学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2019.00280

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

已有关于材料相似性影响短时记忆的研究提示, 不相似材料组块相比于相似材料组块可能促进记忆。为验证该假设, 该研究采用学习-测查范式, 通过4个实验考察了学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响及机制。结果发现：1)与相似词组块相比, 不相似词组块促进了相似词记忆; 2)不相似词组块的促进效应是通过增强相似词表共同词根的记忆而实现的; 3)不相似词组块的促进效应可能依赖于语音相似性。该结果说明不相似词组块可能是促进相似词汇记忆的有效途径之一。

关键词: 学习-测查范式, 词汇记忆, 组块方式, 相似词

Abstract:

The successful memorisation of similar words is critical for individuals’ vocabulary acquisition. Previous studies have found that individuals perform significantly better in an immediate serial memory test for dissimilar words than similar words. However, the memory advantage for dissimilar words in those studies was mainly based on the comparison of two sets of different learning materials (i.e., similar and dissimilar words). Therefore, whether similar words are memorised better in a similar chunking condition (similar words are successively presented) or dissimilar chunking condition (similar words are alternately presented by other dissimilar words) is unclear.
To address the above question, we performed four experiments in this study, in which within-subject design and study-test paradigm were used. Experiment 1A aims to explore the effects of chunking strategy on the memory of similar words. In this experiment, two matched sets of similar English pseudowords were used for the similar and dissimilar chunking conditions, respectively. In the similar chunking condition, similar words were successively presented, whereas in the dissimilar chunking condition, similar words were alternately presented with other dissimilar words. Participants were instructed to memorise the words during the study phase. A recognition memory test was administered one hour after the study phase. Experiment 1B aims to investigate the memory advantage of the dissimilar chunking condition for long-term retention. Experimental materials and tasks were the same with those of Experiment 1A, but the interval between study and test was prolonged to one week. Experiment 2 used Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm to examine whether the dissimilar chunking strategy facilitated the memory of similar words by improving the memory of individual words or enhancing the memory of shared parts across similar words. Experiment 3 included unfamiliar Korean characters as materials to further disentangle the contributions of visual and phonological similarities on the memory of similar words.
Results show that: 1) Compared with the similar chunking strategy, the dissimilar chunking strategy show better memory performance on similar words, which can be maintained for at least one week. 2) The dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memory of similar words and results in a high false memory for similar lures. 3) The memory advantage for dissimilar chunking strategy is evident for phonologically similar words (i.e., English pseudowords) but not for visually similar words (i.e., Korean characters).
The results suggest that the dissimilar chunking strategy improves the memorisation of phonologically similar words by enhancing the memory of common parts across similar words. In other words, the dissimilar chunking strategy may be an effective way to improve the memorisation of similar words. These findings have important implications for language learning and education.

Key words: study-test paradigm, word memory, chunking strategy, similar words

中图分类号:

B842

张蕾, 鲁成柔, 林军凤, 梅磊磊. (2019). 学习材料组块方式对相似词长时记忆的影响. 心理学报, 51(3), 280-292.

ZHANG Lei, LU Chengrou, LIN Junfeng, MEI Leilei. (2019). Impacts of chunking strategy on memorising similar words. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 51(3), 280-292.

图/表 8

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实验编号	正确率	t	d
实验1A	0.82 (0.09)	17.01^***	3.63
实验1B	0.70 (0.09)	9.87^***	2.10
实验2	0.71 (0.08)	11.71^***	2.49
实验3	0.67 (0.08)	10.17^***	1.99

实验编号	正确率	t	d
实验1A	0.82 (0.09)	17.01^***	3.63
实验1B	0.70 (0.09)	9.87^***	2.10
实验2	0.71 (0.08)	11.71^***	2.49
实验3	0.67 (0.08)	10.17^***	1.99

实验编号	相似词组块	不相似词组块	t	p
实验1A	2020.76 (757.13)	1908.26 (735.72)	1.55	0.136
实验1B	2151.65 (781.03)	2128.97 (727.22)	0.33	0.747
实验2	2386.15 (986.30)	2336.87 (925.58)	0.62	0.545
实验3	2286.98 (803.35)	2441.74 (1200.42)	-0.84	0.409

实验编号	相似词组块	不相似词组块	t	p
实验1A	2020.76 (757.13)	1908.26 (735.72)	1.55	0.136
实验1B	2151.65 (781.03)	2128.97 (727.22)	0.33	0.747
实验2	2386.15 (986.30)	2336.87 (925.58)	0.62	0.545
实验3	2286.98 (803.35)	2441.74 (1200.42)	-0.84	0.409

实验编号	低自信				高自信
实验编号	相似词组块	不相似词组块	t	p	相似词组块	不相似词组块	t	p
实验1A	0.24 (0.16)	0.25 (0.12)	-0.68	0.506	0.55 (0.23)	0.61 (0.19)	-2.66	0.015
实验1B	0.44 (0.18)	0.45 (0.18)	-0.98	0.338	0.24 (0.20)	0.27 (0.21)	-2.31	0.031
实验2	0.39 (0.17)	0.39 (0.17)	0.03	0.972	0.25 (0.19)	0.32 (0.20)	-5.03	< 0.001
实验3	0.29 (0.15)	0.32 (0.18)	-1.69	0.103	0.49 (0.24)	0.48 (0.26)	0.24	0.815