情绪对跨期决策的影响：来自单维占优模型的解释

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00122

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

跨期决策的研究表明, 积极情绪和消极情绪状态下的跨期决策行为存在显著差异。本研究从单维占优模型的角度, 揭示情绪影响跨期决策的过程机制。实验1通过诱发被试的积极和消极情绪, 发现积极情绪下被试的时间折扣率更低, 有更强的选择延迟选项的倾向。实验2运用“模拟天平任务”测量了跨期决策时的维度间差异比较, 检验单维占优模型对情绪影响跨期决策的解释性。结果发现, 维度间差异比较在情绪对跨期决策的影响中起中介作用。实验3a和实验3b分别运用时间和金钱启动策略操纵维度间差异比较过程, 再次验证单维占优模型的解释作用。结果发现, 情绪对跨期决策的效应随着时间和金钱的启动而消失, 进一步支持了维度间差异比较的中介作用。本研究从决策过程的角度, 揭示了情绪影响跨期决策的心理机制, 并进一步为单维占优模型对跨期决策行为的解释性增加了支持性证据。

关键词: 跨期决策, 积极情绪, 消极情绪, 维度间差异比较

Abstract:

Studies show that significant differences are found in intertemporal choice between people in positive and negative emotions. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is underexplored. This study aimed to reveal the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making on the basis of the single dimension priority model by using a process-oriented method-a visual analog scale.
We conducted three studies, where emotions were induced by video clip-induced technique to trigger target emotions (positive, neutral and negative). In study 1, the effects of emotions on intertemporal choice was investigated. This study used a 3 (emotion: positive, neutral, negative) × 2 (delay amount: 100, 1000 yuan) × 5 (delay time: 10, 30, 90, 180, 360 days) mixed design with emotion as a between-subjects variable. Participants were randomly assigned to positive, neutral, and negative conditions and were asked to complete the delay discounting task. In study 2, the process mechanism of emotions on intertemporal choice with a between-subjects design (emotion: positive, negative) was explored. Participants in each condition were asked to complete the delay discounting task and to compare the difference in the delay dimension with that on the outcome dimension. In studies 3a and 3b, 2 (emotion: positive, negative) × 2 (priming: time priming/money priming, no priming) between-subjects designs were used to manipulate the difference-comparing process and explore whether the effect of emotions on intertemporal choice disappeared.
The results were observed as follows: (1) Emotions affected intertemporal choice significantly. Participants in the positive condition preferred the delay reward more than participants in the negative and neutral condition. (2) The difference-comparing process played a mediating role in the relationship between emotion and intertemporal decision making. Participants in positive emotion perceived that the difference in outcome dimension was greater than that of delay dimension and preferred the delay option. Participants in negative emotions perceived opposite and tended to choose the immediate choice. (3) The effect of emotions on intertemporal decision making disappeared when the difference-comparing process was manipulated.
In summary, this study revealed the psychological mechanism of emotions on intertemporal decision making from the perspective of decision-making process and added important procedural evidence to the single dimension priority model.

Key words: intertemporal decision making, positive emotions, negative emotions, comparison of differences between dimensions

中图分类号:

B849: C91

蒋元萍, 江程铭, 胡天翊, 孙红月. (2022). 情绪对跨期决策的影响：来自单维占优模型的解释. 心理学报, 54(2), 122-140.

JIANG Yuanping, JIANG Chengming, HU Tianyi, SUN Hongyue. (2022). Effects of emotion on intertemporal decision-making: Explanation from the single dimension priority model. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 54(2), 122-140.

图/表 12

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延迟金额	延迟时间	情绪组别	M	SD	N
100元	10天	积极组	0.068	0.083	37
		消极组	0.096	0.163	36
		中性组	0.072	0.082	37
	30天	积极组	0.032	0.050	37
		消极组	0.045	0.061	36
		中性组	0.042	0.061	37
	90天	积极组	0.014	0.018	37
		消极组	0.020	0.027	36
		中性组	0.014	0.018	37
	180天	积极组	0.008	0.009	37
		消极组	0.013	0.015	36
		中性组	0.010	0.012	37
	360天	积极组	0.005	0.007	37
		消极组	0.010	0.009	36
		中性组	0.006	0.007	37
1000元	10天	积极组	0.064	0.148	37
		消极组	0.343	0.333	36
		中性组	0.075	0.085	37
	30天	积极组	0.024	0.053	37
		消极组	0.088	0.112	36
		中性组	0.030	0.037	37
	90天	积极组	0.010	0.019	37
		消极组	0.032	0.037	36
		中性组	0.010	0.013	37
	180天	积极组	0.008	0.014	37
		消极组	0.016	0.018	36
		中性组	0.007	0.009	37
	360天	积极组	0.004	0.006	37
		消极组	0.008	0.008	36
		中性组	0.004	0.006	37

