执行控制的双语优势效应及其调节变量：来自元分析的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00970

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

双语经验所带来的执行控制优势一直以来备受关注, 然而对于双语优势效应的理论解释和具体表现则莫衷一是。为进一步明确执行控制双语优势效应的内在机制, 当前研究区分了干扰抑制和反应抑制, 并纳入年龄和语系类型等调节变量, 最终通过对102篇文献进行元分析发现, 执行控制整体的双语优势边缘显著(g = 0.11), 但在控制发表偏差之后双语优势消失。其中, 干扰抑制成分的双语优势边缘显著(g = 0.08); 控制发表偏差后反应抑制成分的双语优势消失; 认知灵活性成分的双语优势受到被试年龄和出版年份的调节。研究结果启示未来研究可更多关注干扰抑制和反应抑制在双语优势效应上的差异及其内在机制, 以及双语者年龄和第二语言与母语间的语言距离对于执行控制双语优势的影响。

关键词: 执行控制, 双语优势, 干扰抑制, 反应抑制, 元分析

Abstract:

The advantage of executive control brought by bilingual experience has long attracted much attention. However, the theoretical explanation and specific performance of the bilingual advantage are inconsistent. Some studies suggest that only some components of executive control exist bilingual advantage effect, which is conditional or there is no bilingual advantage effect on executive control. The present study suggests that the contradicted results of previous studies are probably due to an incongruent division on the components of executive control, especially confusing the concepts and task paradigms of interference control and response inhibition. In order to further clarify the internal mechanism of the bilingual advantage effect on executive control and identify which components of the executive control have a bilingual advantage, the current study distinguished interference control and response inhibition from traditional classification of inhibitory control and mainly focused on the bilingual advantage effect of interference control, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. At the same time, neglected variables such as age and language family, which were added to the study as moderators for the first time, as well as sample size, the proficiency of a second language, the acquisition age of a second language, and socioeconomic status were also included as moderating variables to explore their respective influences on the bilingual advantage effect of executive control.
Finally, the meta-analysis of 102 works of literature found that the bilingual advantage of executive control was marginally significant (g = 0.11), but the bilingual advantage disappeared after controlling for publication bias. Furthermore, the bilingual advantage of the interference control component was marginally significant (g = 0.08) without significant modulating effect. The bilingual advantage of the response inhibition component was significant (g = 0.21), and was moderated by proficiency of a second language. That is to say, the skilled bilinguals were more likely to show bilingual advantage compared to non-proficient bilinguals. Nevertheless, the bilingual advantage effect disappeared after controlling for publication bias. At the same time, the cognitive flexibility component was moderated by age and publication year. To be more specific, a bilingual advantage was found in child bilinguals while not in adult bilinguals, and there was a more significant result of the bilingual advantage in recent publication years. In addition, whether native and second languages belong to the same language family also influenced the bilingual advantage effect on executive control to some extent. Different language families had larger effect size than the same language family, and response inhibition showed a bilingual advantage when the native and second language belonged to different language families. This suggests language family is an important moderating variable that has been overlooked in previous studies. Future research should further explore the influence of the distance between the native and second language on the bilingual advantage of executive control.
In summary, this study not only found a bilingual advantage effect on executive control, but more importantly, tested the need to separate interference control and response inhibition from traditional inhibitory control. After separation, a stable bilingual advantage effect was found only for the interference control component, and an unstable bilingual advantage effect was found for the response inhibition component. Given that no study has yet hypothesized a bilingual advantage effect on interference control component alone, the findings provide new ideas and certain references for future exploration in the related field. Moreover, in explaining whether bilingual experience can lead to generalized cognitive advantage, the specific effects of language characteristics and the language using subjects, on different cognitive components of executive control should be fully considered.

Key words: executive control, bilingual advantage, interference control, response inhibition, meta-analysis

中图分类号:

B842

李莹, 赵鸿瑜, 张木军, 范子璇, 王悦. (2023). 执行控制的双语优势效应及其调节变量：来自元分析的证据. 心理科学进展 , 31(6), 970-987.

LI Ying, ZHAO Hongyu, ZHANG Mujun, FAN Zixuan, WANG Yue. (2023). The bilingual advantage effect on executive control and its moderators: Evidence from meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(6), 970-987.

