童年创伤与网络成瘾关系的三水平元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01087

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究运用三水平元分析技术系统探讨童年创伤与网络成瘾的关系及其调节因素。对纳入的66项研究和152个效应量进行分析, 结果显示, 童年创伤与网络成瘾存在显著正相关(r = 0.227)。此外, 童年创伤与网络成瘾的关系受童年创伤类型、创伤程度、童年创伤的测量工具、性别比例、样本独生子女比例以及文化背景的调节, 但不受网络成瘾类型及测量工具、被试年龄、数据类型以及数据收集时间的调节。本研究系统比较了不同类型童年创伤与网络成瘾的关系, 厘清了童年创伤与网络成瘾关系的理论争议, 并为网络成瘾的预防和干预提供了参考依据。

关键词: 童年创伤, 创伤程度, 情感虐待, 网络成瘾, 元分析

Abstract:

A growing body of research has examined the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction. Results of these research are inconclusive, and the strength of the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction varied greatly, ranging from -0.1 to 0.56. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model suggests that childhood maltreatment could influence an individual's emotion, cognition, and executive function, potentially leading to internet addiction. The Compensatory internet use (CIU) model proposes that individuals who have experienced childhood maltreatment may turn to the internet as a coping mechanism to avoid negative emotions and real-life problems. The self-determination theory indicates that childhood maltreatment can increase the risk of excessive internet use by hindering the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. The stress coping theory indicates that the severity of childhood maltreatment could impact the development of internet addiction as a coping strategy in dealing with stress in real life. While theories and research suggest that childhood maltreatment can contribute to the development of internet addiction, results have been inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate the extent to which childhood maltreatment is associated with internet addiction, and whether this association varies in terms of characteristics of the study or sample, such as the type of childhood maltreatment, gender, age, etc.

A systematic literature review was conducted in Science Direct, EBSCO, Google Scholar, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CSTJD (China Science and Technology Journal Database) and WFD (Wanfang Data). A three-level meta-analysis was performed using R to synthesize effect sizes and conduct moderator analyses. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s regression.

A total of 46 studies (N = 106,780 participants) producing 152 effect sizes were included in this meta-analysis. The result indicated a significant positive association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction, with a small correlation coefficient (r = 0.227). Moderator analyses revealed that the type of childhood maltreatment had a significant moderating effect. Specifically, the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction was significantly higher for emotional abuse than for emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect and sexual abuse. Additionally, the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction was moderated by the severity of maltreatment, the measurement of maltreatment, the proportion of only child in the sample, gender, and cultural background. Compared to the high maltreatment group, the correlation coefficient between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction was significantly larger in the low maltreatment group. The correlation was significantly higher when childhood maltreatment was measured by using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire than by using other scales. The positive correlation between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction decreased as the proportion of female and only child in the sample increased. The correlation between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction was greater in Eastern culture than in Western culture. The type and measurement of internet addiction, age, data type, and the timing of data collection did not moderate the association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction.

This study not only provides supports for diverse theoretical perspectives, including the self-determination theory, the CIU model, the I-PACE model, and the stress coping theory, but also offers a deep understanding of the association of early traumatic experiences and internet addiction. By identifying moderators such as the type and severity of maltreatment, measurement, demographic variables and cultural background, this research provides a solid foundation for prevention and intervention of internet addiction.

Key words: childhood maltreatment, severity of maltreatment, emotional abuse, internet addiction, meta- analysis

中图分类号:

R395

孟现鑫, 颜晨, 俞德霖, 高树玲, 傅小兰. (2024). 童年创伤与网络成瘾关系的三水平元分析. 心理科学进展 , 32(7), 1087-1103.

MENG Xianxin, YAN Chen, YU Delin, GAO Shuling, FU Xiaolan. (2024). The association between childhood maltreatment and internet addiction: A three-level meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(7), 1087-1103.

