心理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (11): 1244-1259.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.01244
收稿日期:
2020-10-09
发布日期:
2021-09-23
出版日期:
2021-11-25
通讯作者:
汪凤炎
E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com
基金资助:
WEI Xindong1, WANG Fengyan2,3()
Received:
2020-10-09
Online:
2021-09-23
Published:
2021-11-25
Contact:
WANG Fengyan
E-mail:fywangjx8069@163.com
摘要:
相对于面对自己的人际冲突, 以独立自我为主的西方人在面对朋友的人际冲突时表现更智慧(所罗门悖论)。在以互依自我为主的中国人身上所罗门悖论是否会有不同特点?研究1通过在线平台招募中美两国被试, 随机分配到自我与朋友冲突组考察其智慧推理水平, 并考察自我类型的影响。对齐法与方差分析的结果均显示美国文化下朋友组智慧推理显著高于自我组, 而中国文化下两组差异不显著, 进一步分析发现中国文化下独立自我与冲突类型的交互项显著预测智慧推理。在此基础上, 研究2~4在中国文化背景下, 通过启动不同自我类型, 考察个体在自我或朋友冲突组中的智慧推理差异, 结果显示启动独立自我的朋友组显著高于自我组, 而启动互依自我的两组差异不显著。研究表明所罗门悖论可能只存在独立自我高的人身上, 并不具有普适性。可见心理学研究除了关注样本多样性问题外, 更需关注使用单一样本却默认结论具有文化普适性的研究者。
中图分类号:
魏新东, 汪凤炎. (2021). 自我-朋友冲突情境下智慧推理的文化差异及其机制. 心理学报, 53(11), 1244-1259.
WEI Xindong, WANG Fengyan. (2021). The influence of culture on wise reasoning in the context of self-friend conflict and its mechanism. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(11), 1244-1259.
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 智慧推理(自我冲突组) | - | - | 0.38*** | 0.47*** | 0.17 | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.06 | 3.58 | 0.67 |
2 智慧推理(朋友冲突组) | - | - | 0.35*** | 0.37*** | 0.04 | -0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 3.76 | 0.73 |
3 独立自我 | 0.17* | 0.39*** | - | 0.22*** | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 29.87 | 5.71 |
4 互依自我 | 0.29*** | 0.33*** | 0.57*** | - | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.15* | 29.72 | 5.78 |
5 性别 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.13* | 0.10 | - | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.08 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
6 年龄 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.10 | 0.14* | -0.09 | - | 0.10 | 0.09 | 36.87 | 11.04 |
7 受教育程度 | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | -0.12* | 0.24*** | - | 0.06 | 14.94 | 4.04 |
8 主观社会阶层 | -0.02 | 0.14 | 0.19** | 0.16** | -0.11 | 0.19** | 0.05 | - | 5.69 | 1.80 |
M | 3.80 | 3.89 | 30.91 | 30.63 | 0.49 | 23.22 | 14.36 | 4.77 | - | - |
SD | 0.68 | 0.65 | 5.17 | 5.42 | 0.50 | 4.34 | 2.48 | 1.61 | - | - |
表1 各变量描述性统计与相关分析结果(n = 575)
变量 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 智慧推理(自我冲突组) | - | - | 0.38*** | 0.47*** | 0.17 | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.06 | 3.58 | 0.67 |
2 智慧推理(朋友冲突组) | - | - | 0.35*** | 0.37*** | 0.04 | -0.01 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 3.76 | 0.73 |
3 独立自我 | 0.17* | 0.39*** | - | 0.22*** | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 29.87 | 5.71 |
4 互依自我 | 0.29*** | 0.33*** | 0.57*** | - | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.15* | 29.72 | 5.78 |
5 性别 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.13* | 0.10 | - | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.08 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
6 年龄 | -0.02 | -0.00 | 0.10 | 0.14* | -0.09 | - | 0.10 | 0.09 | 36.87 | 11.04 |
7 受教育程度 | -0.07 | -0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | -0.12* | 0.24*** | - | 0.06 | 14.94 | 4.04 |
8 主观社会阶层 | -0.02 | 0.14 | 0.19** | 0.16** | -0.11 | 0.19** | 0.05 | - | 5.69 | 1.80 |
M | 3.80 | 3.89 | 30.91 | 30.63 | 0.49 | 23.22 | 14.36 | 4.77 | - | - |
SD | 0.68 | 0.65 | 5.17 | 5.42 | 0.50 | 4.34 | 2.48 | 1.61 | - | - |
智慧推理五维度 | 截距等值组别 | 因子载荷等值组别 |
---|---|---|
对方视角 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
变化/多种结果 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
局限/理智的谦逊 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
局外人视角 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
妥协/解决方案 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
表2 不同文化与冲突条件下截距与因子载荷近似测量等值性(n = 575)
智慧推理五维度 | 截距等值组别 | 因子载荷等值组别 |
---|---|---|
对方视角 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
变化/多种结果 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
局限/理智的谦逊 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
局外人视角 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
妥协/解决方案 | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
排序 | 组别代码 | 潜均值 | 潜均值显著小于该组 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 0.170 | 3 |
2 | 1 | 0.000 | 3 |
3 | 4 | -0.004 | 3 |
4 | 3 | -0.319 |
表3 各组智慧推理潜均值比较(n = 575)
排序 | 组别代码 | 潜均值 | 潜均值显著小于该组 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 0.170 | 3 |
2 | 1 | 0.000 | 3 |
3 | 4 | -0.004 | 3 |
4 | 3 | -0.319 |
变量及步骤 | β | 95% CI | t | ΔR2 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一步 | 0.014 | 1.02 | |||
性别 | 0.07 | [-0.063, 0.246] | 1.17 | ||
年龄 | -0.01 | [-0.215, 0.182] | -0.17 | ||
受教育程度 | -0.06 | [-0.165, 0.050] | -1.06 | ||
主观社会阶层 | 0.07 | [-0.032, 0.139] | 1.23 | ||
第二步 | 0.017 | 2.52 | |||
冲突类型 | 0.07 | [-0.062, 0.244] | 1.17 | ||
独立自我 | 0.12 | [-0.002, 0.152] | 1.93 | ||
第三步 | 0.018 | 5.38* | |||
冲突类型×独立自我 | 0.14* | [0.027, 0.334] | 2.32 |
表4 中国文化下自我类型对不同冲突类型的智慧推理影响(n = 295)
变量及步骤 | β | 95% CI | t | ΔR2 | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一步 | 0.014 | 1.02 | |||
性别 | 0.07 | [-0.063, 0.246] | 1.17 | ||
年龄 | -0.01 | [-0.215, 0.182] | -0.17 | ||
受教育程度 | -0.06 | [-0.165, 0.050] | -1.06 | ||
主观社会阶层 | 0.07 | [-0.032, 0.139] | 1.23 | ||
第二步 | 0.017 | 2.52 | |||
冲突类型 | 0.07 | [-0.062, 0.244] | 1.17 | ||
独立自我 | 0.12 | [-0.002, 0.152] | 1.93 | ||
第三步 | 0.018 | 5.38* | |||
冲突类型×独立自我 | 0.14* | [0.027, 0.334] | 2.32 |
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