自恋与行为抑制/激活系统的关系：元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01796

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用元分析方法探讨自恋与行为抑制/激活系统的关系。经过文献检索和筛选, 纳入原始文献19篇, 包含25个独立样本, 共7702名被试。根据同质性检验结果, 选用随机效应模型。结果发现, 自恋与行为抑制系统存在中度负相关(r = -0.27, 95% CI为[-0.34, -0.21]), 自恋测量工具在两者间起显著的调节作用; 自恋与行为激活系统存在高度正相关(r = 0.46, 95% CI为[0.40, 0.52]), 被试类型在两者间起显著的调节作用。自恋与行为抑制/激活系统的密切关系支持了自恋的主体性理论和人格强化敏感性理论。

关键词: 自恋, 行为激活系统, 行为抑制系统, 元分析

Abstract:

Since the 1980s, narcissism has become more and more popular in research. Narcissism may be important for developing self-consciousness and guiding the future. Narcissism is regarded as an aspect of the evolution of human psychological adaptation, but the specific physical, psychological and social reasons of narcissism have yet to be determined. Temperament is the basis for the formation and development of personality, and an important susceptibility factor for the formation of narcissistic personality. Campbell's agency model connects narcissism with the level of approach and avoidance behaviors, and believes that narcissism as a self-regulating behavioral system, with a clear focus on motivation to approach rewarding stimuli. Gray divides personality traits into two basic, separate and brain-motivation systems responsible for behavior regulation: the aversive and the appetitive motivation systems. The aversive motivation system is called the behavior inhibition system. This system is responsible for controlling anxiety caused by specific stimuli. The behavioral activation system is associated with dopaminergic function and controls desire motivation. The system is sensitive to positive signals, reward, and avoidance of punishment, and its activation can regulate targeted behaviors. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory believes that the Behavioral Approach System represents approaching expected reward behavior, and the Behavioral Inhibition System represents anxiety, behaviors that are activated by approaching avoidance conflict and are related to memory, environment, and risk. Numerous studies have explored the relationship between narcissism and BIS/BAS. Previous studies have found that the correlation between narcissism and BIS/BAS is not completely consistent. Due to the input errors in some data and the reliability of the scale has not been corrected, which may affect the authenticity and reliability of the results. In addition, in the analysis process, the quality of the literature, the single homogeneity test method, and the publication bias of the literature were not considered. Our study uses a more comprehensive and accurate meta-analysis method to analyze the relationship between narcissism and BIS/BAS, and explores whether there are moderated variables that lead to inconsistencies in the experimental results, avoiding the bias of a single study restricted by the sample size, and obtaining more general, more precise conclusions. Through literature retrieval, 25 independent effect sizes together with 7702 participants which met the inclusion criteria of meta-analysis were selected. Homogeneity test indicated that random effects model was appropriate for the meta-analysis. The results of funnel plot and Egger's intercept illustrated no publication bias. Main-effect test indicated a significant negative correlation between narcissism and BIS (r = -0.27, 95% CI = [-0.34, -0.21]). Further moderation analysis revealed that the association between narcissism and BIS was moderated by measurement tools of narcissism; Main-effect test indicated a significant positive correlation between narcissism and BAS (r = 0.46, 95% CI = [0.40, 0.52]). Further moderation analysis revealed that the association between narcissism and BAS was moderated by participant types. The results supported the agency model of narcissism and the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality.

Key words: narcissism, behavioral activation system, behavioral inhibition system, meta-analysis

中图分类号:

B848

程浩, 张亚利, 姚雪, 张向葵. (2021). 自恋与行为抑制/激活系统的关系：元分析. 心理科学进展 , 29(10), 1796-1807.

CHENG Hao, ZHANG Yali, YAO Xue, ZHANG Xiangkui. (2021). The relationship between narcissism and BIS/BAS: A meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(10), 1796-1807.

图/表 5

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研究	被试	样本量	年龄(岁)	女性比	自恋工具	BIS	BAS	文献质量
Spencer et al. (2017)a	大学生	854	20.24	0.66	FFNI	-0.28	0.46	3
Spencer et al. (2017)b	大学生	258	19.30	0.74	GNS	-0.07	0.36	3
Neria et al. (2016)	成年人	319	35.52	0.54	NPI	-0.23	0.17	6
Stenason & Vernon (2016)	大学生	242	18.85	0.50	SD3	-0.07	0.38	4
Mowlaie et al. (2016)	大学生	200	24.00	0.39	PNI	-0.33	0.45	9
Jonason & Jackson (2016)	成年人	300	23.94	0.74	DD	0.23	0.12	7
Miller et al. (2009)	大学生	200	19.11	0.60	NPI	-0.30	0.23	9
MacLaren & Best (2013)	大学生	346	20.40	0.69	NPI	-0.24	0.40	7
Subramanian et al. (2020)	成年人	657	45.04	0.57	NARQ	-0.09	0.36	6
Miles et al. (2019)a	成年人	196	42.42	0.58	NPI	-0.43	0.60	8
Miles et al. (2019)b	成年人	151	46.28	0.54	NPI	-0.42	0.63	9
Roose et al. (2011)	高中生	455	16.67	0.45	APSD	-0.13	0.26	3
Fulford et al. (2008)	高中生	233	NA	0.57	NPI	-0.27	0.20	7
Leung et al. (2020)	大学生	182	20.63	0.57	NPI	NA	0.34	3
Włodarska et al. (2018)*	高中生	237	16.32	0.47	SD3	-0.13	0.42	3
Ackerman et al. (2010)	大学生	353	NA	0.71	NPI	-0.26	0.33	8
Collison et al. (2018)	成年人	280	NA	0.65	NPI	-0.21	0.22	8
Foster et al. (2009)a	大学生	109	21.00	0.59	NPI	-0.21	0.58	8
Foster et al. (2009)b	大学生	119	20.00	0.55	NPI	-0.26	0.60	8
Foster & Trimm (2008)a	大学生	917	21.00	0.63	NPI	-0.28	0.34	6
Foster & Trimm (2008)b	大学生	193	22.00	0.75	NPI	-0.46	0.57	8
Foster & Trimm (2008)c	大学生	209	21.00	0.65	NPI	-0.35	0.52	8
Hart et al. (2017)	大学生	303	18.79	0.78	NPI	-0.29	0.39	8
Hermann et al. (2015)a	大学生	206	18.90	0.69	NPI	-0.29	0.47	7
Hermann et al. (2015)b	大学生	183	18.90	0.65	NPI	-0.22	0.35	7

