MBTI in the field. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of the Theory of Planned Behavior Duan Wenting;Jiang Guangrong    2008, 16 (2): 315-320.   Abstract （4776）      PDF（pc） （874KB）（14380）       Knowledge map    Save Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the most famous theory about attitude-behavior in social psychology and has been found to be well supported by empirical evidences. According to TPB, intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. In this paper, various aspects of TPB were introduced, including its derivation, general picture, measurements, new researches and developments. Other issues that remain unresolved and further studies were discussed in the end Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(338)

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What is the minimum number of effect sizes required in meta-regression? An estimation based on statistical power and estimation precision FANG Junyan, ZHANG Minqiang Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (4): 673-680.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00673 Abstract （1569）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （1038KB）（2778）       Knowledge map    Save Meta-regression is the most frequently used technique for identifying moderators in meta-analysis. In this study, main principles and basic models of meta-analysis and meta-regression were briefly introduced first. Then a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to investigate the minimum number of the effect size required in meta-regression based on statistical power and estimation precision. The results showed that (1) the Wald-type z test was prone to type I error in meta-regression; (2) at least 20 effect sizes were needed to meet parameter estimation requirements; (3) and inclusion of proper moderators could reduce the number of effect size required. Therefore, it is suggested that (1) meta-analysts should be careful when using the CMA software and the Wald-type z test; (2) at least 20 or more effect sizes are generally needed based on different situations; (3) exploration of moderators is necessary; (4) reviewers can value a meta-analysis research according to the minimum number of effect size required. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction and its internal mechanism ZHANG Tianyu, ZHANG Yali, ZHANG Xiangkui Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (9): 1514-1527.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01514 Abstract （1394）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （600KB）（1533）       Knowledge map    Save Body dissatisfaction, an unpleasant emotional experience related to one's own body, is prevalent among adolescents. The use of social networking sites is considered a risk factor. Scholars from different countries have initiated investigations on the influence of social networking site use on body dissatisfaction in adolescents through empirical studies. Although some theoretical and empirical findings have been obtained, they are fragmented, impeding a comprehensive understanding of research progress in this area. Building upon prior studies, we aim to present a thorough overview of how social networking site use influences body dissatisfaction in adolescents while also examining the underlying mechanisms. This study assists future researchers in gaining a precise and rapid understanding of the impact of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Additionally, it offers theoretical guidance and recommendations to reduce adolescents' body dissatisfaction and enhance their mental health and subjective well-being. Initially, we conducted a structural summary of the association between various levels of social networking site use and adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The extent, mode, behavior, and motivation related to social networking site use may influence adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Specifically, the extent of social networking site use was defined as the duration, frequency, and intensity. The mode of social networking site use encompasses active and passive engagement. Behaviors linked to social networking site use included body talk and selfie-related activities. Motivations for social networking site use included seeking appearance-related feedback, fashion-focused incentives, and others. Building on this foundation, we investigated three pathways through which the use of social networking sites influences adolescents' body dissatisfaction within the framework of established theories. The first pathway entails comparing appearance and internalizing the ideal body, as posited by the tripartite influence model. The second pathway involves the development of self-objectification and body surveillance, as suggested by objectification theory. The third pathway encompasses appearance self-schema and appearance self-discrepancy, rooted in self-schema theory and self-discrepancy theory. We then further elucidated three categories of moderators of the effects of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The first category encompasses personality factors, including the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, and perfectionism, which are primarily associated with an individual's personality traits and psychological structure. The second category includes self-cognitive factors such as self-compassion and self-concept clarity, mainly related to an individual's inner emotions and self-awareness. The third category consists of media-cognitive factors such as social media literacy and appearance-related social media consciousness, primarily linked to an individual's use of social networking platforms and their attitudes toward social networking content. Furthermore, in conjunction with the findings above, we constructed an integrative model of how social networking site use affects adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The model seeks to elucidate the mechanisms of action and boundary conditions of social networking sites affecting adolescents' body dissatisfaction. It also aims to provide a systematic framework for researchers in the field to advance the prevention and intervention of adolescents' body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, the article provides valuable suggestions and reference directions for future research. For example, future research should focus on exploring the relationship between social networking site use and body dissatisfaction in China, expanding the scope of research to include various aspects such as research subjects, methods, and content, and further validating and simplifying the theoretical framework, which will help in developing more effective online intervention programs to address adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parenting in families with two children CHEN Bin-Bin, SHI Zeyi Advances in Psychological Science    2017, 25 (7): 1172-1181.