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The Musical Brain Ye Zheng,  Zhou Xiaolin 2006, 14 (5):  641-647.  Abstract ( 2277 )   PDF (1438KB) ( 3208 )   In recent years a growing number of researches have been conducted to address the neural basis of music comprehension with ERP and fMRI technique. These studies provided new evidences about the on-line processing of pitch, the music-specific syntax and meaning in left and right hemispheres. Additionally, there are studies concerning whether musicians and non-musicians processes music-related information in the same way. Cross-cultural studies also examined whether western and non-western music active same brain areas in the same pattern. New trends and issues pertaining to the study of music processing with fMRI and ERP technique are covered and discussed in this review Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism of Lexical Access in Bilingual Speech Production Li Li; Mo Lei; Wang Ruiming; Pan Jing’er 2006, 14 (5):  648-653.  Abstract ( 2281 )   PDF (766KB) ( 3397 )   This paper mainly introduced two theories about the mechanism of lexical access in bilingual speech production: language-unspecific selection theory and language-specific selection theory. And the question of whether or not the lexical nodes of the non-response language act as competitors to those of response language is crucial for the mechanism of lexical access in bilingual speech production. This paper mainly discussed the differences between these two theories about the crucial question. The language-unspecific selection theory states that the lexical nodes of the non-response language act as competitors to those of response language, but the language-specific selection theory does not. At last in the new trend of the mechanism of lexical access in bilingual speech production, the consistencies between these two theories on two aspects were introduced Related Articles | Metrics

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New Understanding on the Relationship between Language and Numerical Cognition Liu Dongtai;Li Xiaojian 2006, 14 (5):  654-664.  Abstract ( 2368 )   PDF (801KB) ( 3151 )   Studies of numerical cognition have made significant advance in recent years. This review comments on the two numerical representation systems of different underlying language dependency. The review includes the newly proposed dual core-systems of non-verbal numerical representations, evidence of language dependence of the exact numerical operations and the storage of arithmetic facts, the study series of language influence on the development of numerical ability in early childhood, the new evidence from brain science on the relationship between language and numerical cognition. Proposed issues for further studies include the cognitive mechanism of non-verbal numerical representations, as well as the existence of other numerical representations of language independence Related Articles | Metrics

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Reading Development-Related Cognitive Skills: A Comparison Between Chinese And English Liu Wenli ;Liu Xiangping 2006, 14 (5):  665-674.  Abstract ( 1664 )   PDF (790KB) ( 4070 )   The predictors of reading development and the cognitive deficits of developmental dyslexics in English and Chinese orthographies are reviewed. The results show the cognitive resources children should possess in order to acquire reading skills keep consistency in different languages, including adequate learning and memory resources, normal visual-orthographical skills, and fine-grained representations of phonological and semantic knowledge; the main cognitive deficits of dyslexics also show cross-orthography consistency, mostly including phonological deficit and general learning and memory deficit. However the characteristics of language and orthography children are confronted with will affect the ease of reading acquisition and the phenotypes of developmental dyslexia Related Articles | Metrics

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Eyemovement Theories and SWIFT Model Chen Qingrong;Deng Zhu 2006, 14 (5):  675-681.  Abstract ( 2072 )   PDF (795KB) ( 3699 )   With the development of eye movement，researchers have put forward some new models on the basis of many experiments，in which the SWIFT model is the most representative. These models are affected by the theory that is the guidance by attentional gradient. The SWIFT model has three principles: (1)lexical information processing is spatially distributed over an attentional window. (2)saccade timing is separated from saccade target selection. (3)saccade generation is an autonomous process with inhibition by foveal targets. The model has two parts: lexical processing and saccade programming Related Articles | Metrics

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Plasticity of the Emotional Circuitry Liu Hongyan,  Hu Zhiguo,  Peng Danling 2006, 14 (5):  682-688.  Abstract ( 2168 )   PDF (775KB) ( 4543 )   In this article, we reviewed the latest researches addressing the plasticity of the emotional circuitry from two main aspects: (1) several main emotional brain regions in the circuitry (such as the prefrontal cortex and amygdala) and their interaction; (2) factors that influence the plasticity in the emotional circuitry, including emotional learning, early environment, early experience and the emotion & mood of care-taker. In the end, frequently used methods were listed and some reflections were provided for the future study Related Articles | Metrics

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Support Theory of Subjective Probability Judgment Xiang Ling,  Zhang Qinglin 2006, 14 (5):  689-696.  Abstract ( 1118 )   PDF (822KB) ( 2730 )   Support theory is a nonextensional theory of subjective probability judgment, which has several arguments: (1) subjective probability is influenced by description, which has description-dependence. (2) subjective probability reflects the relative support for the focal hypotheses. (3) subjective probabilities are complementary in binary case and subadditivity in general case.4 subjective probability judgment has unpacking effect and enhance effect Related Articles | Metrics

