基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练对青少年和成人执行功能的训练效应和迁移效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01212

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究以基于即时反馈的Stop Signal范式为训练任务, 考察3周训练是否对青少年和成人的执行功能产生训练效应和迁移效应。发现青少年、成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了训练效应。两个实验组均产生了对反应抑制Go/No-go任务的迁移效应; 但只有青少年实验组出现了对干扰抑制Stroop任务的迁移效应。成人实验组和积极控制组都出现了对2-back任务的迁移效应; 但只有青少年实验组出现了在2-和3-back任务上的迁移效应。所有组别都未能出现对推理能力的迁移。研究证明从青春期到成年期, 基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练能够对执行功能产生训练和迁移效应, 但迁移仅限于抑制和工作记忆等基础成分, 无法改善推理能力。

关键词: 反应抑制训练, 执行功能, 青少年, 即时反馈

Abstract:

The plasticity of executive function (EF) has been discussed as a core topic in the recent cognitive development research. However, inhibition training research remains inadequate. According to dimensional overlap theory, inhibition has two types: interference and response. The neural networks of the brain that respond to conflicts do not mature until early adulthood. By conducting a comparison of the plasticity of response inhibition between adolescents and adults, the applicable age group for response inhibition training is explored. Introducing online feedback as reinforcement improves the training effects and helps individuals to balance further accuracy and speed. Therefore, we added online feedback in the training groups but used the original Stop Signal task in the active control groups to investigate the training and transfer effects of this task with online feedback.
This study included 194 participants (134 adults and 60 adolescents) that were divided into five groups: adult training group (N = 47), adult active control group (N = 45), adolescent training group (N = 30), adolescent active control group (N = 30), and passive control group (N = 42). The response inhibition training consisted of nine sessions, and it was held three times a week. In each training session of the adult and adolescent training groups, participants were guided to finish eight blocks (100 trials in each block) of the Stop Signal task with online feedback. In the adult and adolescent active control groups, participants completed the same amount of the Stop Signal task without online feedback. The passive control group received no training. The participants’ inhibition, working memory, and fluid intelligence were measured before and after training through six tasks (e.g., Inhibition: Stop Signal Task, Go/No-go Task, and Stroop Task; Working memory: 2-back Task and 3-back Task; and Fluid intelligence: Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices).
A 9 (all training sessions) × 2 (training group, active control group) × 2 (adult, adolescent) repeated measure ANOVA was used to test the training effects. Both age groups exhibited improved performances with the continuation of the training sessions. However, the adults performed significantly faster and more accurate than the adolescents. Next, four 2 (pretest, posttest) × 5 (all five groups) repeated measure ANOVA were conducted to test the transfer effects. The transfer effect results revealed that (1) on the Go/No-go task, both training groups showed significant improvement; (2) on the Stroop task, only the adolescent training group showed significant improvement; (3) on the 2-back task, both training groups and the adult active control group improved significantly; (4) on the 3-back task, only the adolescent training group gained significant transfer effects; and (5) on the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, no group showed significant improvement.
To sum up, the results suggest that the Stop Signal training task with online feedback has produced training effects on both age groups, and the transfer effects are influenced by the age difference of cognitive plasticity and the nature of the task. Thus, adding online feedback to computerized training can effectively improve the training and the transfer effects. Finally, inhibition training has a more formative effect on the pre-adult age.

Key words: response inhibition training, executive function, adolescents, online feedback

中图分类号:

B844
G44

王元, 李柯, 盖笑松, 曹逸飞. (2020). 基于即时反馈的反应抑制训练对青少年和成人执行功能的训练效应和迁移效应. 心理学报, 52(10), 1212-1223.

WANG Yuan, LI Ke, GAI Xiaosong, CAO Yifei. (2020). Training and transfer effects of response inhibition training with online feedback on adolescents and adults’ executive function. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(10), 1212-1223.