图/表 7

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调节变量	k	Intercept/mean z (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	Mean r	F	p	水平2方差	水平3方差
人口统计学特征
女性比例	150	0.226(0.201, 0.250)^***	−0.083(−0.166, 0.001).	-	3.832	0.052	0.007^***	0.005^***
平均年龄	113	0.217(0.192, 0.243)^***	−0.003(−0.009, 0.002)	-	1.737	0.190	0.003^***	0.006^***
独生子女比例	25	0.334(0.231, 0.437)^***	−0.271(−0.500, −0.041)^*	-	5.962	0.023	0.001^***	0.006^**
研究变量因素
童年创伤的类型					7.460	<0.001	0.006^***	0.005^***
情感虐待	15	0.302(0.248, 0.357)^***		0.293
躯体虐待	17	0.173(0.121, 0.224)^***	−0.129(−0.190, −0.069)^***	0.171
性虐待	17	0.168(0.116, 0.220)^***	−0.135(−0.196, −0.073)^***	0.166
躯体忽视	17	0.184(0.134, 0.235)^***	−0.118(−0.178, −0.058)^***	0.182
情感忽视	18	0.155(0.105, 0.206)^***	−0.147(−0.207, −0.087)^***	0.154
网络成瘾的类型					0.279	0.600	0.001^***	0.007^***
网络游戏成瘾	29	0.217(0.166, 0.269)^***		0.214
社交媒体成瘾	22	0.199(0.145, 0.252)^***	−0.019(−0.089, 0.052)	0.196
创伤程度					7.653	0.008	0.011^***	0.001
低分组	36	0.257(0.217, 0.298)^***		0.251
高分组	23	0.166(0.114, 0.219)^***	−0.091(−0.157, −0.025)^**	0.164
研究的测量因素
童年创伤的测量					4.327	0.015	0.008^***	0.004^***
CPMS	33	0.292(0.242, 0.342)^***		0.284
CTQ	86	0.215(0.184, 0.246)^***	−0.077(−0.136, −0.018)^*	0.212
CTSPC	5	0.161(0.060, 0.263)^**	−0.130(−0.243, −0.017)^*	0.160
网络成瘾的测量					2.142	0.100	0.009^***	0.003
IAT	59	0.320(0.243, 0.397)^***		0.310
APIUS	14	0.214(0.176, 0.251)^***	−0.106(−0.192, −0.020)^*	0.211
CIAS	19	0.226(0.159, 0.293)^***	−0.094(−0.196, 0.008).	0.222
IGDS	7	0.204(0.110, 0.297)^***	−0.116(−0.237, 0.005).	0.201
数据类型					1.185	0.278	0.007^***	0.005^***
横断	147	0.224(0.199, 0.250)^***		0.220
纵向	5	0.286(0.176, 0.396)^***	0.061(−0.050, 0.173)	0.278
研究背景特征
文化背景					3.765	0.054	0.007^***	0.005^***
东方	113	0.240(0.212, 0.268)^***		0.235
西方	39	0.184(0.134, 0.234)^***	−0.056(−0.113, 0.001).	0.182
数据收集时间	62	0.212(0.178, 0.246)^***	0.006(−0.002, 0.015)	-	2.320	0.133	0.010^***	0.002