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.01172 Abstract （3076）      PDF（pc） （491KB）（5166）       Knowledge map    Save  With the implementation of the two-child policy in China, there has been an increasing concern about parenting in families with two children. However, there are no published Chinese studies about this area of research. This article provided a comprehensive review on the patterns, causes and consequences of parenting in families with two children. The patterns included parental differential treatment and mediation of sibling relationships. The factors that influenced parenting included experience about caregiving an older sibling, marriage quality, coparenting, and children’s characteristics. The parenting in families with two children may influence children’s psychological and behavioral development through parental differential treatment and mediation of sibling relationships. This article, based on the existing literature, presented a process model of parenting in families with two children. Last, it emphasized that future studies should value the indigenous meaning in conception of parenting and the roles of social changes on parenting. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Nature of the Bond between Pets and Owners: A Psychological Analysis ZHANG Maoyang; PENG Xiaofan; HU Chaobing; ZHANG Xingyu Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (1): 142-149.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00142 Abstract （3289）      PDF（pc） （176KB）（6576）       Knowledge map    Save As humans’ loyal friends, pets have a widely acknowledged positive effect on humans’ physical and mental health. The researches on pet personality have revealed that pets, rather than merely a kind of animal, were human-like companions who could interact with their owner like human friends. Pets are one part of the owners’ social support system, but they are neither compensation or competitor against human relationship. They function independently. The behavior evidence implied that the bond between pets and their owners is similar with the parental relationship, where pets elicited the parental behavior and the owners also benefit from caring the pets. This review revealed the limitation of former researches in sample selection and the lack of experimental evidence. Further researches should have more concern on the integrity of research samples, develop the behavioral experiment paradigm and introduce the neural cognition method to examine the inner mechanism by which pets affect the owners. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preventing and detecting insufficient effort survey responding ZHONG Xiaoyu, LI Mingyao, LI Lingyan Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (2): 225-237.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00225 Abstract （3484）   HTML （224）    PDF（pc） （695KB）（9297）       Knowledge map    Save Surveys are commonly used in psychological and educational research. Insufficient effort response (IER), as one source of invalid response data, is somewhat prevalent due to the low-stakes nature of the majority of surveys, which often leads to statistically significantly biased estimates and invalid inferences. The current literature shows: (a) IER is commonly believed to be caused by some inner causes, (e.g., low motivation), showing as specific patterns, (e.g., random responding); (b) The most common methods to prevent IER include reducing task difficulty and increasing respondents’ motivation; (c) Current detection methods fall into three main categories, which are proactive approaches/ direct screening methods, response patterns analysis, and response time analysis. Recommendations for future research directions and practitioners are (a) deepening the investigation on IER mechanism and improving the preventing methods, (b) examining the effectiveness of IER identification methods’ applicability of cross-situation and developing new approaches, and (c) delving into the identification and treatment of partial IER. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Impact of First Names: Individual Level and Group Level Evidence SU Hong; REN Xiaopeng Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (5): 879-887.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00879 Abstract （2174）      PDF（pc） （180KB）（4101）       Knowledge map    Save Firstname, a typical term used for identification, plays an extremely important role in social interactions. First names are among the earliest information available to people, given how quite often these are very first data exchanged during interpersonal communication. Recently, the rapid development of Internet, which is not necessarily inclusive of “face to face” contacts, has made the first names even more increasingly prominent and important in the initial interpersonal interaction stages. We have systematically reviewed relevant studies in psychology about first names at individual level and group level. At the individual level, researchers focused on the relations between first names and other psychological variables, like the relation between first names and self-identity of those who possess the names or the relation between first names and others’ evaluations of name-possessors. Studies revealed that first names can influence individual’s psychological state as well as name-possessors’ behavior. At the group level, as cultural products, first names have been used to examine the cultural evolution and cultural identity, which was mainly done by analyzing the frequency change of first names. Previous studies mostly focused on Western culture and respective first names practices, while little focus was placed on empirically exploring the distinctiveness of Chinese names. Since Chinese culture has its own cultural particularities, including the naming practices, psychologist should look further into these. Future empirical research should focus more on indigenous first names, like exploring changes in Chinese cross-generational individuality by using the percentage of Chinese popular names, or exploring the relation between masculine/feminine names and job-hunting or online-dating. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1)

