创业激情的“错位”对创业努力和创业成瘾的影响机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01568

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究基于身份控制理论, 通过两项内容接续的子研究, 深入探究创业激情的两个组成部分: 创业身份中心性和强烈积极情绪的不同匹配状态, 分别对创业努力和创业成瘾的影响, 以及其中的潜在机制。在研究1中, 对145名新创业者进行间隔6周, 连续8次的追踪调查。研究2使用来自不同背景的不同样本, 在再次验证研究1结果的同时, 引入自满感和焦虑感这两种成就情绪作为中介变量, 探究其潜在机制。(1)相较于身份中心性−积极情绪不匹配, 二者匹配时的创业努力较高, 创业成瘾较低。(2)相较于低身份中心性−低积极情绪, 高身份中心性−高积极情绪创业者的创业努力较高, 创业成瘾也较高。(3)相较于低身份中心性−高积极情绪, 高身份中心性−低积极情绪的创业者创业努力较高, 创业成瘾也较高。(4)身份中心性−积极情绪不匹配会通过自满感降低创业努力, 而通过焦虑感增强创业成瘾。结果回应了过往学者对创业身份中心性和强烈积极情绪二者间存在错位关系的呼吁,对于理解创业努力和创业成瘾具有一定的理论借鉴意义。

关键词: 创业身份中心性, 强烈积极情绪, 创业努力, 创业成瘾, 成就情绪

Abstract:

Entrepreneurial passion has always been an important topic of research in the field of entrepreneurship. Such passion consists of entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings resulting from entrepreneurial experiences. Previous studies have reported that entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings may not change synchronously over time, which may lead to either a state of fit or a state of misfit. Such a state of misfit may influence entrepreneurial efforts in different directions. Although a great deal of research has reported that both entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings can enhance entrepreneurs' engagement and persistence in entrepreneurial activities, scholars have highlighted the potential negative effects of excessive commitment in the context of entrepreneurship, such as entrepreneurial addiction. Thus, this study, which is based on identity control theory and involves response surface analysis, aimed to elucidate the impacts of a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings on both entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial addiction. Additionally, this study proposes and tests the possibility that contentment and anxiety mediate the relationships between a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings and both entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial addiction, thus extending our understanding of this topic.

Study 1 employed 8 consecutive measurements to investigate 364 entrepreneurs who were in the process of starting their own businesses; these entrepreneurs were recruited from four provinces, i.e., Jilin, Shandong, Henan, and Liaoning, and a total of 145 people ultimately completed all the surveys. After the participants completed the baseline survey (which included questions regarding their personal information and entrepreneurial status), a follow-up questionnaire was distributed to the participants to measure their entrepreneurial identity centrality, intense positive feelings, entrepreneurial effort, and entrepreneurial addiction over the past 6 weeks. The effects of a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings on both entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction were analysed via polynomial regression and response surface analysis, respectively. Study 2 focused on different sample of participants recruited from the four provinces (cities) of Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Beijing; like Study 1, this study featured eight consecutive measurements, although it included additional measures of contentment and anxiety. In Study 2, we collected data from a total of 157 participants. In both studies, we used the same well-established scales to measure each variable. Moreover, some variables, such as sex, were controlled for in this study to mitigate their potential influence on the results of the study.

On the basis of identity control theory, Study 1 first explored the effects of a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings on both entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction. The results of this study were consistent with our hypotheses, revealing that (1) entrepreneurial effort is higher and entrepreneurial addiction is lower in cases involving a fit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings than in cases involving a misfit between these factors. (2) In cases involving a fit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings, entrepreneurs who exhibit high identity centrality and high positive feelings report higher levels of entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction than do entrepreneurs who exhibit low identity centrality and low positive feelings. (3) In situations involving a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings, entrepreneurs who exhibit high identity centrality and low positive feelings report higher levels of entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction than do entrepreneurs who exhibit low identity centrality and high positive feelings. Study 2 investigated samples with different backgrounds and introduced two types of achievement emotions, i.e., contentment and anxiety, with the goal of exploring the underlying mechanisms in further detail while revalidating the results of Study 1. In addition, we tested a mediating hypothesis that proposes that a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings reduces entrepreneurial effort via contentment and enhances entrepreneurial addiction via anxiety.