图/表 5

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考察成分	任务类型	数量
反应抑制	Inhibition of Return (IOR): 线索与靶刺激形状不相同时的反应时	4
	Baseline Word Categorization: 抗主动干扰条件的反应时	1
	Sentence Comprehension: 不一致的反应时	1
	Go/No go Task: 正确反应的反应时、No go准确率	5
	Pencil Tapping Task: 任务得分	6
	Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART): 反应时	4
	Stop Signal Reaction Time Task.: 正确停止的比例、停止信号反应时间(SSRT)	4
	AX version of Continuous Performance Task: AY反应时, BSI指数	5
	Bear/Dragon Task: 得分, 正确率	10
	Gift Delay: 表现分数 = 非偷看时间÷总时间	9
	Homograph Suppression: 延迟呈现同形测试词时的反应时	1
	Walk, Don’t Walk: 得分	2
	眼睛直视任务: 重复抑制下的正确率	2
	Non-Contextual Task: 错误数	2
	Contextual Task: 错误修复时间	2
认知灵活性	Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): 得分, 正确率, 切换后的反应时, 反应速度	19
	Local-Global Task: 转换代价 = 转换RT−非转换RT	8
	颜色形状转换任务: 转换代价 = 转换RT−重复RT	8
	数字转换任务: 转换代价	2
	More-Odd shifting Task: 混合组反应时	1
	The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): 正确反应的比例, 得分, 原始分, 正确分类数	10
	Task-Switching Test: 混合组、原始和局部切换代价, 非重复条件下的反应时, 正确率	10
	Trail Making Test: Trail B完成时间	3
	Plus-Minus Task: 切换代价	4
	TAP battery: 反应时	2
	the Color Trails Test (CTT): 完成时间的Z分数	1
	Baseline Word Categorization: 切换条件下的反应时	1
	Creature Counting: 得分	2
	眼睛转向任务: 转换非抑制下的正确率	2
	Classification Task: 错误数	2
干扰抑制	Flanker: 不一致条件的反应时、正确率, flanker效应	49
	反眼跳任务: 正确率	2
	Stroop: 不一致条件的反应时、正确率, Stroop效应, 正确反应的比例、个数	53
	Simon: 不一致条件下的反应时、正确率, 得分, 西蒙效应, 总RT = 有效实验总RT÷有效试验数	51
	Happy/Sad Task: 得分	1
	the Five Digit Test (FDT): 由完成时间计算的Z分数	1
	Local-Global Task: 局部不一致的错误数	2
	(Lateralized) Attention Network Test: 没有提示不一致条件的反应时	6
	Opposite Worlds: 不一致条件的反应时	2
	Acceptability Task.: 语义异常句的准确率	1
	Grammaticality Task: 语义异常句的准确率	1
	Simon和Stroop组合任务(SS/SR): 正确率	1
	Eye-Tracking While Listening Visual World Task (ETL-vw): 反应时	1
	眼睛直视任务: 不一致条件的正确率	1
	Bivalency Effect Task: 准确率	1
	The Sentence Interpretation Task: 不规范语句反应时	1
	Dual-Modality Classification Task (DMCT): 视听刺激物不同类时的反应时	2
	Grass/ Snow Task: 任务得分	3
	Luria's Game: 任务得分	3

考察成分	任务类型	数量
反应抑制	Inhibition of Return (IOR): 线索与靶刺激形状不相同时的反应时	4
	Baseline Word Categorization: 抗主动干扰条件的反应时	1
	Sentence Comprehension: 不一致的反应时	1
	Go/No go Task: 正确反应的反应时、No go准确率	5
	Pencil Tapping Task: 任务得分	6
	Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART): 反应时	4
	Stop Signal Reaction Time Task.: 正确停止的比例、停止信号反应时间(SSRT)	4
	AX version of Continuous Performance Task: AY反应时, BSI指数	5
	Bear/Dragon Task: 得分, 正确率	10
	Gift Delay: 表现分数 = 非偷看时间÷总时间	9
	Homograph Suppression: 延迟呈现同形测试词时的反应时	1
	Walk, Don’t Walk: 得分	2
	眼睛直视任务: 重复抑制下的正确率	2
	Non-Contextual Task: 错误数	2
	Contextual Task: 错误修复时间	2
认知灵活性	Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): 得分, 正确率, 切换后的反应时, 反应速度	19
	Local-Global Task: 转换代价 = 转换RT−非转换RT	8
	颜色形状转换任务: 转换代价 = 转换RT−重复RT	8
	数字转换任务: 转换代价	2
	More-Odd shifting Task: 混合组反应时	1
	The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST): 正确反应的比例, 得分, 原始分, 正确分类数	10
	Task-Switching Test: 混合组、原始和局部切换代价, 非重复条件下的反应时, 正确率	10
	Trail Making Test: Trail B完成时间	3
	Plus-Minus Task: 切换代价	4
	TAP battery: 反应时	2
	the Color Trails Test (CTT): 完成时间的Z分数	1
	Baseline Word Categorization: 切换条件下的反应时	1
	Creature Counting: 得分	2
	眼睛转向任务: 转换非抑制下的正确率	2
	Classification Task: 错误数	2
干扰抑制	Flanker: 不一致条件的反应时、正确率, flanker效应	49
	反眼跳任务: 正确率	2
	Stroop: 不一致条件的反应时、正确率, Stroop效应, 正确反应的比例、个数	53
	Simon: 不一致条件下的反应时、正确率, 得分, 西蒙效应, 总RT = 有效实验总RT÷有效试验数	51
	Happy/Sad Task: 得分	1
	the Five Digit Test (FDT): 由完成时间计算的Z分数	1
	Local-Global Task: 局部不一致的错误数	2
	(Lateralized) Attention Network Test: 没有提示不一致条件的反应时	6
	Opposite Worlds: 不一致条件的反应时	2
	Acceptability Task.: 语义异常句的准确率	1
	Grammaticality Task: 语义异常句的准确率	1
	Simon和Stroop组合任务(SS/SR): 正确率	1
	Eye-Tracking While Listening Visual World Task (ETL-vw): 反应时	1
	眼睛直视任务: 不一致条件的正确率	1
	Bivalency Effect Task: 准确率	1
	The Sentence Interpretation Task: 不规范语句反应时	1
	Dual-Modality Classification Task (DMCT): 视听刺激物不同类时的反应时	2
	Grass/ Snow Task: 任务得分	3
	Luria's Game: 任务得分	3

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	K	95% CI
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	K	点估计	下限	上限
样本量	0.04	1	0.838	N < 50	34	0.23	0.08	0.37
样本量	0.04	1	0.838	N ≥ 50	24	0.19	−0.10	0.49
被试年龄	0.93	1	0.334	小于18	27	0.19	0.02	0.37
被试年龄	0.93	1	0.334	大于等于18	30	0.02	−0.27	0.32
二语习得年龄	0.04	1	0.834	3岁之前	6	−0.04	−1.44	1.35
二语习得年龄	0.04	1	0.834	3岁之后	9	0.12	−0.38	0.61
语系类型	2.51	1	0.113	相同语系	39	0.06	−0.12	0.25
语系类型	2.51	1	0.113	不同语系	16	0.33	0.06	0.59
二语熟练度	16.14	1	< 0.001	熟练或高熟练	51	0.26	0.09	0.43
二语熟练度	16.14	1	< 0.001	其他	5	−0.35	−0.59	−0.11
社会经济地位	1.02	1	0.313	较低	10	−0.09	−1.07	0.90
社会经济地位	1.02	1	0.313	中等	26	0.50	−0.08	1.08

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	K	95% CI
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	K	点估计	下限	上限
样本量	0.04	1	0.838	N < 50	34	0.23	0.08	0.37
样本量	0.04	1	0.838	N ≥ 50	24	0.19	−0.10	0.49
被试年龄	0.93	1	0.334	小于18	27	0.19	0.02	0.37
被试年龄	0.93	1	0.334	大于等于18	30	0.02	−0.27	0.32
二语习得年龄	0.04	1	0.834	3岁之前	6	−0.04	−1.44	1.35
二语习得年龄	0.04	1	0.834	3岁之后	9	0.12	−0.38	0.61
语系类型	2.51	1	0.113	相同语系	39	0.06	−0.12	0.25
语系类型	2.51	1	0.113	不同语系	16	0.33	0.06	0.59
二语熟练度	16.14	1	< 0.001	熟练或高熟练	51	0.26	0.09	0.43
二语熟练度	16.14	1	< 0.001	其他	5	−0.35	−0.59	−0.11
社会经济地位	1.02	1	0.313	较低	10	−0.09	−1.07	0.90
社会经济地位	1.02	1	0.313	中等	26	0.50	−0.08	1.08

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	K	95% CI
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	K	点估计	下限	上限
样本量	1.25	1	0.264	N < 50	29	0.28	−0.03	0.60
样本量	1.25	1	0.264	N ≥ 50	46	0.06	−0.18	0.29
被试年龄	10.48	1	0.001	小于18	32	0.46	0.24	0.68
被试年龄	10.48	1	0.001	大于等于18	43	−0.12	−0.39	0.16
二语习得年龄	0	1	0.951	3岁之前	9	−0.27	−1.58	1.04
二语习得年龄	0	1	0.951	3岁之后	23	−0.23	−0.47	0.01
语系类型	0.01	1	0.911	相同语系	46	0.11	−0.11	0.33
语系类型	0.01	1	0.911	不同语系	23	0.14	−0.28	0.55
二语熟练度	3.21	1	0.073	熟练或高熟练	47	0.19	−0.04	0.42
二语熟练度	3.21	1	0.073	其他	13	−0.07	−0.23	0.09
社会经济地位	0.61	1	0.437	较低	10	0.34	−0.63	1.31
社会经济地位	0.61	1	0.437	中等	35	−0.06	−0.32	0.21