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Autism: Is It An Extreme Form of the “Male Brain”? CAO Shuqin; CAO Yanyan Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (10): 1775-1788.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01775 Abstract （4763）      PDF （809KB）（113695）       Knowledge map    In 2002, "Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism" was proposed by Professor Baron-Cohen at the University of Cambridge. In his theory, autism is thought to be an extreme form of the typical male cognitive style. The female mentality, characterized by empathy, is usually deficient in autism, while male mentality, characterized by systematism, is greatly developed. This theory was established on the basis of the empathizing-systemizing theory, and then developed into the hyper-sensitizing theory. Although facing some challenges, the theory has gained support in many disciplines: psychological, neurological, biological, etc. In particular, a high intrauterine testosterone level was found in the fetus with autism, as demonstrated by digit ratio, handedness, play behavior, parental occupation, as well as islets of ability, etc. This theory provides us with a new perspective for understanding autism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （23855）      PDF （348KB）（91078）       Knowledge map    Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(342)

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Family Rearing Environment and Children’s Development: The Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis MA Yuanyuan; ZHOU Quan; XING Shufen Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (11): 1931-1941.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01931 Abstract （2851）      PDF （450KB）（70020）       Knowledge map    The differential susceptibility hypothesis maintains that children have differential susceptibility to rearing environments’ influence. Some children are not only more vulnerable than others to the negative effects of adversity, but also disproportionately susceptible to the beneficial effects of supportive and enriching rearing environment. Firstly, this article elaborated the basic theoretical perspectives of differential susceptibility theory and the statistical criteria for establishing differential susceptibility. Secondly, empirical research evidence consistent with differential susceptibility model in recent years was reviewed from behavioral, endophenotypic and genetic factors, namely, how these factors moderated the effects of rearing environments on the children’s development as moderators. Finally, the limitations of previous studies and the directions of future researches were summarized. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Interword Spacing in Chinese Text Reading: A Meta-analysis Based on Eye Movements Research YU Xianglian; REN Zhihong; YE Yiduo Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (11): 1894-1909.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.01894 Abstract （1420）      PDF （471KB）（65871）       Knowledge map    Meta-analysis was used to investigate the effects of interword space in Chinese text reading. In the present study, 18 retrieved literatures were used, including 186 pairs of data which met the meta-analysis standard (n = 756). The results indicated that: (1) the overall effect of interword space on mean fixation duration, total fixation count of the whole sentence, first fixation duration, gaze duration, total reading time of target word, and fixation count of target word was 0.65, -0.12, 0.26, 0.58, 0.67 and 0.64 respectively. (2) Significant differences were revealed in the subgroups analysis: the effect of foreign students group was strikingly higher than Chinese students group on mean fixation duration, first fixation duration, gaze duration, total reading time of target word, and fixation count of target word. The spaced group was remarkably higher than the highlighted group on mean fixation duration. The lower level group was significantly higher than the higher level group on gaze duration, total reading time of target word, and fixation count of target word. The true word group was dramatically higher than the pseudo-word group on gaze duration, total reading time of target word, and fixation count of target word. The primary school students group was significantly higher than the college school students group on the total reading time of the target word. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Emotion Regulation：Theories and Neural Mechanismse CHEN Yu;ZHAO Xin;HUANG Jun-Hong;CHEN Si-Yi;ZHOU Ren-Lai null    2011, 19 (10): 1502-1510.   Abstract （6055）      PDF （215KB）（50987）       Knowledge map    Individuals can regulate negative emotions and promote positive emotions through mindfulness meditation training, which has proved to have significant effects on the interventions for psychological and physical disorders. The mindfulness-based theoretical models of the reperceiving model, the mindful coping model, the upward spiral of flourishing and the mindful emotion regulation model all underscore the effects of mindfulness meditation on emotion regulation. Cognitive neuroscientific research findings showed that mindfulness meditation may produce increases in left-sided anterior activation, and the brain areas involved mainly include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). The researchers further found that trait mindfulness achieve the effect of emotion regulation by improving prefrontal cortical regulation of limbic responses. Moreover, the effect of mindfulness meditation training on emotion regulation may also appear in neural dissociation between two distinct forms of self-referential processing that are habitually integrated but can be dissociated through training, thus strengthening the experiential focus of the neural mechanism. In addition, the researchers found that mindfulness meditation training may also change the brain structures associated with emotion processing. Future directions for the empirical study in this field should attach importance to further clarify the relationship between mindfulness meditation training relates to brain lateralization and to develop comparison studies of different types of the subjects. Related Articles | Metrics