EMMN受偏差-标准刺激对类型和情绪类型影响: 来自元分析的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01163

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自动探测面孔情绪的变化对个体生存是十分重要的。许多采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术的研究表明情绪失匹配负波(EMMN)可以作为检测面孔情绪自动加工的指标。前人的研究表明偏差-标准刺激对(不同/相同)和情绪类型(消极/积极)影响了EMMN效应, 但是结论存在争议。本研究对35项以EMMN为指标的研究(共721名被试)进行元分析, 结果表明: (1)在早期(0~200 ms)和晚期(200~400 ms)都发现了显著的EMMN效应, 偶然呈现的情绪性面孔在两个时间窗内诱发更负的ERP, 表明EMMN反映了面孔情绪相关的早期和晚期ERP成分的概率效应; (2)偏差-标准刺激对类型影响了早期而不是晚期EMMN效应: 在早期区间内, 不同的偏差-标准刺激对诱发了更大的EMMN; (3)在相同偏差-标准刺激对的研究中, 等概率和非等概率的EMMN效应在两个时间窗内都没有显著差异; (4)早期和晚期EMMN都具有消极偏向, 即, 消极情绪诱发的EMMN显著大于积极情绪诱发的EMMN。这些结果表明, EMMN效应受到偏差-标准刺激对和情绪类型等实验变量的影响。

关键词: 情绪失匹配负波, 元分析, 消极偏向, 偏差-标准刺激对

Abstract:

The automatic detection of facial emotion changes is crucial for survival. Numerous studies using the event-related potential (ERP) technique have found that the amplitude of emotion-related visual mismatch negativity (EMMN) could be used to test the automatic processing of facial emotion. Previous studies suggested that deviant - standard stimulus (D-S) pair (different/same) and emotion type (negative/non- negative) might modulate the EMMN effect, however, the evidence so far was mixed. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to analyze the findings of 35 studies (involving 721 healthy participants) on EMMN, among them, 26 (K = 43), 30 (K = 50), 22 (K = 24), and 24 (K = 26) studies (Kis the number of effect sizes) were used to analyze early EMMN effect, late EMMN effect, the negative bias of early EMMN effect and EMMN effect.

Results showed that: (1) EMMN effects emerged at both the early- (0~200 ms) and late- (200~400 ms) stages, demonstrating that infrequently presented deviant stimulus elicited more negative ERPs at both the early- and late-stages(early: g = -0.66, 95% CI: [-0.77 -0.56]; late:g= -0.61, 95% CI: [-0.76 -0.47]). This suggests that EMMN reflects the probability effect of early- and late- stages emotion-related ERP components; (2) the type of D-S pair moderated the EMMN effect at the early-(Q(1) = 8.58, p < 0.01) but not the late-stages( Q(1) = 2.92, p = 0.09). Specifically, the EMMN effect of different D-S pairs(g = -0.83, 95% CI: [-0.98 -0.68]) was significantly larger than that of the same D-S pairs(g = -0.52, 95% CI: [-0.66 -0.37]) at the early-stage; (3) in the studies of same D-S pairs, the evidence between equiprobable and non-equiprobable paradigm showed no significant differences in EMMN at both stages(early:Q(1) = 1.29, p = 0.26; late: Q(1) = 0.79, p = 0.38); (4) a negative bias was found in both early(g = -0.28, 95% CI: [-0.48 -0.09]) and late EMMN(g = -0.32, 95% CI: [-0.54 -0.10]), i.e., the EMMN elicited by the angry, fearful, angry faces was significantly larger than that of happy faces.