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The Relationship Between Cognitive and Brain Development in Children and Adolescents LI Yan-Wei;LI Yan-Fang    2010, 18 (11): 1700-1706.   Abstract （2195）      PDF（pc） （659KB）（8486）       Knowledge map    Save Since the emergence of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, researchers have tried to use brain-image technologies, such as MRI, to gain a better understanding of the relationship between cognitive and brain development in children and adolescents. These studies shed new light on the respective and integrative role of physiological maturity and cognitive experience in brain development, and were helpful for us to understand the neural mechanism of different cognitive abilities in different developmental stages. This paper is an attempt to summarize the relationship between cognitive abilities and the development of structural brain, functional brain, and brain plasticity in children and adolescents, focusing specially on cognitive task-dependent changes in intelligence, working memory, and response inhibition. Based on this relationship, longitudinal design should be used in this field to investigate the role of natural maturation and experience in normal or abnormal children and adolescents, and to further the exploration of the role of practice and training in brain plasticity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Emoji image symbol’s social function and application JIN Yuchang, DENG Chenglong, WU Ping, LIN Xi, ZHENG Peixuan, AN Junxiu Advances in Psychological Science    2022, 30 (5): 1062-1077.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.01062 Abstract （6829）   HTML （254）    PDF（pc） （662KB）（5158）       Knowledge map    Save Nowadays, with the rapid development of the Internet, online communication has become increasingly popular and popular. However, due to the lack of nonverbal cues in face-to-face communication, it is difficult for people to detect the emotional state of each other, which hinders normal communication. Emoji, which compensate for nonverbal cues in online communication, have been introduced into cyberspace to compensate for the absence of gestures and facial attributes in online communication, and have been developing constantly. The development of Emojis has gone through Emoticon composed of ASCII characters, Emoji of pictographic icons and now emerging more vivid and interesting stickers. This paper will mainly comb, analyze and summarize the functions, influencing factors and interaction mechanisms of Emoji in network communication, as well as the current application of Emoji in different fields, and put forward the future research direction of Emoji based on the current research status of Emoji. At the beginning, Emoji is borrowed from Japanese animation symbols, and gradually developed into a widely used image symbol system. Since the creation of Emoji by Shigetaka Kurita in 1999, it has been enriched and developed continuously At present, Emoji has become a tool commonly used around the world to replace non-verbal cues such as body gestures and facial expressions in digital communication. In the process of continuous use in Internet communication, Emoji has been equipped with many functions, including expressing emotions, enhancing expression, changing tone, maintaining or enhancing interpersonal relationship, etc. At the same time, the use of Emoji is also affected by many factors, including age, gender, culture, context and platform. In addition, we also explore the interactive mechanism of Emoji in online communication from the perspective of symbol interaction theory, so as to clearly reveal the specific interaction process of people in online communication through Emoji. At present, with the continuous development and widespread use of Emoji, its application scope has been extended to many other fields besides Internet communication. In the field of sentiment analysis, Emoji has become an important object of sentiment analysis due to its rich emotions. In psychometrics, Emoji has been developed into a nonverbal tool for evaluating personality and depression which has the same reliability and validity as text items. In the field of commercial marketing, Emoji has begun to play a role in advertising marketing and attracting consumers, and can measure consumers' food-related emotions in the form of questionnaires. In the field of legal judgment, Emoji has gradually become a powerful evidence in judicial trials due to its widespread use. Through the above analysis and summary, we put forward the future research direction of Emoji from the following aspects: (1) explore the application and future development trend of Emoji in online communication; (2) study on the application of Emoji in other fields; (3) further explore the neurophysiological mechanism of Emoji; (4) discuss the positive effect of Emoji in online communication from the perspective of cognitive processing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Model comparison in cognitive modeling GUO Mingqian, PAN Wanke, HU Chuanpeng Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (10): 1736-1756.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01736 Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （2330KB）（425）       Knowledge map    Save Cognitive modeling has gained widespread application in psychological research, providing a robust framework for understanding complex cognitive processes. These models are instrumental in elucidating how mental functions such as memory, attention, and decision-making work. A critical aspect of cognitive modeling is model comparison, which involves selecting the most appropriate model for describing the behavior data and latent variable inference. The choice of the best model is crucial as it directly influences the validity and reliability of the research findings. Selecting the best-fitting model often requires careful consideration. Researchers must balance the fit of the models to the data, ensuring that they avoid both overfitting and underfitting. Overfitting occurs when a model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying data structure, while underfitting happens when a model is too simplistic and fails to capture the data's complexity. Additionally, researchers must evaluate the complexity of the parameter data and the mathematical forms involved. This complexity can affect the model's interpretability and the ease with which it can be applied to new data sets. This article categorizes and introduces three major classes of model comparison metrics commonly used in cognitive modeling: goodness-of-fit metrics, cross-validation-based metrics, and marginal likelihood-based metrics. Each class of metrics offers distinct advantages and is suitable for different types of data and research questions. Goodness-of-fit metrics are straightforward and intuitive, providing a direct measure of how well a model fits the observed data. Examples include mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Cross-validation-based metrics provide a robust means of assessing model performance by partitioning the data into training and testing sets. This approach helps mitigate the risk of overfitting, as the model's performance is evaluated on unseen data. Common cross-validation metrics include the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). Marginal likelihood-based metrics are grounded in Bayesian statistics and offer a probabilistic measure of model fit. These metrics evaluate the probability of the observed data given the model, integrating over all possible parameter values. This integration accounts for model uncertainty and complexity, providing a comprehensive measure of model performance. The marginal likelihood can be challenging to compute directly, but various approximations, such as the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and Laplace approximation, are available. The article delves into the computation methods and the pros and cons of each metric, providing practical implementations in R using data from the orthogonal