Our study enhances our understanding of the complex relationships between two components of entrepreneurial passion (entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings) and two components of entrepreneurial behaviour (entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction). First, this research not only responds to calls for an understanding of the fit between the two components of entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings but also integrates the fit perspective and identity control theory to highlight additional explanatory paths for changes in entrepreneurial effort. Second, this study focuses on the "dark side" of entrepreneurial behaviour and verifies that the centrality of entrepreneurial identity and the dislocation of strong positive emotions are important themes pertaining to entrepreneurial addiction. Finally, this investigation of outcome-oriented achievement emotions deepens our understanding of the relationships between a misfit between entrepreneurial identity centrality and intense positive feelings and both entrepreneurial efforts and entrepreneurial addiction.

Key words: entrepreneurial identity centrality, intense positive feelings, entrepreneurial effort, entrepreneurial addiction, achievement emotion

中图分类号:

B849: C93

李其容, 王春淼, 孙明慧. (2024). 创业激情的“错位”对创业努力和创业成瘾的影响机制. 心理学报, 56(11), 1568-1584.

LI Cirong, WANG Chunmiao, SUN Minghui. (2024). The mechanism underlying the effects of a “misfit” in terms of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial effort and entrepreneurial addiction. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(11), 1568-1584.

图/表 15

参考文献 45

[1]	Ancona, D. G., Goodman, P. S., Lawrence, B. S., & Tushman, M. L. (2001). Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26(4), 645-663.
[2]	Artino Jr, A. R., Holmboe, E. S., & Durning, S. J. (2012). Control‐value theory: Using achievement emotions to improve understanding of motivation, learning, and performance in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 64. Medical Teacher, 34(3), 148-160.
[3]	Bélanger, J. J., Lafreniere, M. A. K., Vallerand, R. J., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2013). Driven by fear: The effect of success and failure information on passionate individuals' performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(1), 180-195. doi: 10.1037/a0029585 pmid: 22889073
[4]	Bieleke, M., Gogol, K., Goetz, T., Daniels, L., & Pekrun, R. (2021). The AEQ-S: A short version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65, 101940.
[5]	Brattström, A., Delmar, F., Johnson, A. R., & Wennberg, K. (2020). 14. A longitudinal project of new venture teamwork and outcomes. Research Handbook on Entrepreneurial Behavior, Practice and Process, 309-334.
[6]	Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (Eds). (2009). Identity theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
[7]	Burke, P. J., & Tully, J. C. (1977). The measurement of role identity. Social Forces, 55(4), 881-897.
[8]	Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., & Patel, P. C. (2013). Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(3), 373-396.
[9]	Cardon, M. S., & Kirk, C. P. (2015). Entrepreneurial passion as mediator of the self-efficacy to persistence relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(5), 1027-1050.
[10]	Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511-532.
[11]	Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.
[12]	Collewaert, V., Anseel, F., Crommelinck, M., De Beuckelaer, A., & Vermeire, J. (2016). When passion fades: Disentangling the temporal dynamics of entrepreneurial passion for founding. Journal of Management Studies, 53(6), 966-995.
[13]	Edwards, J. R. (2008). To prosper, organizational psychology should... overcome methodological barriers to progress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(4), 469-491.
[14]	Feng, B., & Chen, M. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurial passion on psychology and behavior of entrepreneurs. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14.
[15]	Fuller, K. A., Karunaratne, N. S., Naidu, S., Exintaris, B., Short, J. L., Wolcott, M. D., & White, P. J. (2018). Development of a self-report instrument for measuring in-class student engagement reveals that pretending to engage is a significant unrecognized problem. Plos One, 13(10), e0205828.
[16]	Gielnik, M. M., Spitzmuller, M., Schmitt, A., Klemann, D. K., & Frese, M. (2015). “I put in effort, therefore I am passionate”: Investigating the path from effort to passion in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4), 1012-1031.
[17]	Gottschalk, S., Greene, F. J., & Müller, B. (2017). The impact of habitual entrepreneurial experience on new firm closure outcomes. Small Business Economics, 48, 303-321.
[18]	Grichnik, D., Smeja, A., & Welpe, I. (2010). The importance of being emotional: How do emotions affect entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation and exploitation?. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(1), 15-29.
[19]	Hao, X. L., Chen, X., Du, J. J., & Liu, Y. R. (2022). Review of research on entrepreneurial addiction. Science and Technology Management Research, 42(17), 209-217.
	[郝喜玲, 陈煊, 杜晶晶, 刘依冉. (2022). 创业成瘾的相关研究综述. 科技管理研究, 42(17), 209-217.]
[20]	Hechavarria, D. M., & Ingram, A. E. (2016). The entrepreneurial gender divide: Hegemonic masculinity, emphasized femininity and organizational forms. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 242-281.
[21]	Hechavarria, D. M., Renko, M., & Matthews, C. H. (2012). The nascent entrepreneurship hub: Goals, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and start-up outcomes. Small Business Economics, 39, 685-701.
[22]	Hoang, H., & Gimeno, J. (2010). Becoming a founder: How founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 41-53.