These results indicate that the EMMN effect is affected by experimental manipulations such as D-S pair type and emotion type. The influence of D-S pair type on the EMMN effect indicated that a low level of physical information would affect the early EMMN effect, which suggested that we should avoid using the traditional oddball paradigm to study the EMMN effect; In the study of the same D-S pair, the probability difference of D-S pair did not affect the EMMN effect, which indicated that visual refractoriness did not affect the EMMN effect. This suggests that it is feasible to study the EMMN effect by using the reverse oddball paradigm and the equiprobable paradigm. However, more evidence is needed for this conclusion, as the number of studies with the equiprobable(2) is far less than that of non-equiprobable(11). In addition, the EMMN effect is sensitive to emotion type, which negative emotion induces a greater EMMN effect. These results indicate that the EMMN is a crucial electrophysiological index for automatic facial emotion processing.

Key words: emotion-related visual mismatch negativity (EMMN), meta-analysis, negative bias, deviant- standard stimulus pair

中图分类号:

B842

曾宪卿, 许冰, 孙博, 叶健彤, 傅世敏. (2021). EMMN受偏差-标准刺激对类型和情绪类型影响: 来自元分析的证据. 心理科学进展 , 29(7), 1163-1178.

ZENG Xianqing, XU Bing, SUN Bo, YE Jiantong, FU Shimin. (2021). EMMN varies with deviant-standard stimulus pair type and emotion type: Evidence from a meta-analysis study. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(7), 1163-1178.

图/表 4

表1 纳入分析的研究的信息

图1 文献筛选流程

图2 森林图: 早期EMMN和晚期EMMN的效应量和时间窗。情绪类型: 愤怒(A), 恐惧(F), 快乐(H), 伤心(S), 中性(N), 消极(Ne), 积极(Po)

图3 森林图: 早期EMMN和晚期EMMN的消极偏向效应量和时间窗。情绪类型: 愤怒(A), 恐惧(F), 快乐(H), 伤心(S), 消极(Ne), 积极(Po)

