老年刻板印象威胁及其研究操纵

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01670

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人口老龄化的不断加剧, 老年刻板印象威胁受到越来越多的关注。不同于种族或民族、性别等刻板印象威胁, 老年刻板印象威胁表现出累积性、共通性与连续性等特征。目前关于老年刻板印象威胁的研究多集中于认知老化尤其是记忆老化上, 关注老年刻板印象威胁对老年司机和老年员工的消极影响。消除与降低老年刻板印象威胁的消极效应可以从认知改变、群体认同、代际接触、老龄自我实现和个性化以及媒体宣传等五个方面来进行。在实验室研究中, 老年刻板印象威胁有外显与内隐两种不同的操纵形式。未来可以从扩展研究领域、细化“年龄”差异、比较整体效应大小和性别差异、侧重积极效应以及加强本土化检验和跨文化比较研究等方面来深化。

关键词: 老龄化, 老年刻板印象威胁, 研究操纵, 认知改变, 群体认同

Abstract:

With the explosive growth of the aging population, researchers are paying more and more attention to stereotype threat among older adults. Unlike the race/ethnicity and gender stereotype threats, aging stereotype threat is characterized by its accumulativeness, intercommunity, and continuity. Existing research on aging stereotype threat has been primarily focused on cognitive aging, in particular, memory aging, and the impact of aging stereotype threat on older drivers and workers. Five intervening factors are shown to be effective in mitigating the adverse effects of aging stereotype threat: cognitive modification, group identification, intergenerational contact, self-actualization and individualization, and influence of mass media. Laboratory studies of aging stereotype threat use both explicit and implicit manipulation methods. Future research can benefit from extending to broader research areas, refining differences between age groups, comparing the overall effect size and gender difference, emphasizing on positive effects, and drawing upon indigenous studies and cross-cultural comparisons.

Key words: aging population, aging stereotype threat, manipulation, cognitive modification, group identification

中图分类号:

潘文静, 温芳芳, 佐斌. (2018). 老年刻板印象威胁及其研究操纵. 心理科学进展 , 26(9), 1670-1679.

PAN Wenjing, WEN Fangfang, ZUO Bin. (2018). Aging stereotype threat and it’s manipulations in psychological research. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(9), 1670-1679.