[23]	Hu, Y. Q., Zeng, Z. H., Peng, L. Y., Wang, H. C., Liu, S. J., Yang, Q., & Fang, X. Y. (2023). The effects of the parent-child relationship and parental educational involvement on adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation: The roles of defeat and meaning in life. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(1), 129-141. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00129
	[胡义秋, 曾子豪, 彭丽仪, 王宏才, 刘双金, 杨琴, 方晓义. (2023). 亲子关系和父母教育卷入对青少年抑郁、自伤和自杀意念的影响: 挫败感和人生意义感的作用. 心理学报, 55(1), 129-141.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00129
[24]	Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., & Kensbock, J. M. (2019). I can't get no sleep—The differential impact of entrepreneurial stressors on work-home interference and insomnia among experienced versus novice entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 692-708. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.08.001
[25]	Laffineur, C., Barbosa, S. D., Fayolle, A., & Montmartin, B. (2020). The unshackled entrepreneur: Occupational determinants of entrepreneurial effort. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(5), 105983.
[26]	Lee, J., & Wang, J. (2017). Developing entrepreneurial resilience: Implications for human resource development. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(6), 519-539.
[27]	Lex, M., Gielnik, M. M., Spitzmuller, M., Jacob, G. H., & Frese, M. (2022). How passion in entrepreneurship develops over time: A self-regulation perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(4), 985-1018.
[28]	Li, C. R., Li, C. X., & Yang, Y. Y. (2023). A longitudinal multilevel approach to examine the relationship between new venture progress and entrepreneurial effort: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the moderating role of regulatory focus. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(4), 642-657. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00642
	[李其容, 李春萱, 杨艳宇. (2023). 创业进展与创业努力的多层次关系: 创业自我效能的中介与调节定向的调节作用. 心理学报, 55(4), 642-657.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00642
[29]	Morris, M. H., van Vuuren, J., Cornwall, J. R., & Scheepers, R. (2009). Properties of balance: A pendulum effect in corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 52(5), 429-440.
[30]	Murnieks, C. Y., Mosakowski, E., & Cardon, M. S. (2014). Pathways of passion: Identity centrality, passion, and behavior among entrepreneurs. Journal of Management, 40(6), 1583-1606.
[31]	Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Moeller, J., & Chandan, G. G. (2021). Entrepreneurial passion: A review, synthesis, and agenda for future research. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 816-860.
[32]	Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 315-341.
[33]	Pekrun, R., & Stephens, E. J. (2010). Achievement emotions: A control‐value approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(4), 238-255.
[34]	Quinn, R. W., Spreitzer, G. M., & Lam, C. F. (2012). Building a sustainable model of human energy in organizations: Exploring the critical role of resources. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 337-396.
[35]	Sinha, R. S. (2022). Baby, I'm addicted! The pleasure-pain pathway that shifts entrepreneurial passion to entrepreneurial addiction: Pivotal role of dopamine. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 18, e00340.
[36]	Spivack, A. J., & McKelvie, A. (2021). Measuring addiction to entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 15, e00212.
[37]	Spivack, A. J., McKelvie, A., & Haynie, J. M. (2014). Habitual entrepreneurs: Possible cases of entrepreneurship addiction?. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 651-667.
[38]	Tang, D. D., & Wen, Z. L. (2020). Statistical approaches for testing common method bias: Problems and suggestions. Journal of Psychological Science, 43(1), 215-223.
	[汤丹丹, 温忠麟. (2020). 共同方法偏差检验: 问题与建议. 心理科学, 43(1), 215-223.]
[39]	Teoh, W. M. Y., Chong, C. W., Chong, S. C., & Ismail, H. (2016). Managing work family conflict among entrepreneurs: An empirical study. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(9), 179-191.
[40]	Tripathi, N., Zhu, J., Jacob, G. H., Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2020). Intraindividual variability in identity centrality: Examining the dynamics of perceived role progress and state identity centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(8), 889-906. doi: 10.1037/apl0000465 pmid: 31789552
[41]	Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., Wright, M., & Flores, M. (2010). The nature of entrepreneurial experience, business failure and comparative optimism. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(6), 541-555.
[42]	Uy, M. A., Foo, M. D., & Ilies, R. (2015). Perceived progress variability and entrepreneurial effort intensity: The moderating role of venture goal commitment. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(3), 375-389.
[43]	Vogel, R. M., Rodell, J. B., & Sabey, T. B. (2020). Meaningfulness misfit: Consequences of daily meaningful work needs-supplies incongruence for daily engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(7), 760-770. doi: 10.1037/apl0000464 pmid: 31697115
[44]	Wiklund, J., Nikolaev, B., Shir, N., Foo, M. D., & Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 579-588. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.002
[45]	Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Bao, J. N., & Zhou, X. H. (2024). Under which circumstances will anxiety promote entrepreneurial efforts? A cross-layer double moderating model. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 3(38), 122-133.
	[张慧, 陈莹, 包佳妮, 周小虎. (2024). 焦虑情绪何时会激发创业努力? 一个跨层次双重调节模型. 管理工程学报, 3(38), 122-133.]