Go/No-Go paradigm. This paradigm is commonly used in cognitive research to study motivation and reinforcement learning, making it an ideal example for illustrating model comparison techniques. By applying these metrics to real-world data, the article offers valuable insights into their practical utility and limitations. Based on this foundation, the article identifies suitable contexts for each metric, helping researchers choose the most appropriate method for their specific needs. For instance, goodness-of-fit metrics are ideal for initial model evaluation and exploratory analysis, while cross-validation-based metrics are more suitable for model selection in predictive modeling. Marginal likelihood-based metrics, with their Bayesian underpinnings, are particularly useful in confirmatory analysis and complex hierarchical models. The article also discusses new approaches such as model averaging, which combines multiple models to account for model uncertainty. Model averaging provides a weighted average of the predictions from different models, offering a more robust and reliable estimate than any single model. This approach can be particularly beneficial in complex cognitive modeling scenarios where multiple models may capture different aspects of the data. In summary, this article provides a comprehensive overview of model comparison metrics in cognitive modeling, highlighting their computation methods, advantages, and practical applications. By offering detailed guidance on choosing and implementing these metrics, the article aims to enhance the rigor and robustness of cognitive modeling research. Model comparison involves considering not only the fit of the models to the data (balancing overfitting and underfitting) but also the complexity of the parameter data and mathematical forms. This article categorizes and introduces three major classes of model comparison metrics commonly used in cognitive modeling, including: goodness-of-fit metrics (such as mean squared error, coefficient of determination, and ROC curves), cross-validation-based metrics (such as AIC, DIC), and marginal likelihood-based metrics. The computation methods and pros and cons of each metric are discussed, along with practical implementations in R using data from the orthogonal Go/No-Go paradigm. Based on this foundation, the article identifies the suitable contexts for each metric and discusses new approaches such as model averaging in model comparison. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A meta-analysis of the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and student engagement WU Jiahui, FU Hailun Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1104-1125.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01104 Abstract （856）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （963KB）（1542）       Knowledge map    Save Achievement goal orientation is an important source of motivation for individuals, and it affects academic performance by influencing cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes related to academics. Examining the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance can reveal the intrinsic reasons for differentiation in students’ grades, thereby deepening the understanding of the inherent mechanisms of students’ learning processes at a micro level. Consequently, there is growing interest in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. With continuing advances in developmental psychology, current research is increasingly focusing on the mediating mechanisms between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. A review the literature reveals that current research mainly focuses on exploring the independent and chained effects of self-efficacy and student engagement on academic performance at the non-intellectual factor level. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their perceived ability to achieve predetermined goals, which is a key factor influencing students’ learning engagement and academic performance. Student engagement refers to the time and effort individuals invest in purposeful educational activities and is an important proximal factor in predicting students’ academic performance. However, there are no uniform findings on the strength of the correlation between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. There is also no clear conclusion on which moderating factors influence both, as well as the extent to which mediating factors affect them. Furthermore, current meta-analyses have a relatively scattered explanatory perspective on achievement goal orientation; so far, only the relationship between the sub-dimensions of achievement goal orientation and academic performance has been explored. In addition, some studies have placed achievement goal orientation within the intermediate structure of motivation and behavior, focusing on the association between achievement goal orientation and its antecedents and consequences. Moreover, current meta-analyses have not fully explored the potential moderating factors in the relationship between the four-factor structure of achievement goal orientation and academic performance. Due to the limited number of studies on the relationship between mastery-avoidance goals and academic performance, previous research has mostly focused on overall tracking by incorporating mastery-avoidance goals into mastery goals. Finally, current meta-analyses have not yet thoroughly investigate the mediating of non-intellectual factors between achievement goal orientation and academic performance, with most studies focusing on integrating effect sizes and exploring possible moderating variables, using samples that do not involve mediating variables. Specifically, the meta-analysis of the four-factor structural model of achievement goal orientation, dating back approximately ten years, may suffer from time lag bias. Therefore, the present study, based on achievement goal orientation theory, expectancy-value theory, and self-efficacy theory, conducted a meta-analysis to explore the consistencies and differences in existing international studies. It provides a comprehensive report on the relevance of the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance, with a particular focus on exploring the mediating effects of self-efficacy and student engagement as well as a range of moderating effects. A total of 67 empirical research and 206 effect sizes were included through literature retrieval. Results of our analysis were as follows: (1) Mastery-approach and performance-approach goals were significantly and positively correlated with academic achievement, while mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals were significantly and negatively correlated with academic achievement; each indicator was robustly and weakly dependent on academic achievement. (2) The relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic achievement was influenced by age stage and measurement tools, but not by gender ratio or achievement type. (3) Self-efficacy and student engagement played significant mediating roles in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance; however, the mediating effect of student engagement was only significant for students in the middle school group and not the university school group. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A meta-analysis of the impact of AI application on employees in the workplace JIANG Jianwu, LONG Hanhuan, HU Jieyu Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (10): 1621-1639.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01621 Abstract （267）      PDF（pc） （679KB）（416）       Knowledge map    Save Given the widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in workplaces, there has been a rapid increase in literature exploring AI-related themes. Scholars are increasingly focused on understanding how these applications influence employee behaviors and psychology. However, consensus on the direction, boundaries, and extent of these effects remains elusive. To address this issue, this paper conducts a meticulous review and selection of literature published from January 2017 to July 2023. A meta-analysis is performed on the 64 literatures (N = 150) to advance knowledge in three main areas: (1) Explore the strength and direction of the relationship between AI application and employees’ positive behaviors and psychological effects, as well as their negative behaviors and psychological effects. This aims to clarify the inconsistent conclusions and fill gaps in quantitative integration. (2) Based on the Job Demands-Resources model, this paper delineates the theoretical rationale underlying the impact of AI on employees’ behavior and psychology within an organizational context, upon its integration as a new technology, and elucidate specific pathways of its effects. (3) Investigate whether the effects of AI application on employee behavior and psychology are potentially influenced by the type of AI application, industry context, and measurement methods. Endeavor to furnish a clearer and more comprehensive overview of the correlation between AI and employee outcomes, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for tailored AI advantages in practical settings and methodological designs for subsequent empirical research in academia. The result finds that: (1) The application of AI in the workplace exhibits a “double-edged sword” effect, which can enrich employees' psychological resources as technical support and stimulate positive behaviors, may also threaten employees to consume psychological resources and cause negative behaviors. (2) The relationships between AI application and employee behaviors/psychological effects vary under different AI types. Assisted and augmented AI enhance employee job satisfaction by reducing task costs, thereby increasing work engagement, creativity, and productivity. Such abundance in work resources contributes to an uplift in employees' job satisfaction and happiness. Consequently, when employees experience greater job involvement, there is a notable increase in creativity and productivity. However, managerial and autonomous AI types, despite improving efficiency and autonomy to some extent, introduce stress due to their supervisory and controlling attributes, suppressing positive work experiences and fostering negative psychological states. (3) Variations in AI application effects on employee behaviors and psychological effects across different industry types are evident. Employees in labor-intensive industries, with structured work environments and lower occupational skills, perceive more negative effects from AI. Conversely, employees in knowledge-intensive industries benefit from more flexible and autonomous work environments enhanced by AI, demonstrating stronger abilities in receiving, learning, and adapting to new information and technologies. (4) The relationship between AI application and employee behavior, as well as psychological impacts, varies depending on diverse measurement of AI application. Studies using subjective evaluations tend to reveal more negative impacts of AI on employee behaviors and psychological effects compared to those using objective measurement methods. This study has made several theoretical contributions: (1) Systematically integrate and evaluate the fragmented research conclusions on the effects of AI application on employee behaviors and psychology, synthesizing empirical findings and responding to calls in the literature for understanding the personal impacts of automation technologies. (2) Within the framework of Job Demands-Resources model, this paper elucidates the diverse impacts of different types of AI application on employee behavior and psychology, expands the influencing factors that could augment the positive results of AI application, and further validates the concerns regarding potential adverse consequences. (3) Enrich the boundary conditions in the relationship between workplace AI application and employee behavior and psychology. This paper explores the moderating effects of the type of AI application, industry context, and measurement methods, responding to the scholarly calls for further examination of moderating variables of AI application affecting employee experience, thereby offering new insights for inconsistent research conclusions in the academic literature. Beyond theoretical advancements, the results of this study provide guidance for organizations to scientifically adjust the management strategies of AI, accurately direct employees perceptions, and effectively maximize its value. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed? Evidence from contents, methods, and consequences WANG Zhen, GUAN Jian Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (6): 939-950.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00939 Abstract （1158）   HTML （44）    PDF（pc） （559KB）（1854）       Knowledge map    Save Stereotypes have been defined as beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of people classified into social categories. Stereotypes are traditionally perceived as resistant to change. However, they may be changed under contexts of the impacts of societal changes on human culture and psychology. Given that gender stereotypes are expected to be more unshakable than other stereotypes (e.g., race stereotypes), it implies that there is a potential for changing other stereotypes, provided that gender stereotypes can be changed. Therefore, this article reviewed changes in gender stereotypes from their contents, methods, and consequences. According to the social role theory, gender stereotypes are built on social roles. Therefore, gender stereotypes are expected to change with the changes in the roles of men and women. Considerable studies have found that gender stereotypes have changed. Specifically, some studies have shown that women are perceived to increase their masculine characteristics (e.g., agency) over time, while men are not perceived to increase feminine characteristics (e.g., communion). Differently, others have indicated that both women and men are perceived to increase in counterstereotypical traits over time. However, in