参考文献

1	陈芬, 张庆豪 . ( 2005). 老年大学学员主观幸福感及影响因素研究. 中国健康心理学杂志, 13( 2), 153-154.
2	傅宏, 陈庆荣, 王港 . ( 2017). 老龄化社会心理问题研究和心理服务实践——以江苏为例. 中国科学院院刊, 32( 2), 138-147.
3	高兵 . ( 2012). 民族刻板印象威胁效应. 心理科学进展, 20( 8), 1201-1206.
4	管健, 柴民权 . ( 2011). 刻板印象威胁: 新议题与新争议. 心理科学进展, 19( 12), 1842-1850.
5	贺庆利, 余林, 马建苓 . ( 2013). 老化刻板印象研究现状及展望. 心理科学进展, 21( 3), 495-505.
6	李川云, 吴振云 . ( 2001). 改变老化态度对老年人记忆作业影响的研究. 中国老年学杂志, 21( 1), 3-6.
7	连淑芳 . ( 2004). 刻板印象的自动激活实验研究. 心理科学, 27( 1), 95-96.
8	莫琼琼, 贺雯 . ( 2014). 城市农民工子女刻板印象威胁效应的实验研究. 中国特殊教育, ( 2), 85-89.
9	任娜, 佐斌, 汪国驹, 侯飞翔 . ( 2012). 美德情境下年轻人对老年人的内隐态度. 中国临床心理学杂志, 20( 2), 203-206.
10	阮小林, 张庆林, 杜秀敏, 崔茜 . ( 2009). 刻板印象威胁效应研究回顾与展望. 心理科学进展, 17( 4), 836-844.
11	宋淑娟, 刘华山 . ( 2014). 反刻板印象信息对减弱数学-性别刻板印象威胁效应的作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 22( 3), 386-389.
12	杨青, 李巧云 . ( 2017). 性别刻板印象威胁对幼儿任务难度选择及表现的影响. 心理技术与应用, 5( 2), 99-107.
13	殷融, 张菲菲 . ( 2015). 群体认同在集群行为中的作用机制. 心理科学进展, 23( 9), 1637-1646.
14	张宝山, 袁菲, 徐靓鸽 . ( 2014). 刻板印象威胁效应的消除: 干预策略及其展望. 心理科学, 37( 1), 197-204.
15	赵凤青, 李娟, 张宝山 . ( 2015). 老年刻板印象威胁效应的作用机制与干预. 中国老年学杂志, 35, 6278-6281.
16	周丽清 . ( 2007). 内隐老化刻板印象的年龄差异及其与认知老化的关系. 中国健康心理学杂志, 15( 10), 901-903.
17	佐斌, 温芳芳, 朱晓芳 . ( 2007). 大学生对年轻人和老年人的年龄刻板印象. 应用心理学, 13( 3), 231-236.
18	佐斌, 张阳阳, 赵菊, 王娟 . ( 2006). 刻板印象内容模型: 理论假设与研究. 心理科学进展, 14( 1), 138-145.
19	Abdou C. M., Fingerhut A. W., Jackson J. S., & Wheaton F. ( 2016). Healthcare stereotype threat in older adults in the health and retirement study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50( 2), 191-198.
20	Abrams D., Crisp R. J., Marques S., Fagg E., Bedford L., & Provias D. ( 2008). Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people’s math performance. Psychology and Aging, 23( 4), 934-939.
21	Abrams D., Eller A., & Bryant J. ( 2006). An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychology and Aging, 21, 691-702.
22	Abrams D., Swift H. J., & Drury L. ( 2016). Old and unemployable? How age-based stereotypes affect willingness to hire job candidates. Journal of Social Issues, 72( 1), 105-121.
23	Andreoletti, C., & Lachman, M. E. ( 2004). Susceptibility and resilience to memory aging stereotypes: Education matters more than age. Experimental Aging Research, 30, 129-148.
24	Appel M., Weber S., & Kronberger N. ( 2015). The influence of stereotype threat on immigrants: Review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 900.
25	Armstrong B., Gallant S. N., Li L., Patel K., & Wong B. I. ( 2017). Stereotype threat effects on older adults' episodic and working memory: A meta-analysis. Gerontologist, 57( S2), 193-205.
26	Barber, S. J., & Lee, S. R. ( 2015). Stereotype threat lowers older adults' self-reported hearing abilities. Gerontology, 62( 1), 81-85.
27	Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. ( 2013 a). Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults’ memory. Psychological Science, 24( 12), 2522-2529.
28	Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. ( 2013 b). Stereotype threat can reduce older adults' memory errors. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66( 10), 1888-1895.
29	Barber, S. J. ( 2017). An examination of age-based stereotype threat about cognitive decline: Implication for stereotype- threat research and theory development. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12( 1), 62-90.
30	Brelet L. B., Moták L., Ginet M., Huet N., Izaute M., & Gabaude C. ( 2016). Enhancing older driver’ safety: On effects induced by stereotype threat to older adults’ driving performance, working memory and self-regulation. Geriatrics, 1( 3), 20.
31	Chasteen A. L., Bhattacharyya S., Horhota M., Tam R., & Hasher L. ( 2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31, 235-260.
32	Cuddy A. J. C., Norton M. I., & Fiske S. T. ( 2005). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 267-285.
33	Fernández-Ballesteros R., Bustillos A., & Huici C. ( 2015). Positive perception of aging and performance in a memory task: Compensating for stereotype threat? Experimental Aging Research, 41, 410-425.
34	Finnigan, K. M., & Corker, K. S. ( 2016). Do performance avoidance goals moderate the effect of different types of stereotype threat on women’s math performance? Journal of Research in Personality, 63, 36-43.
35	Hess, T. M., & Hinson, J. ( 2006). Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 21, 621-625.
36	Hess T. M., Auman C., Colcombe S., & Rahhal T. A. ( 2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58( 1), P3-P11.
37	Hess T. M., Hinson J. T., & Hodges E. A. ( 2009). Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 153-177.
38	Hess T. M., Hinson J. T., & Statham J. A. ( 2004). Explicit and implicit stereotype activation effects on memory: Do age and awareness moderate the impact of priming? Psychology and Aging, 19, 495-505.
39	Horton S., Baker J., Pearce W., & Deakin J. M. ( 2010). Immunity to popular stereotypes of aging? Seniors and stereotype threat. Educational Gerontology, 36, 353-371.
40	Ihme, T. A., & Möller, J. ( 2015). “He who can, does; he who cannot, teaches?”: Stereotype threat and preservice teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107( 1), 300-308.
41	Joanisse M., Gagnon S., & Voloaca M. ( 2012). Overly cautious and dangerous: An empirical evidence of the older driver stereotypes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 802-810.
42	Joanisse M., Gagnon S., & Voloaca M. ( 2013). The impact of stereotype threat on the simulated driving performance of older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 50, 530-538.
43	Jordano, M. L., & Touron, D. R. ( 2017). Stereotype threat as a trigger of mind-wandering in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 32( 3), 307-313.
44	Kang, S. K., & Chasteen, A. L. ( 2009). The moderating role of age-group identification and perceived threat on stereotype threat among older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 69( 3), 201-220.
45	Kinias, Z., & Sim, J. ( 2016). Facilitating women's success in business: Interrupting the process of stereotype threat through affirmation of personal values. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101( 11), 1585-1597.
46	Krendl A. C., Ambady N., & Kensinger E. A. ( 2015). The dissociable effects of stereotype threat on older adults’ memory encoding and retrieval. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4, 103-109.
47	Kulik C. T., Perera S., Cregan C. ( 2016). Engage me: The mature-age worker and stereotype threat. Academy of Management Journal, 59( 6), 2132-2156.
48	Lambert A. E., Seegmiller J. K., Stefanucci J. K., & Watson J. M. ( 2013). On working memory capacity and implicit associations between advanced age and dangerous driving stereotypes. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 306-313.
49	Lambert A. E., Watson J. M., Stefanucci J. K., Ward N., Bakdash J. E., & Strayer D. L. ( 2016). Stereotype threat impairs older adult driving. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30, 22-28.
50	Lamont, R. L, Swift, H. J., & Abrams, D. ( 2015). A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychology and Aging, 30( 1), 180-193.
51	Levy, B. R., & Leifheit-Limson E. ( 2009). The stereotype- matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24( 1), 230-233.
52	Levy, B. ( 2009). Stereotype embodiment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18( 6), 332-336.
53	Levy B., Ashman O., & Dror I. ( 2000). To be or not to be: The effects of aging stereotypes on the will to live. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 40( 3), 409-420.
54	Mazerolle M., Régner I., Morisset P., Rigalleau F., & Huguet P. ( 2012). Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychological Science, 23, 723-727.
55	Mazerolle M., Régner I., Rigalleau F., & Huguet P. ( 2015). Stereotype threat alters the subjective experience of memory. Experimental Psychology, 62( 6), 395-402.
56	Meisner, B. A. ( 2012). A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. Journals of Gerontology, 67B ( 1), 13-17.
57	Meneghetti C., Muffato V., Suitner C., de Beni R., & Borella E. ( 2015). Map learning in young and older adults: The influence of perceived stereotype threat. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 77-82.
58	Nguyen, H. H. D., & Ryan, A. M. ( 2008). Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1314-1334.
59	North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. ( 2012). An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots. Psychological Bulletin, 138( 5), 982-997.
60	North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. ( 2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging word: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141( 5), 993-1021.
61	Phibbs, S., & Hooker, K. ( 2017). An exploration of factors associated with ageist stereotype threat in a medical setting. Journals of Gerontology: Series B,
62	Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. ( 1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69( 5), 797-811.
63	von Hippel C., Kalokerinos E. K., & Henry J. D. ( 2013). Stereotype threat among older employees: Relationship with job attitudes and turnover intentions. Psychology and Aging, 28( 1), 17-27.
64	Voss P., Wolff J. K., & Rothermund K. ( 2017). Relations between views on ageing and perceived age discrimination: A domain-specific perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 14, 5-15.
65	Walton, G. M., & Spencer, S. J. ( 2009). Latent ability: Grades and test scores systematically underestimate the intellectual ability of negatively stereotyped students. Psychological Science, 20, 1132-1139.
66	Wen F. F., Zuo B., Wu Y., Dong X. H., & Wang W. ( 2016). Reducing the effect of stereotype threat: The role of coaction contexts and regulatory fit. Social Psychology of Education, 19( 3), 607-626.
67	Wong, J. T., & Gallo, D. A. ( 2016). Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned. Memory, 24( 5), 650-658.
68	Zhang B. S., Lin Y., Gao Q. Y., Zawisza M., Kang Q., & Chen X. H. ( 2017). Effects of aging stereotype threat on working self-concepts: An event-related potentials approach. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 223.