调节变量	k	Intercept/mean z (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	Mean r	F	p	水平2方差	水平3方差
人口统计学特征
女性比例	150	0.226(0.201, 0.250)^***	−0.083(−0.166, 0.001).	-	3.832	0.052	0.007^***	0.005^***
平均年龄	113	0.217(0.192, 0.243)^***	−0.003(−0.009, 0.002)	-	1.737	0.190	0.003^***	0.006^***
独生子女比例	25	0.334(0.231, 0.437)^***	−0.271(−0.500, −0.041)^*	-	5.962	0.023	0.001^***	0.006^**
研究变量因素
童年创伤的类型					7.460	<0.001	0.006^***	0.005^***
情感虐待	15	0.302(0.248, 0.357)^***		0.293
躯体虐待	17	0.173(0.121, 0.224)^***	−0.129(−0.190, −0.069)^***	0.171
性虐待	17	0.168(0.116, 0.220)^***	−0.135(−0.196, −0.073)^***	0.166
躯体忽视	17	0.184(0.134, 0.235)^***	−0.118(−0.178, −0.058)^***	0.182
情感忽视	18	0.155(0.105, 0.206)^***	−0.147(−0.207, −0.087)^***	0.154
网络成瘾的类型					0.279	0.600	0.001^***	0.007^***
网络游戏成瘾	29	0.217(0.166, 0.269)^***		0.214
社交媒体成瘾	22	0.199(0.145, 0.252)^***	−0.019(−0.089, 0.052)	0.196
创伤程度					7.653	0.008	0.011^***	0.001
低分组	36	0.257(0.217, 0.298)^***		0.251
高分组	23	0.166(0.114, 0.219)^***	−0.091(−0.157, −0.025)^**	0.164
研究的测量因素
童年创伤的测量					4.327	0.015	0.008^***	0.004^***
CPMS	33	0.292(0.242, 0.342)^***		0.284
CTQ	86	0.215(0.184, 0.246)^***	−0.077(−0.136, −0.018)^*	0.212
CTSPC	5	0.161(0.060, 0.263)^**	−0.130(−0.243, −0.017)^*	0.160
网络成瘾的测量					2.142	0.100	0.009^***	0.003
IAT	59	0.320(0.243, 0.397)^***		0.310
APIUS	14	0.214(0.176, 0.251)^***	−0.106(−0.192, −0.020)^*	0.211
CIAS	19	0.226(0.159, 0.293)^***	−0.094(−0.196, 0.008).	0.222
IGDS	7	0.204(0.110, 0.297)^***	−0.116(−0.237, 0.005).	0.201
数据类型					1.185	0.278	0.007^***	0.005^***
横断	147	0.224(0.199, 0.250)^***		0.220
纵向	5	0.286(0.176, 0.396)^***	0.061(−0.050, 0.173)	0.278
研究背景特征
文化背景					3.765	0.054	0.007^***	0.005^***
东方	113	0.240(0.212, 0.268)^***		0.235
西方	39	0.184(0.134, 0.234)^***	−0.056(−0.113, 0.001).	0.182
数据收集时间	62	0.212(0.178, 0.246)^***	0.006(−0.002, 0.015)	-	2.320	0.133	0.010^***	0.002