参考文献 75

	(带*的文献表示纳入元分析中的文献)
[1]	* 常翼, 许晶, 史娜. (2010). 卡通表情自动加工的失匹配负波研究. 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志, 19(6), 526-528. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2010.06.017. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2010.06.017
[2]	丁小斌, 刘建邑, 王亚鹏, 康铁君, 党宸. (2020). 情绪变化的自动化加工: 来自 EMMN 的启示. 心理科学进展, 28(1), 85-97. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00085. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00085
[3]	* 季淑梅, 李围, 刘鹏, 边志杰. (2013). 卡通表情诱发的视觉失匹配负波研究. 生物医学工程学杂志, 30(3), 476-480. doi: CNKI:SUN:SWGC.0.2013-03-006 doi: CNKI:SUN:SWGC.0.2013-03-006
[4]	* 贾鸿宁, 常翼, 许晶, 史娜, 庞小梅, 唐迪. (2013). 广泛性焦虑患者面孔表情自动加工的事件相关电位分析. 中华医学杂志, 93(35), 2806-2809. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2013.35.011. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2013.35.011
[5]	Amado, C., & Kovacs, G. (2016). Does surprise enhancement or repetition suppression explain visual mismatch negativity? European Journal of Neuroscience, 43(12), 1590-1600. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13263. doi: 10.1111/ejn.13263 URL
[6]	* Astikainen, P., Cong, F. Y., Ristaniemi, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2013). Event-related potentials to unattended changes in facial expressions: Detection of regularity violations or encoding of emotions? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00557. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00557
[7]	* Astikainen, P., & Hietanen, J. K. (2009). Event-related potentials to task-irrelevant changes in facial expressions. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 5: 30. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-30. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-30 pmid: 19619272
[8]	Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Meta-analysis methods based on direction and p-values. In Introduction to meta-analysis (pp. 325- 330): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[9]	Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97-111. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.12. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.12 pmid: 26061376
[10]	Carmel, D., & Bentin, S. (2002). Domain specificity versus expertise: Factors influencing distinct processing of faces. Cognition, 83(1), 1-29. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00162-7. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00162-7 pmid: 11814484
[11]	* Chang, Y., Xu, J., Shi, N., Zhang, B. W., & Zhao, L. (2010). Dysfunction of processing task-irrelevant emotional faces in major depressive disorder patients revealed by expression- related visual MMN. Neuroscience Letters, 472(1), 33-37. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.050. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.050 URL
[12]	* Chen, B., Sun, P., & Fu, S. M. (2020). Consciousness modulates the automatic change detection of masked emotional faces: Evidence from visual mismatch negativity. Neuropsychologia, 144, 107459. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107459. doi: S0028-3932(20)30130-5 pmid: 32251628
[13]	* Csukly, G., Stefanics, G., Komlósi, S., Czigler, I., & Czobor, P. (2013). Emotion-related visual mismatch responses in schizophrenia: Impairments and correlations with emotion recognition. Plos One, 8(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075444. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075444
[14]	Czigler, I., Balazs, L., & Winkler, I. (2002). Memory-based detection of task-irrelevant visual changes. Psychophysiology, 39(6), 869-873. doi: 10.1111/1469-8986.3960869. doi: 10.1111/1469-8986.3960869 pmid: 12462515
[15]	Czigler, I., & Sulykos, I. (2010). Visual mismatch negativity to irrelevant changes is sensitive to task-relevant changes. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1277-1282. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.029. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.029 pmid: 20036268
[16]	Dong, X. F., Gao, C. J., Guo, C. Y., Li, W., & Cui, L. X. (2020). Time course of attentional bias in social anxiety: The effects of spatial frequencies and individual threats. Psychophysiology, 57(9), e13617. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13617. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13617
[17]	Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455-463. doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x. doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x pmid: 10877304
[18]	Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in metaanalysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629-634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 URL
[19]	Eimer, M., & Holmes, A. (2007). Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 15-31. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.022. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.022 URL
[20]	Fu, S. M., Fan, S. L., & Chen, L. (2003). Event-related potentials reveal involuntary processing of orientation changes in the visual modality. Psychophysiology, 40(5), 770-775. doi: 10.1111/1469-8986.00077. doi: 10.1111/1469-8986.00077 URL
[21]	* Guo, Y. L., Chen, J., Hou, X. Y., Xu, S., Ma, Y. J., Nie, S. J., ... Liu, X. P. (2020). Pre-attentive dysfunction of processing emotional faces in interictal migraine revealed by expression-related visual mismatch negativity. Brain Research, 1738, 146816. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146816. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146816 URL
