铜鼓经验对壮族鼓手的节奏知觉和执行功能的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01762

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

节奏是声音序列在时间维度上的变化特征, 对产生和理解音乐旋律和言语韵律具有重要作用。通过2个实验考察壮族铜鼓音乐的“变奏”训练形式对壮族鼓手的音乐知觉和执行功能的影响。结果发现, 铜鼓训练组对节奏变化的感知能力显著优于控制组, 但两组被试对音高变化的感知能力无显著差异, 说明长期铜鼓训练使壮族鼓手的节奏分辨能力得到了特异性的塑造与强化。铜鼓训练组在抑制控制和工作记忆能力上具有显著优势, 但在转换能力上与控制组没有显著差异, 反映了铜鼓音乐训练对执行功能的各子成分的促进作用存在选择性。壮族铜鼓的音乐经验作为认知与文化交互作用的产物具有超越审美价值的功能属性, 体现为长期铜鼓音乐训练可以优化鼓手的节奏感知能力和执行功能。

关键词: 节奏知觉, 壮族铜鼓音乐文化, 执行功能

Abstract:

Rhythm, as the temporal variation in a sequence of sounds, plays a crucial role in understanding musical melodies and speech patterns. Previous research has shown that musicians exhibit superior abilities in processing music-related and unrelated information and show advantages in executive function. However, the specific component of musical training (pitch or rhythm) that yields these benefits remains unclear, largely due to the intertwined nature of pitch and rhythm training. This study seeks to understand the impact of exclusive rhythmic training on cognitive abilities, leveraging the unique opportunity provided by Zhuang drummers who have undergone bronze drum training without any formal melodic training.
The bronze drum is the artistic treasure of Zhuang nation.As a unique form of local instrumental music performance, Donglan bronze drum music pursues the asynchronicity and variability of rhythm, and has more characteristics than the music art synchronized with the collective, which requires a higher level of rhythm perception. The most distinctive feature of Donglan bronze drum music is the rich rhythm changes, which fully reflects the superb skill level of the players. Therefore, long-term bronze drum training may promote the drummer's music perception and higher cognitive function development.
We conducted six experiments involving 52 participants from Lan Yang, a small town in Guangxi Donglan County. Among them, 26 individuals [Mean age = 49.88 ± 15.98 years] had long-term bronze drum training but no other musical training, while the other 26 [Mean age = 47.77 ± 12.62 years] had no music training at all. Participants underwent tasks in rhythmic and pitch change detection, combined rhythmic-pitch change detection, pitch-based auditory Stroop, auditory n-back tasks, and a cued alternating runs switching task.
The results indicated that the Zhuang bronze drummers exhibited superior rhythm perception compared to the control group, with no discernable difference in pitch perception, suggesting the bronze drum training may enhance auditory temporal fine-tuning. Regarding executive functions, the drummers outperformed the control group in inhibitory control and working memory updating. However, rhythm perception was unrelated to switching performance, aligning with the “Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions” hypothesis that expertise in rhythm perception doesn't uniformly improve all cognitive abilities.
This study demonstrates that the rhythmic perception ability of Zhuang bronze drummers is an interplay of cognitive factors and Zhuang musical culture exposure. The long-term bronze drum training significantly enhances rhythm perception and certain executive functions, revealing the non-aesthetic value of bronze drum performance. The unique “variation rhythm” style may have originated from the imitation of “frogs clamour”, a feature of the local bronze drum music culture.

Key words: rhythm perception, bronze drum musical culture of Zhuang, executive function

中图分类号:

张航, 王婷, 冯晓慧, 韦义平, 张积家. (2023). 铜鼓经验对壮族鼓手的节奏知觉和执行功能的影响. 心理学报, 55(11), 1762-1779.

ZHANG Hang, WANG Ting, FENG Xiaohui, WEI Yiping, ZHANG Jijia. (2023). Effect of bronze drum training on rhythm perception and executive function of Zhuang drummers. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(11), 1762-1779.

图/表 5

图1 中国首批非物质文化遗产——壮族铜鼓习俗注：图1a标注了“世界铜鼓之乡”——河池市东兰县的地理位置, 该县位于桂西北, 红水河中游, 是壮族人民聚居区, 村寨几乎都有铜鼓, 是壮族铜鼓文化的典型代表; 图1b展示壮族铜鼓的精湛工艺, 上面饰有青蛙雕像, 是一种图腾文化崇拜, 寓意风调雨顺, 五谷丰登; 图1c展示东兰音乐铜鼓的演奏场景, 四名鼓手敲击的鼓声, 对错成韵, 此起彼伏, 节奏变化形式丰富; 图1d是红水河第一湾的“U”字型大峡谷, 奇异的形态与铜鼓形状非常契合, 东兰人认为铜鼓是吉祥物, 反映民族心理与地理环境的关联; 图1e是联合国世界文化遗产名录——广西左江花山岩画(局部), 生动描绘了3000多年前壮族祖先敲打铜鼓的场面。

表1 被试的基本信息

类别	铜鼓组	非铜鼓组
人数	26人	26人
性别	25男, 1女	25男, 1女
年龄	49.88 ± 15.98	47.77 ± 12.62
民族	壮族	壮族
鼓龄	3~4年13人 5~10年7人大于10年6人	未受过训练和表演
学历	初中及以下20人高中及以上6人	初中及以下20人高中及以上6人
月收入	小于1000元6人 1000~3000元9人 3000~5000元5人大于5000元6人	小于1000元9人 1000~3000元9人 3000~5000元2人大于5000元6人
MoCA分	26.23 ± 3.19	26.85 ± 2.05

图2 研究1流程图和结果注：图2a为节奏变化探测任务流程图; 图2b为节奏变化探测任务结果, 左侧图以击中率为指标, 右侧图以辨别力指数d'为指标; 图2c为音高变化奏探测任务流程图; 图2d为音高变化探测任务结果图, 左侧图以反应时为指标, 中间图以击中率为指标, 右侧图以辨别力指数d'为指标; 图2e为音高—节奏联合探测任务流程图; 图2f为联合任务结果图, 左侧图以音高变化任务的击中率为指标, 中间图以节奏变化的击中率为指标, 右侧以节奏变化的辨别力指数d'为指标。柱状图误差线代表该条件下均值的标准差。* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01。

图3 研究2流程图和结果注：图3a为抑制控制(音高−语义Stroop)任务的流程图; 图3b为抑制控制任务的结果, 左侧图以反应时率为指标, 中间图以反应时的效应量为指标, 右侧图以正确率为指标; 图3c为工作记忆任务流程图; 图3d为工作记忆任务的结果; 图3e为转换任务流程图; 图3f为转换任务的结果, 左侧1图以反应时为指标, 左侧2图是反应时的转换代价, 右侧2图以正确率为指标, 右侧2图是正确率的转换代价。柱状图误差线代表了该条件下均值的标准差。* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001。

图4 执行功能与音高知觉任务成绩和节奏知觉任务成绩的相关性注：图4a为中等负荷更新任务成绩与在中等知觉负荷任务的节奏知觉成绩的相关性检验结果图; 图4b为抑制控制效应量与节奏变化的总击中率的相关性检验结果图; 图4c为铜鼓训练组的执行功能三项任务成绩与节奏知觉任务各项成绩的相关系数热力图, 方格颜色代表相关程度, 方格中数字是相关系数; 图4d为非铜鼓训练组的执行功能三项任务成绩与节奏知觉任务各项成绩的相关系数热力图。* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001。

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