研究	数据收集时间	研究设计	N	k	平均年龄	女性比	文化背景	CM测量	IA测量	文献类型	效应量类型	效应量值
黄莉(2009)	2007	横断研究	740	6	18.8	82%	东方	CPMS	IAT	中文核心	others&IA	0.0155
											others&IA	0.0827
											others&IA	0.1729
											others&IA	0.2736
											EN&IA	0.1527
											PN&IA	0.0143
郭邑霞(2010)	NA	横断研究	1193	6	13.3	45%	东方	CPMS	CIAS	学位论文	others&IA	0.23
											others&IA	0.21
											others&IA	0.25
											others&IA	0.23
											EN&IA	0.23
											PN&IA	0.21
Yates (2012)	NA	横断研究	1470	2	19.13	63%	西方	CATS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.19
Yates (2012)	NA	横断研究	1470	2	19.13	63%	西方	CATS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.32
张志华(2012)	NA	横断研究	3798	1	15.4	49%	东方	CTS	IAT	中文核心	PA&IA	0.057
Dalbudak (2014)	NA	横断研究	271	5	21.8	59%	西方	CTQ	IAS	SCI	EA&IA	0.35
											EN&IA	0.19
											PA&IA	0.16
											PN&IA	0.25
											SA&IA	0.1
Yang (2014)	2010	横断研究	3798	1	15.5	48%	东方	CTS	IAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.211
Hsieh (2016)	2014	横断研究	6233	5	NA	50%	东方	ICAST-C&CEVQ	CIAS	SSCI	others&IA	0.19
											others&IA	0.18
											EN&IA	0.25
											PN&IA	0.23
											SA&IA	0.2
刘勤为(2016)	NA	横断研究、纵向研究	371	2	NA	47%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.381
刘勤为(2016)	NA	横断研究、纵向研究	371	2	NA	47%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.555
Arslan (2017)	NA	横断研究	392	1	22.01	58%	西方	PMQ	IAT	SSCI	others&IA	0.21
Kim (2017)	NA	横断研究	695	1	14.06	41%	东方	ETISR	IAT	SCI	SA&IA	0.0921
Schimmenti (2017)	NA	横断研究	358	3	18.36	57%	西方	TEC	IAT	SCI	others&IA	0.12
											PA&IA	0.06
											SA&IA	0.1
杨玲(2017)	NA	横断研究	388	2	21.49	70%	东方	CPMS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.45
杨玲(2017)	NA	横断研究	388	2	21.49	70%	东方	CPMS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.38
Jameel (2018)	NA	横断研究	100	1	NA	NA	东方	MNBS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.434
Worsley (2018)	NA	横断研究	1029	1	19.8	75%	西方	ACE	BSMAS	SCI	CM&SMA	0.13
Estévez (2019)	NA	横断研究	182	1	34.64	100%	西方	CTQ	CAD-4	SSCI	SA&IA	0.05
Evren (2019)	2019	横断研究	920	5	22.13	67%	西方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.29
											EN&IA	0.189
											PA&IA	0.248
											PN&IA	0.274
											SA&IA	0.23
Kircaburun (2019)	NA	横断研究	242	1	18.87	3%	西方	CTQ	IGDT	SCI	others&IGD	0.27
曹华(2021)	2020	横断研究	532	1	15.6	58%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.36
Cao (2022)	NA	横断研究	435	1	21.13	69%	东方	CTQ	SMUDSC	会议论文	others&SMA	0.05
Kircaburun (2020a)	NA	横断研究	385	1	15.62	43%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SSCI	others&SMA	0.21
Kircaburun (2020a)	NA	横断研究	385	1	15.62	43%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SSCI	others&SMA	0.24
Kircaburun (2020b)	NA	横断研究	344	1	20.76	82%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SCI	CM&SMA	0.17
Shi (2020)	2018	横断研究	922	1	NA	52%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	SCI	CM&IGD	0.19
曾丽芳(2020)	NA	横断研究	476	1	15.51	42%	东方	CPMS	SNSAS	学位论文	EA&SMA	0.2
杜琴琴(2020)	NA	横断研究	874	1	15.37	55%	东方	CPMS	IAT	学位论文	CM&IA	0.35
胡义秋(2020)	NA	横断研究	539	1	19.15	72%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	中文核心	CM&IA	0.23
李景萱(2020)	NA	横断研究	949	5	19.34	60%	东方	CTQ	PMSMUAQ	学位论文	EA&SMA	0.43
											EN&SMA	0.451
											PA&SMA	0.361
											PN&SMA	0.375
											SA&SMA	0.259
魏华(2020)	NA	横断研究	1162	1	NA	56%	东方	CTQ	IAT	中文核心	CM&IA	0.16
Ye (2023)	2019	横断研究	1347	6	20.12	58%	东方	CPMS	IASU	SSCI	others&IGD	0.33
											others&IGD	0.353
											others&IGD	0.33
											others&IGD	0.283
											EN&IGD	0.308
											PN&IGD	0.259
张敏(2020)	NA	横断研究	903	1	13.95	52%	东方	CTQ	IADDS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.23
Bashir (2021)	NA	横断研究	370	1	NA	61%	东方	MNBS	SMAS	普通期刊	others&SMA	0.43
Eşkisu (2021)	NA	横断研究	286	1	21.19	67%	西方	CTQ	CIAS	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.154
Lo (2021)	2016	横断研究	1204	1	13.36	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.18
Musetti (2021)	2019	横断研究	1308	1	16.27	52%	西方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	EA&SMA	0.229