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Children’s Misconception in Naïve Physics and Factors Influencing Conception Change Mou Yi ;Zhu Liqi 2006, 14 (5):  697-703.  Abstract ( 2343 )   PDF (775KB) ( 2533 )   Constructionists hold that learning new knowledge is based on those old ones, and the new and old knowledge interplay each other. Children’s naïve conceptions formed in everyday experience is the foundation of scientific learning, while some of these conceptions conflict with basic science theories and impede children’s learning. This article summarizes researches about children’s misconception in the field of children’s naïve physics, analyzes the debate about the natural structure of naïve conception, and lists some important factors, including cognitive confliction, metacognition and motive, epistemological belief, which influence the process of conception change Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterogeneity of High Self-Esteem Tian Lumei;Zhang Xiangkui 2006, 14 (5):  704-709.  Abstract ( 2145 )   PDF (771KB) ( 2731 )   There is more than high or low level of self-esteem. Many researchers demonstrated the possibility of existence of heterogeneity of high self-esteem from the perspective of inconsistent results of empirical studies, theoretical thinking of self-esteem concept or measuring method respectively and proposed the different categories of high self-esteem(HSE) and their measuring methods from different aspects respectively, such as unstable HSE vs.stable HSE, defensive HSE vs. genuine HSE, contigent HSE vs.true HSE, high explicit and low implicit HSE vs.high explicit and high implicit HSE, fragile HSE vs. secure HSE and so on. Their measuring methods were also different duing to different categories. These results showed that heterogeneity of HSE existed and suggested that it should have attention in the future researches on self-esteem Related Articles | Metrics

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Authentic Leadership Theory: New Development in the Domain of Leadership Research Zhan Yanzun;Ling Wenquan; Fang Liluo 2006, 14 (5):  710-715.  Abstract ( 1877 )   PDF (770KB) ( 3494 )   Authentic leadership was brought up by leadership Scholars due to the increasing societal challenges as well as the recent corporate scandals and management malfeasance. It is defined as a process that draws from both positive psychological capacities and a highly developed organizational context. In this paper, the concept and characteristics, as well as the measurement of authentic leadership were introduced, and then the differences and relationships between authentic leadership and several other kinds of leadership were compared. After that, the effectiveness of authentic leadership in organizations was analyzed. Finally, the comment on the new leadership theory and some research orientations were provided Related Articles | Metrics

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The Disputes of Studies on Organizational Learning Luo Weiliang;Fang Liluo;Yu Haibo 2006, 14 (5):  716-721.  Abstract ( 1306 )   PDF (766KB) ( 2911 )   The research on organizational learning is very important for the continuous development of enterprises and the whole society. Six domains of literatures on organizational learning were reviewed，which are the concept, investigation, actualizing and new developments of learning. The review showed that（1）concept of organizational learning is very different from the learning organization and can not confound each other absolutely;（2）the organizational learning may were studied and understanded with different methods and from different point of view by researchers and managers;（3）organizational learning which is organizational change form has close relationship with the realistic political power; and（4）it is necessary to establish the integrative model of organizational learning both in theory and in practice Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Research on Organizational Socialization Wang Minghui;Ling Wenquan 2006, 14 (5):  722-728.  Abstract ( 2471 )   PDF (772KB) ( 4126 )   Organizational socialization is the learning process by which an individual adjusts the attitudes, behavior he or she needs to participate as an organizational member. This literature, based on the concept of organizational socialization and its characteristics, reviews the state of organizational socialization research, including organizational socialization tactics, organizational socialization process, information seeking tactics and organizational socialization content. Finally, the authors point out some promising field that the research would be conducted Related Articles | Metrics

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Consumer Research: The Methodology of Existential-Phenomenology and Its Application He Jiaxun 2006, 14 (5):  729-736.  Abstract ( 1772 )   PDF (780KB) ( 4279 )   Existential-phenomenology has its unique benefits in the consumer research field which positivism is the dominant paradigm, it can provide an empirically based and methodologically rigorous understanding of consumer phenomena. The use of non-positivist research method, however, does not preclude existential-phenomenology from addressing and/or sharing some of logical positivism’s epistemological concerns. If certain philosophical assumptions and methodological constraints that often accompany logical positivist thought are bracketed, it can be seen that positivism’s broad evaluative criteria are reasonable standards for existential-phenomenology research. In this article, the author focuses on basic tenets of existential-phenomenon and describes a research methodology based on them Related Articles | Metrics

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The Chaos Theory of Career Development Zhou Manling;Zhang Jinfu;Zeng Weix 2006, 14 (5):  737-742.  Abstract ( 2114 )   PDF (768KB) ( 3223 )   The classic career development theories have been based primarily on the reductionism paradigms, focusing on structures and processes. The paradigm of career study had a great change after it was combined with the chaos theory. On the basis of the western research, this article analyzed the chaos characteristics of career development from three aspects, including sensitive dependence, fractal and effect of attractor. We pointed out the value of the theory in career counseling and research Related Articles | Metrics