contrast to these findings depicting changes in gender stereotypes, several studies did not find significant changes, and they believed that gender stereotypes persist over time. One of the possible reasons for these conflicting findings is that different methods have been used in previous studies. The research methods of gender stereotype changes can be divided into traditional methods and new techniques. The traditional methods usually involve the past-present-future rating paradigm, cross-sequential design, and cross-temporal meta-analysis. Word embedding, as a new technique, has become increasingly important in recent years. All research methods have their relative advantages and disadvantages. The consequences of gender stereotype changes can be categorized into positive and negative outcomes. In terms of positive outcomes, gender stereotype changes increase the possibility of men being involved in more household labor, which may result in better relationship quality for the couple. Besides, the new male role in parental care for children generates many benefits, such as better academic performance, higher levels of self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems in children. Additionally, gender stereotype changes can promote women’s economic independence and reduce the gender gap. However, there are also negative outcomes with the changes in gender stereotypes. Specifically, these changes intensify low fertility rates and birth rates. Notably, even if gender stereotypes towards targets become more and more positive over time, targets may not treat the stereotypes as compliments. On the contrary, they may perceive the stereotypes as a form of gender prejudice, eventually impairing interpersonal and intergroup relationships. Further research on gender stereotype changes can be discussed from the following aspects: first, it is important for researchers to conduct studies with diverse research methods in the future. Second, future research should pay attention to not treating gender stereotypes as a single construct. Instead, they should be investigated through the perspective of classification (e.g., descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes). Third, given that stereotypical gender characteristics seem to interact with each other to build gender stereotypes, future research should examine gender stereotype changes by treating gender stereotypes as a complex system from a network approach. Last, we should not ignore cultural impacts on gender stereotype changes. Given that China has undergone more unprecedented societal transformations than Western countries over the past decades, the social roles in China have undergone tremendous changes. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate gender stereotype changes in China. Furthermore, not only the gender stereotype changes, future studies need to explore changes in stereotypes about other categories, such as race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, classes, and religion. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese-Western Differences of Personality Structure and Specialty of Chinese Personality WAng Dengfeng;Cui Hong    2007, 15 (2): 196-202.   Abstract （3068）      PDF（pc） （944KB）（7645）       Knowledge map    Save This article was aimed at exploring relations between culture and personality structure, and cultural implications of Chinese personality. Researches on both Chinese and Western personality structure based on lexical hypothesis indicated that the formation of personality structure were based on behavior classification, and differences between Chinese and Western personality were caused by differences of behavior classification, which originated from different emphasis on perception, cognition, and thinking styles of cultures. Empirical evidences also indicated better predictive powers of Chinese personality, instead of Western personality structures. Further research directions were also discussed Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of AI awareness on employee’s psychological and behavioral outcomes and its theoretical explanation WANG Tao, ZHAN Xiaojun, YU Wei Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1195-1208.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01195 Abstract （1146）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （609KB）（1789）       Knowledge map    Save AI awareness refers to an employee's perception that the use of AI affects their work attitude, behavior, well-being, and work environment. The fourth Industrial Revolution has arrived, and while AI improves employee performance, it also brings risks and uncertainties that have a huge impact on employees. Although many studies have explored the impact of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes, due to scholars' academic background, current studies are more focused on the field of relative segmentation. At the same time, because the concept of AI awareness is relatively new, its name is not unified, and the ambiguity of the concept limits the public's in-depth insight into AI awareness. In addition, the action path and boundary conditions of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes have not yet been clarified, and the lack of AI awareness research framework has hindered the understanding of how AI application affects employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. In order to explore the specific impact of AI application on employees and its function explanation mechanism, firstly, the research on AI awareness was systematically reviewed, the concept connotation of AI awareness was clarified, and AI awareness was re-defined as employees' perception of the impact of AI application on their work attitude, behavior, well-being and working environment. This definition highlights the two-sided nature of AI awareness, that is, AI awareness has both positive and negative effects on employees, rather than just negative effects. Second, it reveals the effects of AI awareness, advancing the understanding of how AI awareness affects employee psychology and behavior. The positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' psychological state are explained from the three aspects of emotion, stress and cognition, and the positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' behaviors are explained from the two aspects of active and negative behaviors, so that organizations and academia can more clearly, comprehensively and systematically recognize the important effects of AI application on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. Promote research in related fields. Thirdly, the theoretical explanation mechanism of AI awareness is explained based on resource perspective (conservation of resources theory, JD-R model), pressure perspective (cognitive evaluation theory), psychological needs perspective (self-determination theory), and environment perspective (person-environment fit theory). Finally, the paper elaborates on five aspects: exploring the multi-level driving mechanism of AI awareness, enriching the action mechanism of