Peng (2021)	2015	横断研究	16130	2	15.22	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SCI	others&IA	0.205
Peng (2021)	2015	横断研究	16130	2	15.22	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SCI	PA&IA	0.155
Xie (2021)	NA	横断研究	779	3	13.15	50%	东方	CPMS	IGDS	SSCI	others&IGD	0.22
											EN&IGD	0.23
											PN&IGD	0.26
陈绿颖(2021)	NA	横断研究	1497	1	17.27	54%	东方	CPMS	PGUQ	学位论文	others&IGD	0.21
侯小花(2021a)	2020	横断研究	2572	5	NA	58%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	中文核心	EA&IA	0.44
											EN&IA	0.18
											PA&IA	-0.01
											PN&IA	0.26
											SA&IA	0.36
侯小花(2021b)	NA	横断研究	1926	5	NA	82%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	普通期刊	EA&IA	0.328
											EN&IA	0.159
											PA&IA	0.198
											PN&IA	0.162
											SA&IA	0.17
胡满基(2021)	2020	横断研究	439	1	NA	51%	东方	CTQ	IAT	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.149
林悦(2021)	NA	横断研究	805	1	13.38	47%	东方	CPMS	IASU	中文核心	others&IGD	0.17
孟伟(2021)	NA	横断研究	1177	1	NA	52%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	others&IA	0.42
杨琴(2021)	NA	横断研究	539	1	19.15	72%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	中文核心	CM&IA	0.22
Hu (2022)	2020	横断研究	3357	5	13.69	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.312
											EN&IA	0.159
											PA&IA	0.168
											PN&IA	0.167
											SA&IA	0.111
McDowell (2022)	NA	横断研究	82	1	19.88	59%	西方	ACE	SNAS	学位论文	CM&SMA	0.16
Qin (2022)	2022	横断研究	918	1	19.34	57%	东方	CAS	CIAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.35
Sheng (2022)	2021	横断研究	844	5	12.96	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.24
											EN&IA	0.12
											PA&IA	0.13
											PN&IA	0.22
											SA&IA	0.16
Wang (2022)	NA	横断研究	802	1	14.76	NA	东方	CTQ	BSMAS	SCI	EN&SMA	0.13
Wu (2022)	NA	横断研究	1280	1	16.09	54%	东方	CPMS	POGUQ	SSCI	others&IGD	0.25
Xie (2022)	NA	横断研究	854	3	18.92	67%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.15
Yang (2022)	NA	横断研究	866	1	12.96	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.38
											EN&IA	0.21
											PA&IA	0.22
											PN&IA	0.27
											SA&IA	0.22
李晨璐(2022)	2021	横断研究	568	1	13.5	39%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	学位论文	CM&IGD	0.18
李毅(2022)	2020	横断研究	1178	5	NA	68%	东方	CTQ	FIAT	中文核心	EA&SMA	0.157
											EN&SMA	0.092
											PA&SMA	0.125
											PN&SMA	0.111
											SA&SMA	0.091
马曼曼(2022)	NA	横断研究	956	1	12.5	44%	东方	CPMS	IAT	学位论文	others&IA	0.439
王刚(2022)	NA	横断研究	1015	1	15.27	60%	东方	CNS	VAAS	普通期刊	others&other	0.26
张慧玲(2022)	NA	横断研究	1186	1	NA	53%	东方	CTQ	IADDS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.315
Gan (2023)	NA	横断研究	699	1	14.18	54%	西方	CPMS	POUGQ	SCI	others&IGD	0.25
Geng (2023)	2022	纵向研究	1149	4	15.88	55%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	SCI	CM&IA	0.24
											CM&IA	0.19
											CM&IA	0.17
											CM&IA	0.19
Gu (2023)	2021	纵向研究	703	1	16.07	34%	东方	CTQ	IAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.248
Guo (2023)	2021	横断研究	4091	1	13.64	51%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.29
Hatwan (2023)	NA	横断研究	474	1	22.26	56%	西方	CTQ	IGDT	学位论文	others&IGD	0.23
Imperatori (2023)	2021	横断研究	633	1	24.46	72%	西方	CTQ	BSMAS	SSCI	CM&IGD	0.194
Imperatori (2023)	2021	横断研究	633	1	24.46	72%	西方	CTQ	BSMAS	SSCI	CM&SMA	0.134
Kim (2023)	NA	横断研究	1674	1	18.86	70%	西方	ACE	SSBA	SCI	EA&IGD	0.11
											EA&IGD	0.06
											EN&IGD	0.14
											EN&IGD	0.06
											PA&IGD	0.11
											PA&IGD	0.09
											PN&IGD	0.05
											PN&IGD	0.08
											SA&IGD	0
											SA&IGD	0.03
Li (2023)	NA	横断研究	1203	1	15.41	61%	东方	CNS	VAAS	SCI	others&other	0.251
Liu (2023)	2022	横断研究	8579	1	16.89	64.20%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	普通期刊	CM&IGD	0.166
Wang, Luo (2023)	2019	横断研究	12325	1	NA	57%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.335
											EA&IA	0.356
											EN&IA	-0.1
											EN&IA	-0.049
											PA&IA	0.187
											PA&IA	0.27
											PN&IA	0.065
											PN&IA	0.132
											SA&IA	0.189
											SA&IA	0.249
Wang, Chen (2023)	NA	横断研究	1264	1	20.14	67%	东方	CTQ	SNWAS	普通期刊	CM&SMA	0.166

