语言演变差异与族群/方言名称对族群信息加工的影响——以广东三大汉语方言为例

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00944

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

语言是族群的重要文化特征之一。基于广东三大方言族群均为中原移民的史实, 探讨三大汉语方言的语言演变差异与族群/方言名称对方言讲话者对中原族群信息加工的影响。以方言为客家话、粤语和潮汕话的广东大学生为被试, 实验1采用群体参照的R/K范式, 考察不同方言讲话者对中原族群信息的记忆; 实验2采用启动Stroop范式, 考察不同方言讲话者对中原族群信息的注意偏向。结果表明, 语言演变差异与族群/方言名称影响不同方言讲话者对中原族群的信息保持, 顽强地保持祖先语言的客家方言族群对中原族群的信息加工产生群体参照效应; 语言演变差异和族群/方言名称影响方言讲话者对中原族群信息的注意偏向, 客家方言族群对中原族群的信息加工产生注意偏向。整个研究表明, 语言演变差异和族群/方言名称影响对同祖语族群的信息加工, 完整地保留汉祖语特点、强化方言与汉祖语的关系, 能够增强根祖意识, 增进对同根族群的认同。研究结果对铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要启示。

关键词: 语言演变, 族群名称, 方言

Abstract:

There are three major dialects in Guangdong: Cantonese, Chaoshan, and Hakka. These dialects mainly formed during the southward migration of the Han people in the Central Plains, but they are different in language source, evolution history, and name. From the perspective of language itself, the Hakka dialect is the smallest variation of Mandarin, Cantonese medium, and Chaoshan the largest. In terms of language-variation completion time, the Hakka dialect occurred most recently, followed by Cantonese, with Chaoshan occurring the earliest. Regarding the dialect names, a morpheme of “Ke” exists in the name Hakka, which always reminds its speakers that their ancestors are from the Central Plains, while Cantonese and Chaoshan are named after each locality. An interesting question has been whether these differences among the three dialects affect the speaker’s information processing of the Central Plains group.

Guangdong college students who speak only one dialect of Hakka, Cantonese, and Chaoshan were grouped according to their language background in the present study. One hundred and eighty participants took part in two experiments, 90 per experiment. In experiment 1, the group reference R/K paradigm was used to investigate whether speakers of different dialects had a different memory effect on the Central Plains group compared with that on an unrelated group. Experiment 2 adopted the “starting stroop paradigm”; that is, using different group names as the starting stimulus, and personality adjectives with different valences as target stimuli, the participants were asked to judge the color of the target stimuli.

Experiment 1 found that the participants had a superior memory of their own group, but only Hakka dialect speakers experienced a group reference effect on the information processing of the Central Plains group, which resulted in a better memory effect on the Central Plains group than that on the unrelated group. The results of experiment 2 showed that the participants had the longest reaction time under the condition that their own ethnic group name was activated, but only the Hakka participants responded more slowly to the Henan ethnic group than to the unrelated ethnic group. The results of both experiments indicated that all the three dialect groups had processing advantages regarding the information of their own groups that manifested in the obvious referential effect of their own groups and the attention bias of their own information. Moreover, the Hakka participants’ cognition regarding the Central Plains group represented by “Henan people” is significantly different from that of Cantonese and Chaoshan dialect speakers.

The research results suggested that language evolution affected ethnic information processing. The identity of ethnic groups with the same ancestry could be enhanced by keeping the characteristics of ancestral language completely and strengthening the relationship between dialect and ancestral language. The results have important implications for the construction of Chinese Community Consciousness.

Key words: language evolution, ethnic group name, dialect

中图分类号:

B842

伍丽梅, 张积家, 孟乐, 张小林, 黄楠芯, 张金桥. (2021). 语言演变差异与族群/方言名称对族群信息加工的影响——以广东三大汉语方言为例. 心理学报, 53(9), 944-959.

WU Limei, ZHANG Jijia, MENG Le, ZHANG Xiaolin, HUANG Nanxin, ZHANG Jinqiao. (2021). Language evolution and ethnic group/dialect name affecting ethnic information processing: Three major Chinese dialects in Guangdong. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(9), 944-959.

图/表 6

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实验过程	人格词类型	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均字频	词性效价
学习阶段	积极词	正直可靠	17.18 (4.54)	165.55 (67.79)	5.66 (1.43)
学习阶段	消极词	势利固执	18.60 (5.13)	159.36 (72.74)	2.43 (0.93)
再认阶段	积极词	踏实稳重	17.53 (3.74)	163.49 (68.33)	5.58 (1.63)
再认阶段	消极词	粗鲁马虎	18.15 (5.47)	160.57 (72.81)	2.32 (0.96)

实验过程	人格词类型	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均字频	词性效价
学习阶段	积极词	正直可靠	17.18 (4.54)	165.55 (67.79)	5.66 (1.43)
学习阶段	消极词	势利固执	18.60 (5.13)	159.36 (72.74)	2.43 (0.93)
再认阶段	积极词	踏实稳重	17.53 (3.74)	163.49 (68.33)	5.58 (1.63)
再认阶段	消极词	粗鲁马虎	18.15 (5.47)	160.57 (72.81)	2.32 (0.96)

被试类型	参照条件	记忆类型
被试类型	参照条件	再认	R	K
客家话讲话者	参照客家人(本族)	0.76 (0.15)	0.45 (0.25)	0.30 (0.23)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.68 (0.19)	0.40 (0.24)	0.33 (0.19)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.66 (0.20)	0.35 (0.22)	0.28 (0.17)
粤语讲话者	参照广府人(本族)	0.76 (0.13)	0.46 (0.25)	0.29 (0.15)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.70 (0.14)	0.35 (0.22)	0.30 (0.21)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.70 (0.15)	0.38 (0.24)	0.35 (0.20)
潮汕话讲话者	参照潮汕人(本族)	0.76 (0.19)	0.53 (0.24)	0.23 (0.15)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.64 (0.18)	0.38 (0.22)	0.26 (0.16)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.63 (0.22)	0.37 (0.21)	0.24 (0.14)

被试类型	参照条件	记忆类型
被试类型	参照条件	再认	R	K
客家话讲话者	参照客家人(本族)	0.76 (0.15)	0.45 (0.25)	0.30 (0.23)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.68 (0.19)	0.40 (0.24)	0.33 (0.19)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.66 (0.20)	0.35 (0.22)	0.28 (0.17)
粤语讲话者	参照广府人(本族)	0.76 (0.13)	0.46 (0.25)	0.29 (0.15)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.70 (0.14)	0.35 (0.22)	0.30 (0.21)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.70 (0.15)	0.38 (0.24)	0.35 (0.20)
潮汕话讲话者	参照潮汕人(本族)	0.76 (0.19)	0.53 (0.24)	0.23 (0.15)
	参照河南人(中原)	0.64 (0.18)	0.38 (0.22)	0.26 (0.16)
	参照朝鲜族(无关)	0.63 (0.22)	0.37 (0.21)	0.24 (0.14)

靶词类型	材料举例	平均笔画数	平均字频	平均效价
积极词	善良勤劳	23.50	187.70	6.01
消极词	狡诈懒惰	24.14	168.11	1.87
无关词	明亮危险	23.03	172.20	4.03