[1]	徐步霄, 白洁, 李晔, 郭永玉. 集体自恋：群际冲突的催化剂[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 2100-2116.
[2]	刘春晓, 刘立志, 王丹, 陈文锋. 集体仪式促进群体情绪感染的机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1870-1882.
[3]	赵信娴, 杨小虎. 老年人群的韵律感知[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 613-621.
[4]	胡冰洁, 严璘璘, 夏文玲. 群体地位对面孔识别的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(suppl.): 38-38.
[5]	王忠军, 张丽瑶, 杨茵茵, 王仁华, 彭义升. 职业生涯晚期工作重塑与工作中成功老龄化[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(9): 1643-1655.
[6]	张丽瑶, 王忠军. 退休规划的研究现状和本土化发展[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(2): 251-267.
[7]	谢晓非, 邓州, 李慕轼, 朱敏帆. 奏响长者的“生命质量”凯歌[J]. 心理科学进展, 2019, 27(11): 1793-1801.
[8]	王予灵, 汪凤炎. 老者智否？成人智慧与年龄的关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2018, 26(1): 107-117.
[9]	殷融, 张菲菲, 王元元, 许志红. 群体内疚：界定、心理机制、行动倾向及干预策略[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(6): 1058-1068.
[10]	殷融;张菲菲;王元元;魏晨明. 集体行动的效能动员路径[J]. 心理科学进展, 2017, 25(1): 156-168.
[11]	王勍;俞国良. 群体认同与个体心理健康的关系：调节变量与作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2016, 24(8): 1300-1308.
[12]	殷融;张菲菲. 群体认同在集群行为中的作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(9): 1637-1646.
[13]	陈诚;文鹏;舒晓兵. 多水平导师指导行为对员工结果的影响机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(4): 554-561.
[14]	王孟元;宁睿婧;张雪岩. 音乐训练延缓言语感知老龄化[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(1): 22-29.
[15]	殷融;张菲菲. 不同类型集群行为的差异比较[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(1): 120-131.