研究	数据收集时间	研究设计	N	k	平均年龄	女性比	文化背景	CM测量	IA测量	文献类型	效应量类型	效应量值
黄莉(2009)	2007	横断研究	740	6	18.8	82%	东方	CPMS	IAT	中文核心	others&IA	0.0155
											others&IA	0.0827
											others&IA	0.1729
											others&IA	0.2736
											EN&IA	0.1527
											PN&IA	0.0143
郭邑霞(2010)	NA	横断研究	1193	6	13.3	45%	东方	CPMS	CIAS	学位论文	others&IA	0.23
											others&IA	0.21
											others&IA	0.25
											others&IA	0.23
											EN&IA	0.23
											PN&IA	0.21
Yates (2012)	NA	横断研究	1470	2	19.13	63%	西方	CATS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.19
Yates (2012)	NA	横断研究	1470	2	19.13	63%	西方	CATS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.32
张志华(2012)	NA	横断研究	3798	1	15.4	49%	东方	CTS	IAT	中文核心	PA&IA	0.057
Dalbudak (2014)	NA	横断研究	271	5	21.8	59%	西方	CTQ	IAS	SCI	EA&IA	0.35
											EN&IA	0.19
											PA&IA	0.16
											PN&IA	0.25
											SA&IA	0.1
Yang (2014)	2010	横断研究	3798	1	15.5	48%	东方	CTS	IAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.211
Hsieh (2016)	2014	横断研究	6233	5	NA	50%	东方	ICAST-C&CEVQ	CIAS	SSCI	others&IA	0.19
											others&IA	0.18
											EN&IA	0.25
											PN&IA	0.23
											SA&IA	0.2
刘勤为(2016)	NA	横断研究、纵向研究	371	2	NA	47%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.381
刘勤为(2016)	NA	横断研究、纵向研究	371	2	NA	47%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.555
Arslan (2017)	NA	横断研究	392	1	22.01	58%	西方	PMQ	IAT	SSCI	others&IA	0.21
Kim (2017)	NA	横断研究	695	1	14.06	41%	东方	ETISR	IAT	SCI	SA&IA	0.0921
Schimmenti (2017)	NA	横断研究	358	3	18.36	57%	西方	TEC	IAT	SCI	others&IA	0.12
											PA&IA	0.06
											SA&IA	0.1
杨玲(2017)	NA	横断研究	388	2	21.49	70%	东方	CPMS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.45
杨玲(2017)	NA	横断研究	388	2	21.49	70%	东方	CPMS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.38
Jameel (2018)	NA	横断研究	100	1	NA	NA	东方	MNBS	IAT	普通期刊	others&IA	0.434
Worsley (2018)	NA	横断研究	1029	1	19.8	75%	西方	ACE	BSMAS	SCI	CM&SMA	0.13
Estévez (2019)	NA	横断研究	182	1	34.64	100%	西方	CTQ	CAD-4	SSCI	SA&IA	0.05
Evren (2019)	2019	横断研究	920	5	22.13	67%	西方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.29
											EN&IA	0.189
											PA&IA	0.248
											PN&IA	0.274
											SA&IA	0.23
Kircaburun (2019)	NA	横断研究	242	1	18.87	3%	西方	CTQ	IGDT	SCI	others&IGD	0.27
曹华(2021)	2020	横断研究	532	1	15.6	58%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.36
Cao (2022)	NA	横断研究	435	1	21.13	69%	东方	CTQ	SMUDSC	会议论文	others&SMA	0.05
Kircaburun (2020a)	NA	横断研究	385	1	15.62	43%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SSCI	others&SMA	0.21
Kircaburun (2020a)	NA	横断研究	385	1	15.62	43%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SSCI	others&SMA	0.24
Kircaburun (2020b)	NA	横断研究	344	1	20.76	82%	西方	CTQ	SMUQ	SCI	CM&SMA	0.17
Shi (2020)	2018	横断研究	922	1	NA	52%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	SCI	CM&IGD	0.19
曾丽芳(2020)	NA	横断研究	476	1	15.51	42%	东方	CPMS	SNSAS	学位论文	EA&SMA	0.2
杜琴琴(2020)	NA	横断研究	874	1	15.37	55%	东方	CPMS	IAT	学位论文	CM&IA	0.35
胡义秋(2020)	NA	横断研究	539	1	19.15	72%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	中文核心	CM&IA	0.23
李景萱(2020)	NA	横断研究	949	5	19.34	60%	东方	CTQ	PMSMUAQ	学位论文	EA&SMA	0.43
											EN&SMA	0.451
											PA&SMA	0.361
											PN&SMA	0.375
											SA&SMA	0.259
魏华(2020)	NA	横断研究	1162	1	NA	56%	东方	CTQ	IAT	中文核心	CM&IA	0.16
Ye (2023)	2019	横断研究	1347	6	20.12	58%	东方	CPMS	IASU	SSCI	others&IGD	0.33
											others&IGD	0.353
											others&IGD	0.33
											others&IGD	0.283
											EN&IGD	0.308
											PN&IGD	0.259
张敏(2020)	NA	横断研究	903	1	13.95	52%	东方	CTQ	IADDS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.23
Bashir (2021)	NA	横断研究	370	1	NA	61%	东方	MNBS	SMAS	普通期刊	others&SMA	0.43
Eşkisu (2021)	NA	横断研究	286	1	21.19	67%	西方	CTQ	CIAS	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.154
Lo (2021)	2016	横断研究	1204	1	13.36	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.18