[22]	Hahn, S. (2017). Emotion and attention: When the heart's eye guides the mind's eye. Journal of Cognitive Science, 18(2), 103-115. doi: 10.17791/jcs.2017.18.2.103. doi: 10.17791/jcs.2017.18.2.103 URL
[23]	Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327(7414), 557-560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 URL
[24]	Hinojosa, J. A., Mercado, F., & Carretié, L. (2015). N170 sensitivity to facial expression: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 498-509. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.002. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.002 URL
[25]	Ito, T. A., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998). Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 75(4), 887-900. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.887. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.887
[26]	Jennions, M. D., & Moller, A. P. (2003). A survey of the statistical power of research in behavioral ecology and animal behavior. Behavioral Ecology, 14(3), 438-445. doi: 10.1093/beheco/14.3.438. doi: 10.1093/beheco/14.3.438 URL
[27]	Jiang, Y. P., Wu, X., Saab, R., Xiao, Y., & Gao, X. R. (2018). Time course of influence on the allocation of attentional resources caused by unconscious fearful faces. Neuropsychologia, 113, 104-110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.001. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.001 URL
[28]	Kecskés-Kovács, K., Sulykos, I., & Czigler, I. (2013). Is it a face of a woman or a man? Visual mismatch negativity is sensitive to gender category. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00532. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00532
[29]	Kimura, M. (2012). Visual mismatch negativity and unintentional temporal-context-based prediction in vision. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(2), 144-155. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.010. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.010 URL
[30]	Kimura, M., Katayama, J., Ohira, H., & Schröger, E. (2009). Visual mismatch negativity: New evidence from the equiprobable paradigm. Psychophysiology, 46(2), 402-409. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00767.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00767.x URL
[31]	* Kimura, M., Kondo, H., Ohira, H., & Schröger, E. (2012). Unintentional temporal context-based prediction of emotional faces: An electrophysiological study. Cerebral Cortex, 22(8), 1774-1785. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr244. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr244 URL
[32]	Kimura, M., Schröger, E., & Czigler, I. (2011). Visual mismatch negativity and its importance in visual cognitive sciences. Neuroreport, 22(14), 669-673. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32834973ba. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32834973ba URL
[33]	* Kovarski, K., Latinus, M., Charpentier, J., Cléry, H., Roux, S., Houy-Durand, E., ... Gomot, M. (2017). Facial expression related vMMN: Disentangling emotional from neutral change detection. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 18. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00018. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00018 pmid: 28194102
[34]	* Kreegipuu, K., Kuldkepp, N., Sibolt, O., Toom, M., Allik, J., & Näätänen, R. (2013). vMMN for schematic faces: Automatic detection of change in emotional expression. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 714. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00714. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00714 pmid: 24191149
[35]	Kremláček, J., Kreegipuu, K., Tales, A., Astikainen, P., Põldver, N., Näätänen, R., & Stefanics, G. (2016). Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): A review and meta-analysis of studies in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Cortex, 80, 76-112. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.017. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.017 pmid: 27174389
[36]	* Kuehne, M., Siwy, I., Zaehle, T., Heinze, H.-J., & Lobmaier, J. S. (2019). Out of focus: Facial feedback manipulation modulates automatic processing of unattended emotional faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 31(11), 1631-1640. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01445. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01445 URL
[37]	Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta- analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
[38]	* Li, Q., Zhou, S. Y., Zheng, Y., & Liu, X. (2018). Female advantage in automatic change detection of facial expressions during a happy-neutral context: An ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 146. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00146. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00146 URL
[39]	Li, X. Y., Lu, Y. L., Sun, G., Gao, L., & Zhao, L. (2012). Visual mismatch negativity elicited by facial expressions: New evidence from the equiprobable paradigm. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 8:7. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-7. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-7
[40]	* Liu, P., Rigoulot, S., & Pell, M. D. (2015). Cultural differences in on-line sensitivity to emotional voices: Comparing East and West. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00311
[41]	* Liu, P., Rigoulot, S., & Pell, M. D. (2017). Cultural immersion alters emotion perception: Neurophysiological evidence from Chinese immigrants to Canada. Social Neuroscience, 12(6), 685-700. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1231713. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1231713
