社会排斥与攻击的关系：一项元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01979

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会排斥是诱发攻击的重要因素, 诸多研究探讨了两者间的内在联系, 但研究结果存在较大差异。为厘清两者间的关系, 揭示导致研究结果不一致的原因, 使用随机效应模型对纳入的92项研究(99个独立样本, 共65564名被试) 进行了元分析。结果发现: 社会排斥与攻击显著正相关(r = 0.38, 95% CI [0.34, 0.41]); 二者的相关强度受年龄、社会排斥及攻击的测量工具、研究方法、攻击类型(主动性攻击 vs.反应性攻击)和设计类型(横断研究 vs.纵向研究)的调节, 但不受性别和个体主义指数的调节。本结果一定程度上澄清了社会排斥与攻击相关显著与否的争议, 表明受排斥个体的攻击水平通常更高。未来应加强低年龄段群体(幼小阶段), 因社会排斥导致攻击行为增加的预防和控制。

关键词: 社会排斥, 攻击, 攻击行为, 元分析

Abstract:

Numerous studies have discussed the inducing factors of aggression, among which social exclusion has been widely concerned as a strong predictor. However, the studies about the association between social exclusion and aggression have shown mixed results. Theoretically, there are two main arguments about the relationship between social exclusion and aggression. The general aggression model suggests that social exclusion triggers negative emotions, hostile cognition, or a high level of physiological arousal, which leads to aggression.While the emotional numbness hypothesis argued that social exclusion causes individuals to be a state of physiological or emotional numbness, which avoids the occurrence of aggressive behaviour. Empirically, the effect sizes of this relationship reported in the existing literature were far from consistent, with r values ranging from -0.02 to 0.74. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the strength of the relationship between social exclusion and aggression and reveal possible moderators.

Through literature retrieval, 92 studies (99 independent effect sizes, a total of 65564 subjects) met the inclusion criteria were selected. A random-effects model was selected to conduct the meta-analysis in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.3 software, aiming at testing our hypotheses. The results of heterogeneity test illustrated that there was significant heterogeneity among 99 independent effects, indicating that the random effect model was suitable for subsequent meta-analysis. Based on the funnel chart and Egger’s regression test of intercept, no significant publication bias was found.

The main effect analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between social exclusion and aggression (r = 0.38, 95% CI [0.34, 0.41]); The moderation analyses revealed that the relationship between social exclusion and aggression was moderated by age, research methods, aggression types (reactive aggression vs. proactive aggression), social exclusion and aggression measurement tools, and research design (cross-sectional study vs. longitudinal study), but not by individualism index and gender.

The results of this meta-analysis can clarify the controversy of the correlation between social exclusion and aggression, indicating that excluded individuals are often accompanied by the increase of aggression level. Future research are encouraged to strengthen the prevention and intervention of aggressive behavior caused by social exclusion among low-age groups, especially preschool children and primary school students.

Key words: social exclusion, aggression, aggressive behavior, meta-analysis

中图分类号:

B849: C91

靳娟娟, 邵蕾, 黄潇潇, 张亚利, 俞国良. (2023). 社会排斥与攻击的关系：一项元分析. 心理学报, 55(12), 1979-1996.

JIN Juanjuan, SHAO Lei, HUANG Xiaoxiao, ZHANG Yali, YU Guoliang. (2023). The relationship between social exclusion and aggression: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(12), 1979-1996.

图/表 7

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类型	工具名称	开发者	介绍	使用方法	演变
社会测量法	同伴提名法	Asher & Dodge (1986)	肯定选择表示接纳, 否定选择表示排斥。	计算提名频次并进行标准化	照片提名法; 现场提名法
问卷法	青少年社会排斥量表(OES-A)	Gilman等(2013)	以忽视和拒绝两个维度, 衡量青少年受排斥程度。	5点自评	张登浩等(2018)修订
问卷法	社会排斥体验量表(OES)	Carter-Sowell (2010)	以拒绝和忽视两个维度, 测量长期受排斥状况。	7点自评	/
实验范式	人机交互−网络投球范式	Williams等(2000)	排斥/接纳条件下进行在线虚拟传球游戏。	排斥条件得3次传球, 接纳条件人均10次	O-Cam范式
	面对面交互−相互认识范式	Twenge等(2001)	自由讨论熟悉后, 提出分组合作任务。	虚假反馈诱发排斥	聊天室范式; 交换录像带范式
	书面材料−想象范式	Allen等(1996)	被试想象书面材料中的排斥情境。	通过想象同样的遭遇启动排斥	回忆范式; 孤独终老范式