Musetti (2021)	2019	横断研究	1308	1	16.27	52%	西方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	EA&SMA	0.229
Peng (2021)	2015	横断研究	16130	2	15.22	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SCI	others&IA	0.205
Peng (2021)	2015	横断研究	16130	2	15.22	48%	东方	CTS	IAT	SCI	PA&IA	0.155
Xie (2021)	NA	横断研究	779	3	13.15	50%	东方	CPMS	IGDS	SSCI	others&IGD	0.22
											EN&IGD	0.23
											PN&IGD	0.26
陈绿颖(2021)	NA	横断研究	1497	1	17.27	54%	东方	CPMS	PGUQ	学位论文	others&IGD	0.21
侯小花(2021a)	2020	横断研究	2572	5	NA	58%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	中文核心	EA&IA	0.44
											EN&IA	0.18
											PA&IA	-0.01
											PN&IA	0.26
											SA&IA	0.36
侯小花(2021b)	NA	横断研究	1926	5	NA	82%	东方	CTQ	APIUS	普通期刊	EA&IA	0.328
											EN&IA	0.159
											PA&IA	0.198
											PN&IA	0.162
											SA&IA	0.17
胡满基(2021)	2020	横断研究	439	1	NA	51%	东方	CTQ	IAT	普通期刊	CM&IA	0.149
林悦(2021)	NA	横断研究	805	1	13.38	47%	东方	CPMS	IASU	中文核心	others&IGD	0.17
孟伟(2021)	NA	横断研究	1177	1	NA	52%	东方	CPMS	APIUS	学位论文	others&IA	0.42
杨琴(2021)	NA	横断研究	539	1	19.15	72%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	中文核心	CM&IA	0.22
Hu (2022)	2020	横断研究	3357	5	13.69	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.312
											EN&IA	0.159
											PA&IA	0.168
											PN&IA	0.167
											SA&IA	0.111
McDowell (2022)	NA	横断研究	82	1	19.88	59%	西方	ACE	SNAS	学位论文	CM&SMA	0.16
Qin (2022)	2022	横断研究	918	1	19.34	57%	东方	CAS	CIAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.35
Sheng (2022)	2021	横断研究	844	5	12.96	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.24
											EN&IA	0.12
											PA&IA	0.13
											PN&IA	0.22
											SA&IA	0.16
Wang (2022)	NA	横断研究	802	1	14.76	NA	东方	CTQ	BSMAS	SCI	EN&SMA	0.13
Wu (2022)	NA	横断研究	1280	1	16.09	54%	东方	CPMS	POGUQ	SSCI	others&IGD	0.25
Xie (2022)	NA	横断研究	854	3	18.92	67%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.15
Yang (2022)	NA	横断研究	866	1	12.96	49%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.38
											EN&IA	0.21
											PA&IA	0.22
											PN&IA	0.27
											SA&IA	0.22
李晨璐(2022)	2021	横断研究	568	1	13.5	39%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	学位论文	CM&IGD	0.18
李毅(2022)	2020	横断研究	1178	5	NA	68%	东方	CTQ	FIAT	中文核心	EA&SMA	0.157
											EN&SMA	0.092
											PA&SMA	0.125
											PN&SMA	0.111
											SA&SMA	0.091
马曼曼(2022)	NA	横断研究	956	1	12.5	44%	东方	CPMS	IAT	学位论文	others&IA	0.439
王刚(2022)	NA	横断研究	1015	1	15.27	60%	东方	CNS	VAAS	普通期刊	others&other	0.26
张慧玲(2022)	NA	横断研究	1186	1	NA	53%	东方	CTQ	IADDS	学位论文	CM&IA	0.315
Gan (2023)	NA	横断研究	699	1	14.18	54%	西方	CPMS	POUGQ	SCI	others&IGD	0.25
Geng (2023)	2022	纵向研究	1149	4	15.88	55%	东方	CTQ	CIAS	SCI	CM&IA	0.24
											CM&IA	0.19
											CM&IA	0.17
											CM&IA	0.19
Gu (2023)	2021	纵向研究	703	1	16.07	34%	东方	CTQ	IAS	SSCI	CM&IA	0.248
Guo (2023)	2021	横断研究	4091	1	13.64	51%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SSCI	CM&IA	0.29
Hatwan (2023)	NA	横断研究	474	1	22.26	56%	西方	CTQ	IGDT	学位论文	others&IGD	0.23
Imperatori (2023)	2021	横断研究	633	1	24.46	72%	西方	CTQ	BSMAS	SSCI	CM&IGD	0.194
Imperatori (2023)	2021	横断研究	633	1	24.46	72%	西方	CTQ	BSMAS	SSCI	CM&SMA	0.134
Kim (2023)	NA	横断研究	1674	1	18.86	70%	西方	ACE	SSBA	SCI	EA&IGD	0.11
											EA&IGD	0.06
											EN&IGD	0.14
											EN&IGD	0.06
											PA&IGD	0.11
											PA&IGD	0.09
											PN&IGD	0.05
											PN&IGD	0.08
											SA&IGD	0
											SA&IGD	0.03
Li (2023)	NA	横断研究	1203	1	15.41	61%	东方	CNS	VAAS	SCI	others&other	0.251
Liu (2023)	2022	横断研究	8579	1	16.89	64.20%	东方	CTQ	IGDS	普通期刊	CM&IGD	0.166
Wang, Luo (2023)	2019	横断研究	12325	1	NA	57%	东方	CTQ	IAT	SCI	EA&IA	0.335
											EA&IA	0.356
											EN&IA	-0.1
											EN&IA	-0.049
											PA&IA	0.187
											PA&IA	0.27
											PN&IA	0.065
											PN&IA	0.132
											SA&IA	0.189
											SA&IA	0.249
Wang, Chen (2023)	NA	横断研究	1264	1	20.14	67%	东方	CTQ	SNWAS	普通期刊	CM&SMA	0.166