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. 创业身份中心性	4.50	0.63	—
2. 强烈积极情绪	4.51	0.64	0.20^***	—
3. 创业努力	4.50	0.63	0.15^***	0.22^***	—
4. 创业成瘾	4.50	0.62	0.54^***	−0.05	−0.04	—
5. 性别	—	—	0.09^**	−0.07^*	0.03	0.05	—
6. 年龄(岁)	27.57	2.62	0.07^*	0.11^***	0.08^*	0.03	−0.04	—
7. 教育水平	1.98	0.75	0.01	−0.06^*	−0.11^***	0.06^*	−0.06^*	0.13^***	—
8. 创业者地位	0.50	0.50	0.03	0.03	−0.04	0.001	0.14^***	−0.03	−0.03	—

变量	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. 创业身份中心性	4.50	0.63	—
2. 强烈积极情绪	4.51	0.64	0.20^***	—
3. 创业努力	4.50	0.63	0.15^***	0.22^***	—
4. 创业成瘾	4.50	0.62	0.54^***	−0.05	−0.04	—
5. 性别	—	—	0.09^**	−0.07^*	0.03	0.05	—
6. 年龄(岁)	27.57	2.62	0.07^*	0.11^***	0.08^*	0.03	−0.04	—
7. 教育水平	1.98	0.75	0.01	−0.06^*	−0.11^***	0.06^*	−0.06^*	0.13^***	—
8. 创业者地位	0.50	0.50	0.03	0.03	−0.04	0.001	0.14^***	−0.03	−0.03	—

模型	χ²	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	Δχ²	Δdf	p
M1: 形态等值	1080.50	904	0.98	0.98	0.04	0.05	—	—	—
M2: 弱等值性	1172.71	995	0.98	0.98	0.04	0.06	92.20	91	0.45
M3: 强等值性	1263.58	1086	0.98	0.98	0.03	0.06	90.87	91	0.48
M4: 严格等值	1391.97	1205	0.98	0.98	0.03	0.06	128.39	119	0.26