图/表 5

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训练日期	成人实验组		成人积极组		青少年实验组		青少年积极组
训练日期	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)
D1	156.09 (30.00)	0.58 (0.08)	156.88 (29.35)	0.58 (0.07)	161.28 (24.51)	0.53 (0.06)	166.35 (23.49)	0.51 (0.07)
D2	146.40 (24.64)	0.62 (0.10)	145.50 (26.40)	0.63 (0.09)	158.78 (20.38)	0.55 (0.08)	163.32 (17.41)	0.52 (0.06)
D3	140.15 (23.16)	0.66 (0.11)	136.39 (20.08)	0.64 (0.10)	156.75 (10.49)	0.59 (0.08)	162.76 (20.90)	0.53 (0.07)
D4	134.66 (20.17)	0.67 (0.13)	133.41 (19.71)	0.67 (0.10)	150.52 (22.73)	0.65 (0.07)	158.45 (22.29)	0.52 (0.07)
D5	126.56 (19.21)	0.69 (0.10)	130.40 (19.36)	0.67 (0.10)	142.43 (17.80)	0.76 (0.09)	160.78 (19.99)	0.55 (0.08)
D6	123.12 (16.30)	0.72 (0.10)	132.49 (19.03)	0.64 (0.09)	141.25 (22.66)	0.74 (0.09)	155.28 (21.63)	0.59 (0.09)
D7	119.79 (21.32)	0.73 (0.10)	126.86 (25.74)	0.65 (0.09)	140.56 (25.29)	0.77 (0.09)	160.55 (19.88)	0.61 (0.07)
D8	116.74 (16.12)	0.75 (0.10)	122.79 (23.14)	0.66 (0.11)	134.10 (25.97)	0.78 (0.06)	162.68 (17.82)	0.57 (0.08)
D9	109.49 (20.65)	0.78 (0.10)	124.24 (19.66)	0.65 (0.11)	125.94 (24.90)	0.82 (0.08)	162.94 (19.15)	0.54 (0.08)

训练日期	成人实验组		成人积极组		青少年实验组		青少年积极组
训练日期	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)	SSRT (ms)	正确率(%)
D1	156.09 (30.00)	0.58 (0.08)	156.88 (29.35)	0.58 (0.07)	161.28 (24.51)	0.53 (0.06)	166.35 (23.49)	0.51 (0.07)
D2	146.40 (24.64)	0.62 (0.10)	145.50 (26.40)	0.63 (0.09)	158.78 (20.38)	0.55 (0.08)	163.32 (17.41)	0.52 (0.06)
D3	140.15 (23.16)	0.66 (0.11)	136.39 (20.08)	0.64 (0.10)	156.75 (10.49)	0.59 (0.08)	162.76 (20.90)	0.53 (0.07)
D4	134.66 (20.17)	0.67 (0.13)	133.41 (19.71)	0.67 (0.10)	150.52 (22.73)	0.65 (0.07)	158.45 (22.29)	0.52 (0.07)
D5	126.56 (19.21)	0.69 (0.10)	130.40 (19.36)	0.67 (0.10)	142.43 (17.80)	0.76 (0.09)	160.78 (19.99)	0.55 (0.08)
D6	123.12 (16.30)	0.72 (0.10)	132.49 (19.03)	0.64 (0.09)	141.25 (22.66)	0.74 (0.09)	155.28 (21.63)	0.59 (0.09)
D7	119.79 (21.32)	0.73 (0.10)	126.86 (25.74)	0.65 (0.09)	140.56 (25.29)	0.77 (0.09)	160.55 (19.88)	0.61 (0.07)
D8	116.74 (16.12)	0.75 (0.10)	122.79 (23.14)	0.66 (0.11)	134.10 (25.97)	0.78 (0.06)	162.68 (17.82)	0.57 (0.08)
D9	109.49 (20.65)	0.78 (0.10)	124.24 (19.66)	0.65 (0.11)	125.94 (24.90)	0.82 (0.08)	162.94 (19.15)	0.54 (0.08)