延迟金额	延迟时间	情绪组别	M	SD	N
100元	10天	积极组	0.068	0.083	37
		消极组	0.096	0.163	36
		中性组	0.072	0.082	37
	30天	积极组	0.032	0.050	37
		消极组	0.045	0.061	36
		中性组	0.042	0.061	37
	90天	积极组	0.014	0.018	37
		消极组	0.020	0.027	36
		中性组	0.014	0.018	37
	180天	积极组	0.008	0.009	37
		消极组	0.013	0.015	36
		中性组	0.010	0.012	37
	360天	积极组	0.005	0.007	37
		消极组	0.010	0.009	36
		中性组	0.006	0.007	37
1000元	10天	积极组	0.064	0.148	37
		消极组	0.343	0.333	36
		中性组	0.075	0.085	37
	30天	积极组	0.024	0.053	37
		消极组	0.088	0.112	36
		中性组	0.030	0.037	37
	90天	积极组	0.010	0.019	37
		消极组	0.032	0.037	36
		中性组	0.010	0.013	37
	180天	积极组	0.008	0.014	37
		消极组	0.016	0.018	36
		中性组	0.007	0.009	37
	360天	积极组	0.004	0.006	37
		消极组	0.008	0.008	36
		中性组	0.004	0.006	37

类型	题目
问题1：小金额即刻选项	A 现在获得60元	B 30天后获得100元
问题2：小金额非即刻选项	A 8周后获得400元	B 16周后获得600元
问题3：大金额非即刻选项	A 2年后获得6600元	B 4年后获得10000元
问题4：大金额即刻选项	A 现在获得640元	B 6个月后获得1000元

类型	题目
问题1：小金额即刻选项	A 现在获得60元	B 30天后获得100元
问题2：小金额非即刻选项	A 8周后获得400元	B 16周后获得600元
问题3：大金额非即刻选项	A 2年后获得6600元	B 4年后获得10000元
问题4：大金额即刻选项	A 现在获得640元	B 6个月后获得1000元

预测变量		结果变量：跨期选择偏好			结果变量：维度间差异比较			结果变量：跨期选择偏好
预测变量		β	SE	t	β	SE	t	β	SE	t
问题1	性别	-0.07	0.21	-0.72	-0.11	0.20	-0.56	-0.05	0.12	-0.42
	年龄	0.22	0.07	2.22^*	0.10	0.07	1.51	0.02	0.04	0.63
	情绪效价	-0.13	0.20	-1.33	-0.91	0.28	-3.21^**	-0.12	0.12	-1.07
	时间启动				-2.12	0.58	-3.66^***
	情绪效价×时间启动				1.26	0.37	3.42^***
	维度间差异比较							0.81	0.06	13.83^***
	R²	0.08			0.18			0.68
	F	2.81^*			4.26^**			53.86^***
问题2	性别	-0.07	0.21	-0.67	-0.20	0.20	-1.01	0.01	0.12	0.07
	年龄	0.11	0.07	1.07	-0.09	0.07	-1.33	0.05	0.04	1.31
	情绪效价	-0.22	0.20	-2.25*	-0.88	0.28	-3.17^**	-0.12	0.12	-1.05
	时间启动				-1.94	0.57	-3.39^**
	情绪效价×时间启动				0.80	0.36	2.20^*
	维度间差异比较							0.80	0.06	13.87^***
	R²	0.07			0.20			0.68
	F	2.59			5.10^***			53.76^***
问题3	性别	0.01	0.20	0.06	0.05	0.19	0.27	-0.03	0.12	-0.22
	年龄	0.25	0.06	2.67^**	0.09	0.06	1.48	0.03	0.04	0.84
	情绪效价	-0.32	0.18	-3.53^**	-1.13	0.27	-4.27^***	-0.23	0.12	-1.89
	时间启动				-1.93	0.54	-3.56^***
	情绪效价×时间启动				0.99	0.35	2.88^**
	维度间差异比较							0.76	0.06	12.30^***
	R²	0.20			0.28			0.68
	F	8.36^***			7.60^***			53.41^***
问题4	性别	-0.01	0.20	-0.07	-0.29	0.19	-1.58	0.21	0.13	1.64
	年龄	0.23	0.06	2.36^*	0.04	0.06	0.56	0.06	0.04	1.56
	情绪效价	-0.28	0.19	-2.99^**	-1.33	0.26	-5.03^***	-0.16	0.12	-1.31
	时间启动				-2.48	0.54	-4.58^***
	情绪效价×时间启动				1.37	0.34	3.97^***
	维度间差异比较							0.76	0.06	12.02^***
	R²	0.16			0.28			0.65
	F	6.16^**			7.86^***			47.32^***