类型	工具名称	开发者	介绍	使用方法	演变
社会测量法	同伴提名法	Asher & Dodge (1986)	肯定选择表示接纳, 否定选择表示排斥。	计算提名频次并进行标准化	照片提名法; 现场提名法
问卷法	青少年社会排斥量表(OES-A)	Gilman等(2013)	以忽视和拒绝两个维度, 衡量青少年受排斥程度。	5点自评	张登浩等(2018)修订
问卷法	社会排斥体验量表(OES)	Carter-Sowell (2010)	以拒绝和忽视两个维度, 测量长期受排斥状况。	7点自评	/
实验范式	人机交互−网络投球范式	Williams等(2000)	排斥/接纳条件下进行在线虚拟传球游戏。	排斥条件得3次传球, 接纳条件人均10次	O-Cam范式
	面对面交互−相互认识范式	Twenge等(2001)	自由讨论熟悉后, 提出分组合作任务。	虚假反馈诱发排斥	聊天室范式; 交换录像带范式
	书面材料−想象范式	Allen等(1996)	被试想象书面材料中的排斥情境。	通过想象同样的遭遇启动排斥	回忆范式; 孤独终老范式

类型	工具名称	开发者	介绍/结构	题目	使用方法	演变
社会测量法	班级戏剧	Masten等(1985)	攻击性−破坏性分问卷	30	提名次数	陈欣银等(1992)修订
问卷法	BPAQ攻击问卷	Buss-Perry (1992)	身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意	29	5点自评	12-AQ;吕路等(2013)修订
	BWAQ攻击问卷	Buss-Warren (2000)	身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意、间接攻击	34	5点自评	王晶等(2019)修订
	反应性/主动性攻击问卷	Raine等 (2006)	主动性攻击、反应性攻击	23	3点自评	张万里等(2014)修订
实验法	辣酱分配范式	Lieberman等(1999)开发, Warburton等(2006)改编	知晓对方辣酱过敏的前提下分配辣酱	/	选择辣酱的等级和数量	/
实验法	竞争反应时范式	Taylor (1967)	反应速度比赛, 输方接受电击惩罚	/	电击惩罚的强度和持续时间	噪音范式冷水范式

类型	工具名称	开发者	介绍/结构	题目	使用方法	演变
社会测量法	班级戏剧	Masten等(1985)	攻击性−破坏性分问卷	30	提名次数	陈欣银等(1992)修订
问卷法	BPAQ攻击问卷	Buss-Perry (1992)	身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意	29	5点自评	12-AQ;吕路等(2013)修订
	BWAQ攻击问卷	Buss-Warren (2000)	身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意、间接攻击	34	5点自评	王晶等(2019)修订
	反应性/主动性攻击问卷	Raine等 (2006)	主动性攻击、反应性攻击	23	3点自评	张万里等(2014)修订
实验法	辣酱分配范式	Lieberman等(1999)开发, Warburton等(2006)改编	知晓对方辣酱过敏的前提下分配辣酱	/	选择辣酱的等级和数量	/
实验法	竞争反应时范式	Taylor (1967)	反应速度比赛, 输方接受电击惩罚	/	电击惩罚的强度和持续时间	噪音范式冷水范式

调节变量	异质性检验			类别	k	r	95% CI
调节变量	Q_B	df	p	类别	k	r	下限	上限
年龄	9.51	3	0.02	幼儿	8	0.35	0.17	0.50
				小学生	33	0.44	0.37	0.51
				中学生	29	0.34	0.29	0.40
				大学生	21	0.29	0.22	0.36
社会排斥测量工具	33.40	4	<0.001	Cyberball	8	0.17	0.09	0.25
				OES-A	3	0.25	0.13	0.37
				PN	50	0.42	0.37	0.47
				RP	3	0.52	0.27	0.70
				TRF	4	0.54	0.32	0.71
攻击测量工具	82.30	8	<0.001	BPAQ	11	0.41	0.32	0.50
				CBCL	6	0.26	0.15	0.37
				CP	6	0.62	0.54	0.70
				CSBS	7	0.44	0.23	0.61
				EEA	5	0.59	0.51	0.67
				PN	20	0.39	0.32	0.45
				PRA	6	0.43	0.29	0.56
				RCAP	6	0.18	0.08	0.28
				SP	4	0.22	0.12	0.31
研究方法	17.69	3	0.001	社测+问卷	27	0.38	0.29	0.46
				社会测量法	24	0.47	0.42	0.53
				实验法	16	0.27	0.18	0.36
				问卷法	31	0.33	0.27	0.40
研究设计	4.47	1	0.03	横断	75	0.40	0.35	0.44
研究设计	4.47	1	0.03	纵向	24	0.31	0.23	0.38
攻击类型	0.67	1	0.41	状态攻击	76	0.39	0.34	0.43
	0.67	1	0.41	特质攻击	22	0.35	0.26	0.43
	6.45	1	0.01	反应性攻击	13	0.23	0.15	0.31
	6.45	1	0.01	主动性攻击	13	0.09	0.01	0.16
	0.32	1	0.57	间接攻击	34	0.39	0.31	0.46
	0.32	1	0.57	直接攻击	8	0.44	0.25	0.60