研究	被试	样本量	年龄(岁)	女性比	自恋工具	BIS	BAS	文献质量
Spencer et al. (2017)a	大学生	854	20.24	0.66	FFNI	-0.28	0.46	3
Spencer et al. (2017)b	大学生	258	19.30	0.74	GNS	-0.07	0.36	3
Neria et al. (2016)	成年人	319	35.52	0.54	NPI	-0.23	0.17	6
Stenason & Vernon (2016)	大学生	242	18.85	0.50	SD3	-0.07	0.38	4
Mowlaie et al. (2016)	大学生	200	24.00	0.39	PNI	-0.33	0.45	9
Jonason & Jackson (2016)	成年人	300	23.94	0.74	DD	0.23	0.12	7
Miller et al. (2009)	大学生	200	19.11	0.60	NPI	-0.30	0.23	9
MacLaren & Best (2013)	大学生	346	20.40	0.69	NPI	-0.24	0.40	7
Subramanian et al. (2020)	成年人	657	45.04	0.57	NARQ	-0.09	0.36	6
Miles et al. (2019)a	成年人	196	42.42	0.58	NPI	-0.43	0.60	8
Miles et al. (2019)b	成年人	151	46.28	0.54	NPI	-0.42	0.63	9
Roose et al. (2011)	高中生	455	16.67	0.45	APSD	-0.13	0.26	3
Fulford et al. (2008)	高中生	233	NA	0.57	NPI	-0.27	0.20	7
Leung et al. (2020)	大学生	182	20.63	0.57	NPI	NA	0.34	3
Włodarska et al. (2018)*	高中生	237	16.32	0.47	SD3	-0.13	0.42	3
Ackerman et al. (2010)	大学生	353	NA	0.71	NPI	-0.26	0.33	8
Collison et al. (2018)	成年人	280	NA	0.65	NPI	-0.21	0.22	8
Foster et al. (2009)a	大学生	109	21.00	0.59	NPI	-0.21	0.58	8
Foster et al. (2009)b	大学生	119	20.00	0.55	NPI	-0.26	0.60	8
Foster & Trimm (2008)a	大学生	917	21.00	0.63	NPI	-0.28	0.34	6
Foster & Trimm (2008)b	大学生	193	22.00	0.75	NPI	-0.46	0.57	8
Foster & Trimm (2008)c	大学生	209	21.00	0.65	NPI	-0.35	0.52	8
Hart et al. (2017)	大学生	303	18.79	0.78	NPI	-0.29	0.39	8
Hermann et al. (2015)a	大学生	206	18.90	0.69	NPI	-0.29	0.47	7
Hermann et al. (2015)b	大学生	183	18.90	0.65	NPI	-0.22	0.35	7

模型	研究数	Q	df	I²	Tau²	SE	Variance	Tau
随机效应模型	24	213.76^***	23	89.24%	0.03	0.010	<0.001	0.17
随机效应模型	25	284.13^***	24	91.55%	0.04	0.013	<0.001	0.19

模型	研究数	Q	df	I²	Tau²	SE	Variance	Tau
随机效应模型	24	213.76^***	23	89.24%	0.03	0.010	<0.001	0.17
随机效应模型	25	284.13^***	24	91.55%	0.04	0.013	<0.001	0.19

调节变量	因变量	Q	测量工具	M	点估计	95% CI下限	95% CI上限	Z
测量工具	BIS	15.80^***	其他	5	-0.19	-0.28	-0.09	-3.66^***
			NPI	16	-0.35	-0.39	-0.31	-14.92^***
			DD/SD3	3	0.02	-0.25	0.29	0.15
	BAS	5.99	其他	5	0.39	0.30	0.46	8.52^***
			NPI	17	0.51	0.42	0.58	9.93^***
			DD/SD3	3	0.31	0.11	0.48	3.04^**
被试类型	BIS	2.96	大学生	15	-0.31	-0.36	-0.25	-10.45^***
			成年人	6	-0.23	-0.43	-0.01	-2.05^*
			高中生	3	-0.20	-0.32	-0.07	-2.94^**
	BAS	10.16^**	大学生	16	0.50	0.44	0.55	14.22^***
			成年人	6	0.43	0.22	0.61	3.71^***
			高中生	3	0.31	0.20	0.41	5.41^***