[42]	* Liu, T. R., Xiao, T., Li, X. Y., & Shi, J. R. (2015). Fluid intelligence and automatic neural processes in facial expression perception: An event-related potential study. Plos One, 10(9), e0138199. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138199. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138199 URL
[43]	* Liu, T. R., Xiao, T., & Shi, J. R. (2016). Automatic change detection to facial expressions in adolescents: Evidence from visual mismatch negativity responses. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 462. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00462. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00462
[44]	Luo, W. B., Feng, W. F., He, W. Q., Wang, N.-Y., & Luo, Y.-J. (2010). Three stages of facial expression processing: ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation. Neuroimage, 49(2), 1857-1867. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.018. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.018 URL
[45]	Méndez-Bértolo, C., Moratti, S., Toledano, R., Lopez-Sosa, F., Martínez-Alvarez, R., Mah, Y. H., ... Strange, B. A. (2016). A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala. Nature Neuroscience, 19, 1041-1049. doi: 10.1038/nn.4324. doi: 10.1038/nn.4324
[46]	Mermillod, M., Grynberg, D., Pio-Lopez, L., Rychlowska, M., Beffara, B., Harquel, S., ... Droit-Volet, S. (2018). Evidence of rapid modulation by social information of subjective, physiological, and neural responses to emotional expressions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 231. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00231. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00231 URL
[47]	Pham, B., Platt, R., McAuley, L., Klassen, T. P., & Moher, D. (2001). Is there a "best" way to detect and minimize publication bias? An empirical evaluation. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 24(2), 109-125. doi: 10.1177/016327870102400202. doi: 10.1177/016327870102400202
[48]	Qiu, R. Y., Wang, H. L., & Fu, S. M. (2017). N170 reveals the categorical perception effect of emotional valence. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2056. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02056. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02056
[49]	* Rosburg, T., Weigl, M., & Deuring, G. (2019). Enhanced processing of facial emotion for target stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 146, 190-200. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.010. doi: S0167-8760(19)30474-X pmid: 31669316
[50]	Rosenberg, M. S. (2005). The file-drawer problem revisited: A general weighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in meta-analysis. Evolution, 59(2), 464-468. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01004.x. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01004.x pmid: 15807430
[51]	Schindler, S., & Bublatzky, F. (2020). Attention and emotion: An integrative review of emotional face processing as a function of attention. Cortex, 130, 362-386. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.010. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.06.010 URL
[52]	Schlüter, H., & Bermeitinger, C. (2017). Emotional oddball: A review on variants, results, and mechanisms. Review of General Psychology, 21(3), 179-222. doi: 10.1037/gpr0000120. doi: 10.1037/gpr0000120 URL
[53]	Schröger, E., & Wolff, C. (1996). Mismatch response of the human brain to changes in sound location. Neuroreport, 7(18), 3005-3008. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199611250-00041. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199611250-00041 pmid: 9116228
[54]	* She, S. L., Li, H. J., Ning, Y. P., Ren, J. J., Wu, Z. Y., Huang, R. C., ... Zheng, Y. J. (2017). Revealing the dysfunction of schematic facial-expression processing in schizophrenia: A comparative study of different references. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 314. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00314. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00314 URL
[55]	Smith, N. K., Cacioppo, J. T., Larsen, J. T., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). May I have your attention, please: Electrocortical responses to positive and negative stimuli. Neuropsychologia, 41(2),171-183. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00147-1. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00147-1 pmid: 12459215
[56]	* Song, J., Cao, C. L., Yang, M., Yao, S., Yan, Y., Peng, G. B., ... Xu, G. Z. (2018). The dysfunction of processing task-irrelevant emotional faces in pituitary patients: An evidence from expression-related visual mismatch negativity. Neuroreport, 29(4), 328-333. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000965. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000965 URL
[57]	* Soshi, T., Noda, T., Ando, K., Nakazawa, K., Tsumura, H., & Okada, T. (2015). Neurophysiological modulation of rapid emotional face processing is associated with impulsivity traits. Bmc Neuroscience, 16(1), 87. doi: 10.1186/s12868-015-0223-x. doi: 10.1186/s12868-015-0223-x URL
[58]	* Stefanics, G., Csukly, G., Komlósi, S., Czobor, P., & Czigler, I. (2012). Processing of unattended facial emotions: A visual mismatch negativity study. Neuroimage, 59(3), 3042-3049. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.041. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.041 pmid: 22037000