AI awareness, mining the spillover effect of AI awareness and strengthening the interaction impact between AI and employees, and builds an integrated model diagram for future research on AI awareness, which will help promote local relevant research. By answering the above questions, it is expected to provide theoretical reference for the subsequent research of scholars, enhance the academic community's cognition and understanding of how the application of AI affects employees, and provide new ideas for promoting the development of AI research. At the same time, it is revealed that managers in the era of Industry 4.0 should re-examine themselves, understand, learn and trust AI technology, use AI technology to develop new skills to improve their management ability, help organizations adopt AI technology more effectively, prevent risks and promote the healthy development of organizations. Managers must clarify the use of AI technology, allow employees to participate in the process of developing and implementing AI systems, eliminate misunderstandings and mistrust, and conduct AI technology training for employees, so that employees have more understanding of AI, reduce the sense of rejection of AI, and recognize that coexistence with AI is an inevitable development of the times. At the same time, it also informs employees that the purpose of applying AI is to help rather than replace them, relieve employees' anxiety and sense of threat, reduce their fear of unemployment, enhance employees' positive cognition of the application of AI, and then reduce their negative evaluation of the application of AI, and help organizations maximize the positive side of AI and reduce the dark side brought by AI. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Can frugality nurture virtue? The dual-edged sword effect of frugality on prosocial behavior and its theoretical interpretations CHEN Siyun, XU Huiqi, LI Shiying, NIU Xiaoman, XU Liying Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (10): 1680-1696.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01680 Abstract （229）      PDF（pc） （647KB）（381）       Knowledge map    Save Frugality, a longstanding virtue deeply embedded in the fabric of Chinese culture, finds itself at the forefront of societal discourse in the ever-evolving landscape of the modern material economy. While traditionally lauded for its positive impact on individual and communal well-being, contemporary scrutiny begs the question: does frugality always harmonize with ethical principles? This article endeavors to provide a comprehensive exploration of this inquiry, shedding light on the multifaceted effects of frugality on prosocial behaviors. In general, although the definition of frugality may vary due to disciplinary differences, it generally has the following three common points: First, people practice frugality to adapt to the current living environment or to create greater development space for the future, which is an adaptive development strategy based on resource usage and allocation. Second, the most direct manifestation of frugality is the economical use of financial resources (e.g., money), but individuals who practice frugality are not limited to being frugal only with financial resources. People can exhibit frugal tendencies in clothing, food, housing, transportation, and other aspects, such as saving food, reducing fuel consumption, staying in budget hotels, and renting housing. Third, frugality emphasizes the cautious allocation of resources and seeks to maximize benefits through methods such as saving, reducing expenses, and seeking cost-effective transactions. At its core, frugality encompasses a spectrum of behaviors and attitudes aimed at resource conservation and prudent expenditure. Its roots in Chinese tradition have fostered a societal ethos valuing moderation and restraint in material consumption. However, the ethical implications of frugality extend beyond mere resource management, touching upon broader themes of altruism, morality, and social cohesion. Central to the discourse surrounding frugality is its dual-edged nature, characterized by both beneficial and detrimental consequences for prosocial behaviors. On one hand, frugality is heralded for its ability to cultivate self-control, foster social bonds, and encourage cooperation among individuals. By instilling habits of moderation and self-discipline, frugality may catalyze personal growth and communal harmony. Furthermore, frugal individuals may exhibit a heightened sense of empathy and interconnectedness with their fellow community members, thereby promoting acts of generosity and altruism. Conversely, the pursuit of frugality is not devoid of its pitfalls. In striving to minimize expenditure and maximize utility, individuals may become overly preoccupied with self-interest and cost considerations, potentially compromising their ethical compass. Moreover, an excessive focus on frugality may lead to a reduction in perceptions of human nature, viewing interpersonal interactions through the lens of transactional exchanges rather than genuine empathy and compassion. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving these dual-edged effects, various psychological theories offer valuable insights. The theory of resource conservation posits that frugality stems from an innate propensity to conserve resources for future contingencies, reflecting an adaptive evolutionary strategy. Similarly, self-control theory suggests that frugal behaviors are governed by cognitive processes aimed at regulating impulses and desires in the pursuit of long-term goals. Furthermore, social exchange theory highlights the role of reciprocity and trust in shaping prosocial behaviors, underscoring the importance of social connections forged through frugality. There exist numerous avenues for further exploration and research within the realm of frugality and its impact on prosocial behavior. Future studies could seek to delve deeper into the moral dimensions of frugality, examining its implications for ethical decision-making and moral reasoning. Cross-cultural investigations can offer valuable insights into the universality of frugality and its cultural variations across diverse societies. Additionally, efforts to identify the commonalities and differences in the role of frugality across various forms of prosocial behavior can enhance our understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the development of a theoretical framework elucidating the boundary conditions can provide a roadmap for future research endeavors. By integrating perspectives from moral psychology, behavioral economics, and social neuroscience, scholars can advance our understanding of the complex interplay between frugality and prosocial behavior. In conclusion, the exploration of frugality concept represents a multifaceted endeavor with far-reaching implications for individual behavior and societal well-being. By unraveling the dual-edged effects of frugality on prosocial behaviors and elucidating the underlying psychological mechanisms, researchers can pave the way for the integration and development of frugality psychology and prosocial behavior research, ultimately contributing to the promotion of social harmony and altruism in an ever-changing world. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Emotion Regulation：Theories and Neural Mechanismse CHEN Yu;ZHAO Xin;HUANG Jun-Hong;CHEN Si-Yi;ZHOU Ren-Lai    2011, 19 (10): 1502-1510.   Abstract （4348）      PDF（pc） （215KB）（13713）       Knowledge map    Save Individuals can regulate negative emotions and promote positive emotions through mindfulness meditation training, which has proved to have significant effects on the interventions for psychological and physical disorders. The mindfulness-based theoretical models of the reperceiving model, the mindful coping model, the upward spiral of flourishing and the mindful emotion regulation model all underscore the effects of mindfulness meditation on emotion regulation. Cognitive neuroscientific research findings showed that mindfulness meditation may produce increases in left-sided anterior activation, and the brain areas involved mainly include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). The researchers further found that trait mindfulness achieve the effect of emotion regulation by improving prefrontal cortical regulation of limbic responses. Moreover, the effect of mindfulness meditation training on emotion regulation may also appear in neural dissociation between two distinct forms of self-referential processing that are habitually integrated but can be dissociated through training, thus strengthening the experiential focus of the neural mechanism. In addition, the researchers found that mindfulness meditation training may also change the brain structures associated with emotion processing. Future directions for the empirical study in this field should attach importance to further clarify the relationship between mindfulness meditation training relates to brain lateralization and to develop comparison studies of different types of the subjects. Related Articles | Metrics

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The invisible disadvantaged: A review and theoretical explanation of interpersonal invisibility towards the disadvantaged groups HE Jiani, YANG Jie, JI Tingting, DING Yi Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (9): 1539-1550.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01539 Abstract （974）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （534KB）（1130）       Knowledge map    Save Interpersonal invisibility is considered a subtle form of interpersonal bias and stigmatization. Unlike explicit negative attention to specific targets, interpersonal invisibility essentially reflects implicit devaluation and rejection of specific targets in social interactions. Our analysis identifies three main characteristics of interpersonal invisibility: (1) it occurs in interpersonal interaction contexts; (2) it is a state where the perceivers show minimal cognitive, emotional, and behavioral investment in the target during interactions; (3) it can be intentional or unintentional by the perceiver, and is easily perceived and experienced by the target in interactions. Interpersonal invisibility is closely related to social hierarchy. Evidence shows that individuals of lower (vs. higher) social hierarchy are more likely to experience interpersonal invisibility. Specifically, some early studies conducted in workplaces, schools, and medical settings have shed light on the prevalence of interpersonal invisibility among individuals within lower social hierarchies. For example, these studies have found that nurses, building cleaners, hotel staffs, and other similar workers often report feeling invisible by others. More importantly, recent social cognitive research on interpersonal invisibility has further examined how people’s social processing characteristics towards targets from different social hierarchies, clarifying that people are more prone to interpersonal invisibility towards lower social hierarchy targets compared to those of higher social hierarchy. Additionally, we argue for some theoretical explanations for interpersonal invisibility towards lower social hierarchy individuals from both societal and individual perspectives, including sociocultural mechanisms explanation, status hypothesis, affordance-management theory, and intersectional invisibility theory. Firstly, the sociocultural mechanisms explanation and intersectional invisibility theory are grounded in the social level, focusing on external factors that influence interpersonal invisibility towards lower social hierarchy individuals, such as sociocultural and mainstream ideologies. The former rationalizes inequality through the sociocultural environment, whereby social concepts and ideologies are shaped and internalized, placing disadvantaged groups at a disadvantage across various social hierarchies. The latter further specifies this by focusing on the prototypicality of identities constructed by mainstream ideologies, pointing out that individuals with multiple non-prototypical identities are more prone to interpersonal invisibility. The status hypothesis and affordance-management theory are based on the individual level, focusing on individual internal and situational factors that affect interpersonal invisibility. The status hypothesis posits that individuals are motivated by status, with a tendency to direct their attention towards high-status individuals (as opposed to low-status individuals) in order to enhance their own status. However, this theory emphasizes the intrinsic motivation for universal status pursuit and overlooks the relevance of interpersonal targets to current goals in different contexts. The affordance-management theory further deepens and refines the status hypothesis by focusing on the moderating role of goal relevance assessment from a cognitive perspective. It proposes that in addition to the opportunity dimension (potential interpersonal value and benefits), threat is also an important assessment dimension influencing individual attention to targets. When lower social hierarchy targets are perceived as irrelevant to the goals of the perceiver, they are at a higher risk of experiencing interpersonal invisibility. Additionally, the interplay between theories at the societal and individual levels is interrelated, shaping and reshaping individual interaction patterns over time. Finally, considering the limitations of existing research on interpersonal invisibility, some future research directions are proposed: (1) refining the conceptual definition and measurement of interpersonal invisibility; (2) deepening theoretical research on interpersonal invisibility of lower social hierarchy individuals; (3) exploring the interaction effects of social hierarchy of both interactants; (4) focusing on and intervening in the negative consequences of interpersonal invisibility; (5) exploring the potential unique effects of interpersonal invisibility in the context of Chinese sociocultural background. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics