拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征的关联：一项元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01179

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用元分析法整合探究拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征关联的已有实证研究, 旨在分析两者间的关联, 并同时考察可能影响该关联的其他变量。经过文献检索和筛选, 共纳入符合要求的原始文献50篇, 含84个效应量, 总样本量为7400人。同质性检验结果表明, 纳入研究的异质性较高, 故进一步对各影响因素变量进行了亚样本及元回归分析。结果发现, 在不同研究设计类型、被试所处地、样本类型、边缘型人格特征指标、拒绝敏感性测量类型的亚样本下, 二者之间的关联存在一定差异, 其中在横向设计、其他地区样本、混合被试、整体边缘型人格特征、量表法测量时所得的拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征间的关联最强; 年龄与女性被试比例对该关联不存在显著影响。未来研究可通过纵向研究进一步揭示二者间的预测方向, 考察拒绝敏感性不同成分与边缘型人格特征间的关联, 并在国内开展探索二者关联的研究。

关键词: 拒绝敏感性, 边缘型人格特征, 元分析, 亚样本分析, 元回归分析

Abstract:

Rejection sensitivity (RS) refers to the cognitive-affective processing disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to cues of interpersonal rejection (Downey et al., 2004). The developmental model of rejection sensitivity suggests that rejection experience is a disadvantaged environment during the growth process of individuals with borderline personality disorder. Also, forming and maintaining stable interpersonal relationships is human motivation and the basis of physical and mental health. Social rejection is considered as an important negative event in social situations and can be used to measure individual adaption (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Compared with borderline personality disorder, individuals with higher borderline personality features are more universal in our daily life and inclined to perceive rejection and exclusion, which includes marked instability on emotion, interpersonal functioning, identity, and behavior impulsivity (APA, 2013).

Previous studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder or borderline personality features, which is related to tense and negative interpersonal relationship patterns, negative emotional experience, and so on (Ayduk et al., 2008; Hidalgo et al., 2016; Masland, 2016; Staebler et al., 2011), but the results of those previous empirical studies regarding the relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features are quite different and relatively wide (de Panfilis et al., 2016; Dixon-Gordon et al., 2013; Lazarus et al., 2018). The wide range of correlation coefficients from previous studies may be caused by other potential influencing factors, which should be fully discussed at present (Cavicchioli & Maffei, 2019; Foxhall et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2017). For example, the correlation may be stronger in more immersive laboratory studies than in questionnaires based on imagined situations, when rejection sensitivity is measured (Berenson et al., 2009; Downey & Feldman, 1996; Williams et al., 2007; Wrege et al., 2019); individualism emphasizes that people make friends with more independent choices and pays more attention to personal interests, while collectivist cultures value interpersonal relationships, which may have a stronger correlation (Chen et al., 2018; Falk et al., 2009). Therefore, the present meta-analysis study aims to examine potential factors related to the association between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features, which helps to avoid sample heterogeneity and get more precise and unique results.

As mentioned above, the current study aimed at integrating the results of existing research and examining the possible factors related to the relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features through the meta-analysis. Fifty original journal articles that met the inclusion/exclusion requirements were included, including 84 effect sizes, and 7, 400 participants. The homogeneity test indicated heterogeneity of effect sizes. Therefore, we used subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore how different types of study design, source of the sample, sample type, indices of borderline personality features, and type of rejection sensitivity measurement affect this relationship. The results revealed that (1) the relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features was the strongest in the subgroup of the cross-sectional design, non-European and American samples, mixed subject samples, overall borderline personality feature, and rejection sensitivity measured by questionnaires; (2) participants’ age and the proportion of female participants did not have the significant effect to this relationship in the subgroup with large sample size, namely the cross-sectional design, European and American samples, overall borderline personality feature, and rejection sensitivity measured by questionnaires. This is the first meta-analysis to systematically explore how the underlying moderators have the effect of the relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features, which will advance research in this field. In the future, researchers should pay more attention to explore the predictive relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features through longitudinal studies, investigate the relationship between different components of rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features, and conduct experiments studies to explore this relationship in China.

Key words: rejection sensitivity, borderline personality features, meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, meta-regression analysis

中图分类号:

B848

张雯, 胡娜, 丁雪辰, 李俊一. (2021). 拒绝敏感性与边缘型人格特征的关联：一项元分析. 心理科学进展 , 29(7), 1179-1194.

ZHANG Wen, HU Na, DING Xuechen, LI Junyi. (2021). The relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features: A meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(7), 1179-1194.

图/表 4

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作者+年份	被试量	研究设计	被试所处地	被试类型	女性被试比例	年龄 M(SD)	拒绝敏感性测量工具	BP特征指标	相关系数
Armenti & Babcock, 2018	218	横向	北美	健康	51.8	22.98 (/)	问卷	整体	0.380
Ayduk et al., 2008 A	379	横向	北美	健康	64.6	21.21 (3.57)	问卷	整体	0.290
Ayduk et al., 2008 B	104	横向	北美	健康	63.5	38.88 (2.01)	问卷	整体	0.430
Beeney et al., 2014 A	44	横向	北美	混合	100	29.90 (/)	问卷	整体	0.455
Beeney et al., 2014 B	36	横向	北美	混合	100	31.94 (/)	问卷	整体	0.143
Berenson et al., 2009	87	横向	北美	健康	79.3	22.74 (5.57)	问卷	整体	0.420
Berenson et al., 2011	85	横向	北美	混合	76.5	33.50 (10.20)	问卷	整体	0.681
Berenson et al., 2016 A	80	横向	北美	混合	76.3	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.644
Berenson et al., 2016 B	59	横向	北美	混合	72.9	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.133
Berenson et al., 2018	73	横向	北美	混合	80.6	19.40 (1.32)	问卷	整体	0.396
Berlingo, 2015	344	横向	北美	健康	72.4	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.341
Boldero et al., 2009 A	101	横向	其他	健康	70.3	20.64 (4.55)	问卷	整体	0.630
Boldero et al., 2009 B	131	横向	其他	健康	71	20.10 (4.37)	问卷	整体	0.450
Brown, 2014	206	横向	北美	健康	/	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.207
Bungert, Koppe, et al., 2015	40	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.95 (/)	问卷	整体	0.732
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 A	152	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.56 (/)	问卷	整体	0.760
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 B	90	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.30 (/)	问卷	整体	0.589
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 C	77	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.30 (/)	问卷	整体	0.300
Bungert, Liebke, et al.,2015 D	15	横向	欧洲	混合	100	29.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.620
Chesin et al., 2015	85	横向	北美	临床	87.1	31.96 (/)	问卷	整体	0.335
de Panfilis et al., 2016 A	596	横向	北美	健康	75.4	21.20 (5.30)	问卷	整体	0.110
de Panfilis et al., 2016 B	596	横向	北美	健康	75.4	21.20 (5.30)	问卷	行为	-0.200
de Panfilis et al., 2016 C	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	整体	0.230
de Panfilis et al., 2016 D	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	整体	0.430
de Panfilis et al., 2016 E	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	行为	-0.360
de Panfilis et al., 2016 F	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	行为	-0.480
Dixon-Gordon et al., 2013	68	横向	北美	健康	100	21.68 (5.20)	问卷	整体	0.630
Domsalla et al., 2014	40	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.95 (/)	问卷	整体	0.732
Erbe, 2014	29	横向	北美	混合	100	25.42 (/)	问卷	整体	0.677
Euler et al., 2018	65	横向	欧洲	临床	76.9	29.40 (9.20)	问卷	自我形象	0.420
Fertuck et al., 2013	36	横向	北美	混合	72.2	30.33 (/)	问卷	整体	0.493
Gardner et al., 2010	150	横向	欧洲	健康	70	26.40 (10.15)	问卷	整体	0.470
Goodman et al., 2014 A	133	横向	北美	健康	67	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.230
Goodman et al., 2014 B	133	横向	北美	健康	67	/(/)	问卷	情绪	0.370
Gutz et al., 2015 A	50	横向	欧洲	混合	88	26.50 (/)	问卷	整体	0.330
Gutz et al., 2015 B	50	横向	欧洲	混合	90	25.50 (/)	问卷	整体	0.692
Jobst et al., 2014	39	横向	欧洲	混合	100	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.805
Jobst et al., 2016	39	横向	欧洲	混合	100	30.13 (/)	问卷	整体	0.805
Koster et al., 2018 A	111	横向	欧洲	健康	0	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.450
Koster et al., 2018 B	144	横向	欧洲	健康	100	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.420
Lazarus et al., 2016	127	横向	北美	健康	100	19.57 (2.50)	问卷	整体	0.260
Lazarus et al., 2018	101	横向	北美	混合	76	30.00 (5.87)	问卷	整体	0.300
Liebke et al., 2018	56	实验	欧洲	混合	100	27.13 (/)	问卷	整体	0.757
Masland, 2016 A	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.510
Masland, 2016 B	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.400
Masland, 2016 C	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.344
Meyer et al., 2005 A	156	横向	欧洲	健康	72	30.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.210
Meyer et al., 2005 B	156	横向	欧洲	健康	72	30.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.320
Miano et al., 2013 A	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.190
Miano et al., 2013 B	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.140
Miano et al., 2013 C	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.120
Peters et al., 2015 A	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	情绪	0.450
Peters et al., 2015 B	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	人际关系	0.410
Peters et al., 2015 C	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	自我形象	0.450
Peters et al., 2015 D	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	行为	0.220
Renneberg et al., 2012 A	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.355
Renneberg et al.,2012 B	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.043
Renneberg et al., 2012 C	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.036
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2014	193	横向	欧洲	健康	79.3	25.00 (5.40)	问卷	整体	0.530
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2015 A	57	横向	欧洲	混合	80.7	35.76 (/)	问卷	整体	0.414
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2015 B	60	横向	欧洲	混合	83.3	31.75 (/)	问卷	整体	0.686
Sato et al., 2018	256	横向	欧洲	健康	67.2	23.77 (6.67)	问卷	整体	0.390
Sato et al., 2020	256	横向	欧洲	健康	67.2	23.77 (6.67)	问卷	整体	0.390
Seidl et al., 2020 A	63	横向	欧洲	混合	64.2	40.39 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.043
Seidl et al., 2020 B	63	横向	欧洲	混合	64.2	40.39 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.046
Selby et al., 2010	94	横向	北美	健康	78.7	18.75 (1.05)	问卷	整体	0.440
Shorey et al., 2014	98	横向	北美	临床	0	38.89 (10.60)	问卷	整体	0.510
Skinner, 2014	147	横向	北美	健康	76.9	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.210
Sommerfeld & Bitton, 2020 A	60	横向	其他	混合	60	26.41 (6.18)	问卷	整体	0.720
Sommerfeld & Bitton, 2020 B	60	横向	其他	混合	60	26.41 (6.18)	问卷	整体	0.498
Staebler et al., 2011 A	26	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.27 (7.69)	问卷	整体	0.320
Staebler et al., 2011 B	145	横向	欧洲	混合	69.8	34.85 (/)	问卷	整体	0.546
Staebler et al., 2011 C	102	横向	欧洲	混合	94.1	28.81 (/)	问卷	整体	0.857
Strimpfel, 2012 A	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	整体	0.250
Strimpfel, 2012 B	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	情绪	0.200
Strimpfel, 2012 C	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	人际关系	0.470
Strimpfel, 2012 D	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	自我形象	0.220
Strimpfel, 2012 E	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	行为	-0.050
Thome et al., 2016	72	实验	欧洲	混合	100	26.70 (/)	问卷	整体	0.786
Tragesser et al., 2008	121	横向	北美	健康	68.6	19.17 (1.78)	问卷	整体	0.340
Winter et al., 2015	60	横向	欧洲	混合	100	26.12 (/)	问卷	整体	0.716
Winter et al., 2016	60	横向	欧洲	混合	100	26.12 (/)	问卷	整体	0.716
Wrege et al., 2019	68	实验	欧洲	混合	80.9	26.73 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.168
Zielinski & Veilleux, 2014	165	横向	北美	健康	64.2	19.09 (1.14)	问卷	整体	0.280

作者+年份	被试量	研究设计	被试所处地	被试类型	女性被试比例	年龄 M(SD)	拒绝敏感性测量工具	BP特征指标	相关系数
Armenti & Babcock, 2018	218	横向	北美	健康	51.8	22.98 (/)	问卷	整体	0.380
Ayduk et al., 2008 A	379	横向	北美	健康	64.6	21.21 (3.57)	问卷	整体	0.290
Ayduk et al., 2008 B	104	横向	北美	健康	63.5	38.88 (2.01)	问卷	整体	0.430
Beeney et al., 2014 A	44	横向	北美	混合	100	29.90 (/)	问卷	整体	0.455
Beeney et al., 2014 B	36	横向	北美	混合	100	31.94 (/)	问卷	整体	0.143
Berenson et al., 2009	87	横向	北美	健康	79.3	22.74 (5.57)	问卷	整体	0.420
Berenson et al., 2011	85	横向	北美	混合	76.5	33.50 (10.20)	问卷	整体	0.681
Berenson et al., 2016 A	80	横向	北美	混合	76.3	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.644
Berenson et al., 2016 B	59	横向	北美	混合	72.9	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.133
Berenson et al., 2018	73	横向	北美	混合	80.6	19.40 (1.32)	问卷	整体	0.396
Berlingo, 2015	344	横向	北美	健康	72.4	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.341
Boldero et al., 2009 A	101	横向	其他	健康	70.3	20.64 (4.55)	问卷	整体	0.630
Boldero et al., 2009 B	131	横向	其他	健康	71	20.10 (4.37)	问卷	整体	0.450
Brown, 2014	206	横向	北美	健康	/	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.207
Bungert, Koppe, et al., 2015	40	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.95 (/)	问卷	整体	0.732
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 A	152	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.56 (/)	问卷	整体	0.760
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 B	90	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.30 (/)	问卷	整体	0.589
Bungert, Liebke, et al., 2015 C	77	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.30 (/)	问卷	整体	0.300
Bungert, Liebke, et al.,2015 D	15	横向	欧洲	混合	100	29.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.620
Chesin et al., 2015	85	横向	北美	临床	87.1	31.96 (/)	问卷	整体	0.335
de Panfilis et al., 2016 A	596	横向	北美	健康	75.4	21.20 (5.30)	问卷	整体	0.110
de Panfilis et al., 2016 B	596	横向	北美	健康	75.4	21.20 (5.30)	问卷	行为	-0.200
de Panfilis et al., 2016 C	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	整体	0.230
de Panfilis et al., 2016 D	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	整体	0.430
de Panfilis et al., 2016 E	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	行为	-0.360
de Panfilis et al., 2016 F	562	横向	北美	健康	59.3	33.70 (11.50)	问卷	行为	-0.480
Dixon-Gordon et al., 2013	68	横向	北美	健康	100	21.68 (5.20)	问卷	整体	0.630
Domsalla et al., 2014	40	横向	欧洲	混合	100	28.95 (/)	问卷	整体	0.732
Erbe, 2014	29	横向	北美	混合	100	25.42 (/)	问卷	整体	0.677
Euler et al., 2018	65	横向	欧洲	临床	76.9	29.40 (9.20)	问卷	自我形象	0.420
Fertuck et al., 2013	36	横向	北美	混合	72.2	30.33 (/)	问卷	整体	0.493
Gardner et al., 2010	150	横向	欧洲	健康	70	26.40 (10.15)	问卷	整体	0.470
Goodman et al., 2014 A	133	横向	北美	健康	67	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.230
Goodman et al., 2014 B	133	横向	北美	健康	67	/(/)	问卷	情绪	0.370
Gutz et al., 2015 A	50	横向	欧洲	混合	88	26.50 (/)	问卷	整体	0.330
Gutz et al., 2015 B	50	横向	欧洲	混合	90	25.50 (/)	问卷	整体	0.692
Jobst et al., 2014	39	横向	欧洲	混合	100	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.805
Jobst et al., 2016	39	横向	欧洲	混合	100	30.13 (/)	问卷	整体	0.805
Koster et al., 2018 A	111	横向	欧洲	健康	0	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.450
Koster et al., 2018 B	144	横向	欧洲	健康	100	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.420
Lazarus et al., 2016	127	横向	北美	健康	100	19.57 (2.50)	问卷	整体	0.260
Lazarus et al., 2018	101	横向	北美	混合	76	30.00 (5.87)	问卷	整体	0.300
Liebke et al., 2018	56	实验	欧洲	混合	100	27.13 (/)	问卷	整体	0.757
Masland, 2016 A	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.510
Masland, 2016 B	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.400
Masland, 2016 C	77	横向	北美	混合	72.7	31.53 (/)	问卷	整体	0.344
Meyer et al., 2005 A	156	横向	欧洲	健康	72	30.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.210
Meyer et al., 2005 B	156	横向	欧洲	健康	72	30.20 (/)	问卷	整体	0.320
Miano et al., 2013 A	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.190
Miano et al., 2013 B	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.140
Miano et al., 2013 C	95	横向	北美	健康	69	19.80 (2.95)	问卷	整体	0.120
Peters et al., 2015 A	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	情绪	0.450
Peters et al., 2015 B	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	人际关系	0.410
Peters et al., 2015 C	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	自我形象	0.450
Peters et al., 2015 D	411	横向	北美	健康	68	19.80 (2.09)	问卷	行为	0.220
Renneberg et al., 2012 A	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.355
Renneberg et al.,2012 B	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.043
Renneberg et al., 2012 C	30	实验	欧洲	混合	86.7	28.92 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.036
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2014	193	横向	欧洲	健康	79.3	25.00 (5.40)	问卷	整体	0.530
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2015 A	57	横向	欧洲	混合	80.7	35.76 (/)	问卷	整体	0.414
Rosenbach & Renneberg, 2015 B	60	横向	欧洲	混合	83.3	31.75 (/)	问卷	整体	0.686
Sato et al., 2018	256	横向	欧洲	健康	67.2	23.77 (6.67)	问卷	整体	0.390
Sato et al., 2020	256	横向	欧洲	健康	67.2	23.77 (6.67)	问卷	整体	0.390
Seidl et al., 2020 A	63	横向	欧洲	混合	64.2	40.39 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.043
Seidl et al., 2020 B	63	横向	欧洲	混合	64.2	40.39 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	-0.046
Selby et al., 2010	94	横向	北美	健康	78.7	18.75 (1.05)	问卷	整体	0.440
Shorey et al., 2014	98	横向	北美	临床	0	38.89 (10.60)	问卷	整体	0.510
Skinner, 2014	147	横向	北美	健康	76.9	/(/)	问卷	整体	0.210
Sommerfeld & Bitton, 2020 A	60	横向	其他	混合	60	26.41 (6.18)	问卷	整体	0.720
Sommerfeld & Bitton, 2020 B	60	横向	其他	混合	60	26.41 (6.18)	问卷	整体	0.498
Staebler et al., 2011 A	26	横向	欧洲	混合	100	27.27 (7.69)	问卷	整体	0.320
Staebler et al., 2011 B	145	横向	欧洲	混合	69.8	34.85 (/)	问卷	整体	0.546
Staebler et al., 2011 C	102	横向	欧洲	混合	94.1	28.81 (/)	问卷	整体	0.857
Strimpfel, 2012 A	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	整体	0.250
Strimpfel, 2012 B	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	情绪	0.200
Strimpfel, 2012 C	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	人际关系	0.470
Strimpfel, 2012 D	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	自我形象	0.220
Strimpfel, 2012 E	55	横向	北美	健康	49.1	15.48 (1.21)	问卷	行为	-0.050
Thome et al., 2016	72	实验	欧洲	混合	100	26.70 (/)	问卷	整体	0.786
Tragesser et al., 2008	121	横向	北美	健康	68.6	19.17 (1.78)	问卷	整体	0.340
Winter et al., 2015	60	横向	欧洲	混合	100	26.12 (/)	问卷	整体	0.716
Winter et al., 2016	60	横向	欧洲	混合	100	26.12 (/)	问卷	整体	0.716
Wrege et al., 2019	68	实验	欧洲	混合	80.9	26.73 (/)	网络掷球范式	整体	0.168
Zielinski & Veilleux, 2014	165	横向	北美	健康	64.2	19.09 (1.14)	问卷	整体	0.280

变量	类别	独立样本	效应值及95%置信区间				双侧检验
变量	类别	独立样本	点估计	下限	上限	Z	p
研究设计	横向	78	0.41	0.34	0.48	10.37	0.000
研究设计	实验	6	0.32	-0.14	0.67	1.38	0.169
被试所处地	欧美	80	0.40	0.33	0.47	9.86	0.000
被试所处地	其他	4	0.58	0.44	0.69	7.06	0.000
样本类型	临床	3	0.43	0.32	0.53	6.94	0.000
	健康	42	0.29	0.20	0.38	6.08	0.000
	混合	39	0.53	0.43	0.61	9.65	0.000
BP特征指标	整体	71	0.45	0.39	0.50	13.82	0.000
	情绪	3	0.38	0.26	0.49	5.71	0.000
	人际	2	0.42	0.34	0.49	9.52	0.000
	自我	3	0.40	0.28	0.51	6.06	0.000
	行为	5	-0.19	-0.43	0.07	-1.42	0.157
拒绝敏感性的测量类型	量表	78	0.43	0.36	0.50	10.80	0.000
拒绝敏感性的测量类型	行为实验	6	-0.02	-0.15	0.12	-0.26	0.795

变量	类别	独立样本	效应值及95%置信区间				双侧检验
变量	类别	独立样本	点估计	下限	上限	Z	p
研究设计	横向	78	0.41	0.34	0.48	10.37	0.000
研究设计	实验	6	0.32	-0.14	0.67	1.38	0.169
被试所处地	欧美	80	0.40	0.33	0.47	9.86	0.000
被试所处地	其他	4	0.58	0.44	0.69	7.06	0.000
样本类型	临床	3	0.43	0.32	0.53	6.94	0.000
	健康	42	0.29	0.20	0.38	6.08	0.000
	混合	39	0.53	0.43	0.61	9.65	0.000
BP特征指标	整体	71	0.45	0.39	0.50	13.82	0.000
	情绪	3	0.38	0.26	0.49	5.71	0.000
	人际	2	0.42	0.34	0.49	9.52	0.000
	自我	3	0.40	0.28	0.51	6.06	0.000
	行为	5	-0.19	-0.43	0.07	-1.42	0.157
拒绝敏感性的测量类型	量表	78	0.43	0.36	0.50	10.80	0.000
拒绝敏感性的测量类型	行为实验	6	-0.02	-0.15	0.12	-0.26	0.795

亚样本	变量	b	SE	下限	上限	Z	p
横向设计	年龄(M)	0.01	0.01	-0.02	0.04	0.78	0.437
	年龄(SD)	-0.02	0.03	-0.07	0.03	-0.91	0.362
	女性被试比例	0.00	0.00	-0.00	0.01	0.50	0.620
欧美地区	年龄(M)	0.01	0.01	-0.02	0.04	0.89	0.374
	年龄(SD)	-0.03	0.03	-0.08	0.02	-1.04	0.297
	女性被试比例	0.00	0.00	-0.00	0.01	0.61	0.545
整体 BP特征	年龄(M)	0.01	0.01	-0.01	0.02	0.55	0.580
	年龄(SD)	0.01	0.02	-0.03	0.04	0.33	0.741
	女性被试比例	-0.00	0.00	-0.01	0.00	-0.21	0.830
量表法	年龄(M)	0.01	0.01	-0.02	0.04	0.78	0.437
	年龄(SD)	-0.02	0.03	-0.07	0.03	-0.91	0.362
	女性被试比例	0.00	0.00	-0.00	0.01	0.50	0.620