任务及指标	测量时间点	成人实验组	成人积极控制组	青少年实验组	青少年积极控制组	消极控制组
Go/No-go 反应时	前测	340.33 (19.49)	341.51 (41.78)	348.60 (36.95)	349.92 (52.99)	340.44 (26.82)
Go/No-go 反应时	后测	316.94 (26.35)	337.39 (37.57)	323.91 (49.64)	337.23 (39.88)	338.43 (26.95)
Go/No-go 正确率	前测	0.89 (0.07)	0.85 (0.11)	0.79 (0.11)	0.77 (0.09)	0.87 (0.11)
Go/No-go 正确率	后测	0.97 (0.02)	0.87 (0.09)	0.92 (0.44)	0.80 (0.05)	0.88 (0.11)
Go/No-go d′	前测	0.83 (0.15)	0.84 (0.14)	0.75 (0.12)	0.73 (0.08)	0.83 (0.06)
Go/No-go d′	后测	0.91 (0.06)	0.86 (0.11)	0.87 (0.05)	0.77 (0.06)	0.81 (0.04)
Stroop效应	前测	32.83 (24.06)	32.54 (26.10)	65.16 (28.95)	69.07 (24.65)	33.42 (28.13)
Stroop效应	后测	30.04 (28.99)	34.50 (33.25)	44.81 (19.08)	66.54 (23.40)	32.01 (27.33)
2-Back 正确率	前测	0.71 (0.06)	0.71 (0.06)	0.63 (0.05)	0.61 (0.04)	0.71 (0.03)
2-Back 正确率	后测	0.73 (0.05)	0.75 (0.05)	0.77 (0.04)	0.63 (0.04)	0.72 (0.06)
3-Back 正确率	前测	0.61 (0.07)	0.63 (0.08)	0.53 (0.04)	0.52 (0.05)	0.63 (0.03)
3-Back 正确率	后测	0.64 (0.05)	0.65 (0.06)	0.59 (0.04)	0.55 (0.04)	0.64 (0.03)
瑞文推理测验正确率	前测	0.80 (0.11)	0.83 (0.10)	0.82 (0.10)	0.85 (0.09)	0.78 (0.11)
瑞文推理测验正确率	后测	0.80 (0.11)	0.81 (0.10)	0.79 (0.09)	0.79 (0.10)	0.79 (0.10)

任务及指标	测量时间点	成人实验组	成人积极控制组	青少年实验组	青少年积极控制组	消极控制组
Go/No-go 反应时	前测	340.33 (19.49)	341.51 (41.78)	348.60 (36.95)	349.92 (52.99)	340.44 (26.82)
Go/No-go 反应时	后测	316.94 (26.35)	337.39 (37.57)	323.91 (49.64)	337.23 (39.88)	338.43 (26.95)
Go/No-go 正确率	前测	0.89 (0.07)	0.85 (0.11)	0.79 (0.11)	0.77 (0.09)	0.87 (0.11)
Go/No-go 正确率	后测	0.97 (0.02)	0.87 (0.09)	0.92 (0.44)	0.80 (0.05)	0.88 (0.11)
Go/No-go d′	前测	0.83 (0.15)	0.84 (0.14)	0.75 (0.12)	0.73 (0.08)	0.83 (0.06)
Go/No-go d′	后测	0.91 (0.06)	0.86 (0.11)	0.87 (0.05)	0.77 (0.06)	0.81 (0.04)
Stroop效应	前测	32.83 (24.06)	32.54 (26.10)	65.16 (28.95)	69.07 (24.65)	33.42 (28.13)
Stroop效应	后测	30.04 (28.99)	34.50 (33.25)	44.81 (19.08)	66.54 (23.40)	32.01 (27.33)
2-Back 正确率	前测	0.71 (0.06)	0.71 (0.06)	0.63 (0.05)	0.61 (0.04)	0.71 (0.03)
2-Back 正确率	后测	0.73 (0.05)	0.75 (0.05)	0.77 (0.04)	0.63 (0.04)	0.72 (0.06)
3-Back 正确率	前测	0.61 (0.07)	0.63 (0.08)	0.53 (0.04)	0.52 (0.05)	0.63 (0.03)
3-Back 正确率	后测	0.64 (0.05)	0.65 (0.06)	0.59 (0.04)	0.55 (0.04)	0.64 (0.03)
瑞文推理测验正确率	前测	0.80 (0.11)	0.83 (0.10)	0.82 (0.10)	0.85 (0.09)	0.78 (0.11)
瑞文推理测验正确率	后测	0.80 (0.11)	0.81 (0.10)	0.79 (0.09)	0.79 (0.10)	0.79 (0.10)