ISSN 1671-3710
CN 11-4766/R
主办：中国科学院心理研究所
出版：科学出版社

心理科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12): 2666-2680.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02666

• 元分析 • 上一篇    下一篇

工作时间与工作绩效的非线性关系：一项元分析

宋皓杰1, 郜人婧1, 张强2, 程延园3()   

  1. 1郑州大学商学院, 郑州 450001
    2清华大学深圳国际研究生院, 深圳 518055
    3中国人民大学劳动人事学院, 北京 100872
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-14 出版日期:2022-12-15 发布日期:2022-09-23
  • 通讯作者: 程延园 E-mail:chengyy@ruc.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家社会科学基金项目(19CGL026)

Nonlinear relationship between work hours and job performance: A meta-analysis

SONG Haojie1, GAO Renjing1, ZHANG Qiang2, CHENG Yanyuan3()   

  1. 1School of Business, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
    2International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
    3School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
  • Received:2021-11-14 Online:2022-12-15 Published:2022-09-23
  • Contact: CHENG Yanyuan E-mail:chengyy@ruc.edu.cn

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摘要：

基于42篇文献的64项独立研究, 总样本量为22843人的数据, 对工作时间与工作绩效的非线性关系进行了元分析。结果发现：(1)工作时间与任务绩效、关系绩效之间存在显著的倒U型关系; (2)国家类型的调节作用显著：相对于西方欧美国家, 工作时间与任务绩效、关系绩效的倒U型关系在中国更为显著; (3)产业类型的调节作用显著：相对于劳动、资本密集型产业, 工作时间与任务绩效的倒U型关系在知识密集型产业中更为显著; (4)年龄的调节作用显著：相对于高年龄水平, 工作时间与任务绩效的倒U型关系在低年龄水平群体中更为显著; (5)性别的调节作用显著：相对于低男性比例, 工作时间与关系绩效的倒U型关系在高男性比例群体中更为显著。结果不仅基于元分析厘清了工作时间与工作绩效的倒U型关系效应, 而且为劳动法中工时规定(例如周均工作时间不超过44小时)的合理性提供了科学依据, 警示组织注意工作时间对工作绩效的“过犹不及”效应。

关键词: 工作时间, 任务绩效, 关系绩效, 元分析

Abstract:

Under the background of increasingly fierce market competition, employees are required to work longer hours under high-pressure management. However, there is little consistent evidence regarding the relations between work hours and job performance. To answer this question, based on the theory of limited self-control resources, we proposed a theoretical framework to explain the nonlinear relationship between work hours and job performance.
In order to test theoretical hypotheses, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the nonlinear relationship between work hours and job performance (task performance and contextual performance). A systematic review was conducted to synthesize empirical results about relationship between work hours and job performance. We collected articles relevant to work hours and job performance through CNKI, VIP, Web of Science, Wiley, ProQuest, EBSCO-Academic Search Premier and Science Direct (from inception to May 2022). Through literature retrieval and selection, in terms of the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, 42 articles (64 effect sizes, 22843 subjects) were picked out as meta-analysis unit. After coding of data, meta-analysis was conducted with the metafor package in R (Version 4.2.0). The test for heterogeneity illustrated that there was significant heterogeneity, and also random effects model was an appropriate model for subsequent meta-analysis. Results of main effects showed that work hours had a significant inverted u-shaped correlation with task performance and contextual performance. Further, moderation analyses showed that the relationship between work hours and job performance were moderated by country context, industries types, age and gender. Specifically, compared with America and European countries, work hours had a stronger and significant inverted u-shaped relationship with task performance and contextual performance in China. Compared with labor-intensive and capital-intensive industries, in the knowledge-intensive industries, work hours had a stronger and significant inverted u-shaped relationship with task performance. Compared to older participants, work hours had a stronger and significant inverted u-shaped relationship with task performance in the younger participants. Compared to participants with a lower proportion of males, when the data came from participants with a higher proportion of males, work hours had a stronger and significant inverted u-shaped relationship with contextual performance.
The research contributions are as follows. Firstly, existing studies have mainly conducted qualitative analysis to criticize the negative effect of long working hours system with regulative suggestions or used work hours as control variable to explore the linear correlation between work hours and job performance. Compared with existing studies, this study reveals and verifies the inverted U-shaped relationship between work hours and job performance (task performance and contextual performance) by meta-analysis. Secondly, previous studies have mainly explained the relationship and underlying mechanism from the perspective of physiological resources. Based on the theory of limited self-control resources, our study provides evidence that prolonged working hours, a specific aspect of work demands, which render individual psychological self-control resource loss and then make that work hours have a stronger and significant inverted u-shaped relationship with task performance and contextual performance. The findings broaden the theoretical mechanism underlie work hours and job performance. Thirdly, existing studies have rarely explored the moderating effect of the relationship between work hours and job performance, but this study explores the moderating effects of country context, industries types, age, gender and education level from macro, meso, and micro levels. Finally, this study finds that work hours have a significant inverted u-shaped correlation with task performance (the inverted U-shaped turning point was about 44.43 hours/week) and contextual performance (the inverted U-shaped turning point was about 47.88 hours), which can provid a scientific reference for standard hours stipulated by Labor Law in China (e.g. working hours should not exceed 44 hours/week) and warn that organizations should pay attention to the too-much-of-a-good-thing effect of work hours on job performance.

Key words: work hours, task performance, contextual performance, meta-analysis

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