模型	χ²	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	Δχ²	Δdf	p
M1: 形态等值	1080.50	904	0.98	0.98	0.04	0.05	—	—	—
M2: 弱等值性	1172.71	995	0.98	0.98	0.04	0.06	92.20	91	0.45
M3: 强等值性	1263.58	1086	0.98	0.98	0.03	0.06	90.87	91	0.48
M4: 严格等值	1391.97	1205	0.98	0.98	0.03	0.06	128.39	119	0.26

变量	创业努力(T_n+1)				创业成瘾(T_n+1)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI	Bate (SD)	95% CI
控制变量
创业身份中心性平均	0.04(0.03)	[−0.02, 0.10]	0.04(0.03)	[−0.03, 0.10]	0.34(0.02)^***	[0.30, 0.39]	0.35(0.03)^***	[0.30, 0.40]
强烈积极情绪平均	0.17(0.03)^***	[0.10, 0.23]	0.17(0.03)^***	[0.11, 0.23]	−0.15(0.02)^***	[−0.20, −0.11]	−0.16(0.02)^***	[−0.21, −0.11]
性别	0.08(0.07)	[−0.05, 0.21]	0.08(0.07)	[−0.05, 0.22]	−0.04(0.05)	[−0.14, 0.06]	−0.05(0.05)	[−0.15, 0.05]
年龄	0.32(0.32)	[−0.31, 0.93]	0.33(0.32)	[−0.31, 0.96]	0.07(0.24)	[−0.41, 0.54]	0.02(0.25)	[−0.46, 0.51]
教育水平	−0.08(0.04)^*	[−0.16, -0.00]	−0.09(0.04)^*	[−0.17, −0.01]	0.03(0.03)	[−0.03, 0.09]	0.03(0.03)	[−0.03, 0.09]
创业者地位	−0.07(0.06)	[−0.19, 0.04]	−0.07(0.06)	[−0.19, 0.05]	−0.00(0.05)	[−0.09, 0.09]	0.00(0.05)	[−0.09, 0.09]
创业努力(T_n)	−0.01(0.04)	[−0.08, 0.07]	−0.00(0.04)	[−0.07, 0.07]
创业成瘾(T_n)					−0.19(0.04)^***	[−0.26, −0.12]	−0.18(0.04)^***	[−0.26, −0.11]
自变量
创业身份中心性(T_n) (C)	0.25(0.07)^**	[0.11, 0.39]	0.26(0.07)^***	[0.13, 0.40]	0.16(0.06)^*	[0.03, 0.28]	0.16(0.07)^*	[0.03, 0.30]
强烈积极情绪(T_n) (P)	−0.01(0.05)	[−0.11, 0.08]	−0.01(0.05)	[−0.09, 0.09]	−0.03(0.04)	[−0.11, 0.05]	−0.01(0.04)	[−0.09, 0.07]
C²			−0.16(0.15)	[−0.45, 0.16]			0.25(0.15)	[−0.02, 0.56]
C × P			0.35(0.17)^*	[0.03, 0.69]			−0.13(0.16)	[−0.43, 0.16]
P²			−0.03(0.08)	[−0.18, 0.13]			0.00(0.07)	[−0.11, 0.15]
斜率_一致(C + P)			0.26(0.08)^**	[0.09, 0.42]			0.15(0.08)^†	[0.00, 0.31]
曲率_一致(C² + C × P + P²)			0.15(0.24)	[-0.28, 0.66]			0.12(0.22)	[−0.31, 0.58]
斜率_不一致(C−P)			0.27(0.08)^**	[0.10, 0.42]			0.18(0.08)^*	[0.01, 0.34]
曲率_不一致(C²−C × P + P²)			−0.53(0.23)^*	[−1.02, −0.11]			0.39(0.22)	[−0.04, 0.82]
横向位移量: (P−C)/[2 × (C²−C × P + P²)]			0.25(11.23)^*	[0.07, 1.01]			−0.21(7.68)	[−1.78, 0.74]