[59]	* Stefanics, G., Heinzle, J., Horvath, A. A., & Stephan, K. E. (2018). Visual mismatch and predictive coding: A computational single-trial ERP study. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(16), 4020-4030. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3365-17.2018. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3365-17.2018 URL
[60]	Stefanics, G., Kremláček, J., & Czigler, I. (2014). Visual mismatch negativity: A predictive coding view. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 666. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00666. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00666 pmid: 25278859
[61]	Sulykos, I., & Czigler, I. (2011). One plus one is less than two: Visual features elicit non-additive mismatch-related brain activity. Brain Research, 1398, 64-71. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.009. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.009 URL
[62]	* Susac, A., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Pihko, E., & Supek, S. (2004). Neurodynamic studies on emotional and inverted faces in an oddball paradigm. Brain Topography, 16(4), 265-268. doi: 10.1023/B:BRAT.0000032863.39907.cb. doi: 10.1023/B:BRAT.0000032863.39907.cb pmid: 15379225
[63]	* Susac, A., Ilmoniemi, R. J., & Supek, S. (2010). Sensory- memory-based change detection in face stimuli. Translational Neuroscience, 1(4), 286-291. doi: 10.2478/v10134-010-0042-7. doi: 10.2478/v10134-010-0042-7
[64]	* Tang, D., Xu, J., Chang, Y., Zheng, Y., Shi, N., Pang, X. M., & Zhang, B. W. (2013). Visual mismatch negativity in the detection of facial emotions in patients with panic disorder. Neuroreport, 24(5), 207-211. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835eb63a. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835eb63a pmid: 23399996
[65]	Turano, M. T., Lao, J. P., Richoz, A.-R., de Lissa, P., Degosciu, S. B. A., Viggiano, M. P., & Caldara, R. (2017). Fear boosts the early neural coding of faces. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(12), 1959-1971. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsx110. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsx110 URL
[66]	* Vogel, B. O., Shen, C., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2015). Emotional context facilitates cortical prediction error responses. Human Brain Mapping, 36(9), 3641-3652. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22868. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22868 pmid: 26047176
[67]	* Vogel, B. O., Stasch, J., Walter, H., & Neuhaus, A. H. (2018). Emotional context restores cortical prediction error responses in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 197, 434-440. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.030. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.030 URL
[68]	* Wang, S., Li, W. H., Lv, B., Chen, X. Y., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Z. Q. (2016). ERP comparison study of face gender and expression processing in unattended condition. Neuroscience Letters, 618, 39-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.039. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.039 URL
[69]	Winkler, I., & Czigler, I. (2012). Evidence from auditory and visual event-related potential (ERP) studies of deviance detection (MMN and vMMN) linking predictive coding theories and perceptual object representations. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(2), 132-143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.10.001. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.10.001 pmid: 22047947
[70]	* Wu, Z. Y., Zhong, X. M., Peng, Q., Chen, B., Mai, N. K., & Ning, Y. P. (2017). Negative bias in expression-related mismatch negativity (MMN) in remitted late-life depression: An event-related potential study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 224-230. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.019. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.019 URL
[71]	* Xu, Q., Yang, Y. P., Wang, P., Sun, G., & Zhao, L. (2013). Gender differences in preattentive processing of facial expressions: An ERP study. Brain Topography, 26(3), 488-500. doi: 10.1007/s10548-013-0275-0. doi: 10.1007/s10548-013-0275-0 URL
[72]	* Yin, G. M., She, S. L., Zhao, L., & Zheng, Y. J. (2018). The dysfunction of processing emotional faces in schizophrenia revealed by expression-related visual mismatch negativity. Neuroreport, 29(10), 814-818. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001037. doi: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001037 URL
[73]	Yuan, J. J., Tian, Y., Huang, X. T., Fan, H. Y., & Wei, X. M. (2019). Emotional bias varies with stimulus type, arousal and task setting: Meta-analytic evidences. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 461-472. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.035. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.035 URL
[74]	* Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Hou, X. Y., Guo, Y. L., Lv, R. J., Xu, S., ... Liu, X. P. (2020). Dysfunction of processing task- irrelevant emotional faces in primary insomnia patients: An evidence from expression-related visual MMN. Sleep and Breathing. doi: 10.1007/s11325-020-02058-5. doi: 10.1007/s11325-020-02058-5
[75]	* Zhao, L., & Li, J. (2006). Visual mismatch negativity elicited by facial expressions under non-attentional condition. Neuroscience Letters, 410(2), 126-131. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.081. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.081 URL