错误记忆产生的认知与神经机制：信息加工视角

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00079

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用信息加工视角, 在划分不同信息来源的基础上分析编码、存储(巩固)、再激活/再巩固和提取的一系列加工过程如何导致错误记忆形成, 由此总结出错误记忆产生的三个可能原因：(1)因缺乏针对目标事物特异性细节的记忆表征而侧重于编码和提取目标和非目标事物共享的抽象记忆表征, 使被试更倾向于依赖抽象表征对缺失的目标细节进行重构, 引发错误记忆; (2)目标事物启动了对应图式, 导致与图式相关的非目标事物记忆表征得到增强, 引发错误记忆; (3)误导信息干扰了再度激活状态下目标事物的记忆表征, 妨碍其进行准确的记忆再巩固, 从而引发错误记忆。未来研究可进一步探讨目标事物特异性细节的表征区域、不同类型的图式表征促进非目标事物记忆表征的具体机制以及提取阶段的图式复现对错误记忆形成的影响等问题。

关键词: 错误记忆, 认知图式, 神经机制, 信息加工

Abstract:

By reviewing both behavioral and neuroimaging research, the present article illustrates how processing of information from different sources (i.e., the target event/stimulus, internal cognitive schemas, and external interference) and at different stages (i.e., the encoding, storage, re-activation/reconsolidation and retrieval stages) contributes to false memory. We conclude that false memory may arise from three mechanisms: (1) The lack of distinctive item-specific memory representations that makes it difficult to distinguish targets from related lures; (2) The engagement of cognitive schemas strengthens the memory representations of non-target information (including related lures) in the schemas; and (3) Re-activated memory representations of targets are distorted and modified by external interference. Future research may use updated approaches, e.g., multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), to further investigate the brain regions responsible for representing item-specific details, the way different types of schema (e.g., event-based script) promote the representations of related lures, and the way re-activation of schema during memory retrieval influences false memory.

Key words: false memory, cognitive schema, neural mechanisms, information processing

中图分类号:

B842

郭滢, 龚先旻, 王大华. (2021). 错误记忆产生的认知与神经机制：信息加工视角. 心理科学进展 , 29(1), 79-92.

GUO Ying, GONG Xianmin, WANG Dahua. (2021). The cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying false memory: An information processing perspective. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(1), 79-92.

图/表 1

图1 信息加工视角下错误记忆产生机制的示意图注：各灰色背景框代表不同的信息来源(来自目标事件、内部图式和外界干扰); 各白色方框代表不同的信息加工过程(编码、存储、再激活/再巩固和提取); 各虚线方框代表错误记忆产生的可能机制, 每条机制着重描述某一来源信息的各加工过程, 由①②③代表, 且它的发生阶段与下方的白色方框相对应。三条机制相互独立, 又彼此联系1(1 三种机制之间既相互独立, 又彼此联系。其中, 独立体现在：每条机制都对应着不同的信息来源, 并与不同种类的错误记忆形成有关, 比如机制2可以用来解释关联性错误记忆的形成, 而机制3可以用来解释植入性错误记忆的形成。联系体现在：正确记忆形成相关的机制1与错误记忆形成相关的机制2和机制3通常共同发生。不论是关联性错误记忆, 还是植入性错误记忆都缺乏针对目标事件的特异化细节表征。另外, 机制1与机制2、机制1与机制3间还存在相互影响的可能。如机制2中图式对特异性细节的抑制作用(如van der Linden et al., 2017)以及机制3中误导信息与特异性细节间的相互竞争(如Okado & Stark, 2005)。), 共同导致错误记忆的发生。有必要进行说明的是, 机制3虽着重描述对外界干扰的信息加工, 但同样涉及对目标事件的信息加工, 因此代表机制3的虚线方框同时呈现在两种灰色背景框之上。

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