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Applicant Impression Management Wang Pei;Feng Lijuan 2006, 14 (5):  743-748.  Abstract ( 1296 )   PDF (770KB) ( 4000 )   Applicants’ impression management were the most widely existed phenomena in actual job interviews, which in order to elicit positive interviewer evaluations. Applicants’ impression management included three types’ tactics: assertive IM tactics, protective IM tactics, and nonverbal IM tactics. And the measurement could be expatiated from the measure of IM tactics and the measure of IM styles. Besides, based on some literatures, introduced the current study status from four aspects: the interview situation and applicant impression management; applicant personality and impression management tactics; applicant impression management and interview outcomes; and interviewer perceptions on applicant impression management. In the end, discussed some existing problems and indicated the future research area Related Articles | Metrics

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Effective Factors of Training Transfer Wu Yi;Long Lirong 2006, 14 (5):  749-756.  Abstract ( 2203 )   PDF (778KB) ( 3416 )   The study of training transfer has been shifted from the training itself to outer factors affecting the training, with the focus on some controllable variables for the corporations, such as transfer climate and organizational characters. Situational cues and consequences have been regarded as two elements of transfer climate. In this paper, an analysis is provided on several main factors which influence training transfer，what’s more, the problems of training transfer and research orientation are suggested. Further study should go to areas of the relationship between training transfer and organizational or individual career management, what’s more, the effect of various types of training might obtain more attention Related Articles | Metrics

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Three Typical Perspectives of Intercultural Synergy Research Ma Jianhong;Gao Li; Hu Xiaochen 2006, 14 (5):  757-761.  Abstract ( 1073 )   PDF (780KB) ( 3618 )   With the development of economical globalization, multinational companies attach more emphasis on making good use of cultural differences to create advantages of international competition. Firstly, the concept of “Intercultural Synergy” and the criteria were analyzed. Then three typical perspectives of intercultural synergy research were differentiated, which are from Canadian Adler, German Krewer and Indonesian Tjitra. Three different perspectives reflect the culture of the researcher. The first two perspectives consider that it is necessary to discover or create “the third culture” in order to achieve intercultural synergy, while the third perspective advances a model of intercultural synergy from its unique culture perspective. Finally, a research prospect is brought forward based on the comparison of the three perspectives and the actual situation of China, which is to do indigenous research of intercultural synergy from Chinese cultural perspective Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Model of Depression: Origin, Development and Integration Zou Tao;Yao Shuqiao 2006, 14 (5):  762-768.  Abstract ( 2171 )   PDF (790KB) ( 5450 )   In recently year, Research on vulnerability of depression has been an important filed in exploring psychopathology of depression. The article introduces the vulnerability-stress model of definition, origin and characteristic. The paper reviews recent three representative theory (1) Abramson of hopeless theory; (2)Beck of cognitive vulnerability theory;(3) A dual process model .Special reviews the origin, development and influence factor of cognitive vulnerability to depression. At the end, the paper introduces the integration of cognitive vulnerability-stress model and puts forward some recommendations for the model in the further research Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of Heredity and Environment on Marriage Zhang Lu;Zuo Bin 2006, 14 (5):  769-774.  Abstract ( 1917 )   PDF (767KB) ( 3288 )   Heredity and environment are two essential influential factors on human minds and behaviors. Marriage, as the most important event in many people’s lives, is restricted by heredity, environment and their interactions as well. This article reviewed some research on evolutionary psychology, social and cultural psychology, and behavior genetics, explored the influences of heredity and environment on different aspects of marriage, including mate selection, marital quality, divorcing, and many more Related Articles | Metrics

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Sports Injuries in Psychological Researches Chen Aiguo;Yan Jun 2006, 14 (5):  781-786.  Abstract ( 2256 )   PDF (768KB) ( 3275 )   Sports injuries came in increasing numbers, research concerning the origin and rehabilitation of sports injuries has both theoretical and practical value. The article reviewed and discussed the psychological theory models of sports injuries, the operational definitions of sports injuries and the perspective in psychological aspects of sport-injury rehabilitation. The weak points of theory models, the advantages and disadvantages of operational definitions of sports injuries and the developmental perspective of psychological study on sports injuries are demonstrated, furthermore, the orientation for the future researches are suggested Related Articles | Metrics

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Some Issues In Current Positive Psychology Movement Ren Jun;Ye Haosheng 2006, 14 (5):  787-794.  Abstract ( 1863 )   PDF (770KB) ( 6210 )   Positive psychology is an important approach in current psychological field. It is a complementarity to traditional pathology psychology instead of supplantation or replacement. Positive psychology emphasized that the psychology should study the problems as well as study the strengths or virtues. There are some deficiencies in the development of positive psychology because of short term of studying. Those deficiencies include: supreme discourse, absence of adequate objects, lack of longitudinal studying, disjointing from former psychological correlating research Related Articles | Metrics

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The Dual Connotations of Cultural Psychology Tian Hao 2006, 14 (5):  795-800.  Abstract ( 2401 )   PDF (763KB) ( 2439 )   Cultural psychology has dual connotations. Research of cultural mentality concentrates on the cultural character of subjects. And research of mental culture focuses on the cultural burden of researchers. The current cultural psychology fails to synthesize cultural mentality with mental culture, which impedes an integral comprehension on cultural psychology Related Articles | Metrics