研究	标准1	标准2	标准3	标准4	标准5	标准6	标准7	标准8	标准9	标准10	标准11	标准12	标准13	标准14	质量得分
Arslan (2017)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
黄莉(2009)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
郭邑霞(2010)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Yates (2012)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
张志华(2012)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Dalbudak (2014)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Yang (2014)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Hsieh (2016)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
刘勤为(2016)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	9
Kim (2017)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Schimmenti (2017)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
杨玲(2017)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Jameel (2018)	Y	N	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	4
Worsley (2018)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Estévez (2019)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Evren (2019)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Kircaburun (2019)	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
曹华(2021)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Cao (2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Kircaburun (2020a)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Kircaburun (2020b)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Shi (2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Ye (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
曾丽芳(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
杜琴琴(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
胡义秋(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
李景萱(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
魏华(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
张敏(2020)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Bashir (2021)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Eşkisu (2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Kandeğer (2021)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Lo (2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Musetti (2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Peng (2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Xie (2021)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
陈绿颖(2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
侯小花(2021a)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
侯小花(2021b)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
胡满基(2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
林悦(2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
孟伟(2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
杨琴(2021)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Hu (2022)	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
McDowell (2022)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Qin (2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Sheng (2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Wang (2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Wu (2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Xie (2022)	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Yang (2022)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
李晨璐(2022)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
李毅(2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
马曼曼(2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
王刚(2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
张慧玲(2022)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Cheng (2023)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Gan (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Geng (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	9
Gu (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	10
Guo (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Hatwan (2023)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Imperatori (2023)	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	N	N	NA	N	NA	NA	NA	5
Kim (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Li (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Liu (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	N	NA	NA	NA	5
Wang, Luo (2023)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Wang, Chen (2023)	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	N	Y	N	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Zhou (2023)	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	N	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6