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Analyses of Mediating Effects: The Development of Methods and Models WEN Zhonglin;YE Baojuan Advances in Psychological Science    2014, 22 (5): 731-745.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2014.00731 Abstract （17513）      PDF（pc） （348KB）（48166）       Knowledge map    Save Mediation models are frequently used in the research of psychology and other social science disciplines. Mediation indicates that the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable is transmitted through a third variable, which is called mediator. In most applied research, Baron and Kenny’s (1986) causal steps approach has been used to test mediating effect. In recent years, however, many methodological researchers questioned the rationality of the causal steps approach, and some of them even attempted to stop its use. Firstly, we clarify the queries on the causal steps approach one by one. Secondly, we propose a new procedure to analyze mediating effects. The new procedure is better than any single method that constitutes the procedure in terms of Type I error rate and power. The proposed procedure can be conducted by using observed variables and/or latent variables. Mplus programs are supplied for the procedure with observed variables and/or latent variables. Finally, this article introduces the development of mediation models, such as mediation model of ordinal variables, multilevel mediation, multiple mediation, moderated mediation, and mediated moderation. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(342)

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MBTI: New Development and Application GU Xue-Ying;HU Shi Advances in Psychological Science    2012, 20 (10): 1700-1708.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2012.01700 Abstract （3870）      PDF（pc） （221KB）（10075）       Knowledge map    Save MBTI is an instrument designed to assess personality type. It is jointly developed by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers. In recent years, along with the advancement of its theory, MBTI has gone through three developmental stages. Based on our systematic review of the development of the theory and findings of applied research, we have found that the MBTI has evolved from examining inter-type differences, to examining intra-type differences, and then to examining individual differences. Future research should focus on investigating personality types among people employed in various occupations to establish a Chinese MBTI database, deepening the research on MBTI instrument, carrying out longitudinal and cross-cultural studies, and conducting more applied research on the use of MBTI in the field. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of the Theory of Planned Behavior Duan Wenting;Jiang Guangrong    2008, 16 (2): 315-320.   Abstract （4792）      PDF（pc） （874KB）（14661）       Knowledge map    Save Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the most famous theory about attitude-behavior in social psychology and has been found to be well supported by empirical evidences. According to TPB, intentions to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. In this paper, various aspects of TPB were introduced, including its derivation, general picture, measurements, new researches and developments. Other issues that remain unresolved and further studies were discussed in the end Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(338)

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The Nature of the Bond between Pets and Owners: A Psychological Analysis ZHANG Maoyang; PENG Xiaofan; HU Chaobing; ZHANG Xingyu Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (1): 142-149.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00142 Abstract （3309）      PDF（pc） （176KB）（6792）       Knowledge map    Save As humans’ loyal friends, pets have a widely acknowledged positive effect on humans’ physical and mental health. The researches on pet personality have revealed that pets, rather than merely a kind of animal, were human-like companions who could interact with their owner like human friends. Pets are one part of the owners’ social support system, but they are neither compensation or competitor against human relationship. They function independently. The behavior evidence implied that the bond between pets and their owners is similar with the parental relationship, where pets elicited the parental behavior and the owners also benefit from caring the pets. This review revealed the limitation of former researches in sample selection and the lack of experimental evidence. Further researches should have more concern on the integrity of research samples, develop the behavioral experiment paradigm and introduce the neural cognition method to examine the inner mechanism by which pets affect the owners. Related Articles | Metrics

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A meta-analysis of the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic achievement: The mediating role of self-efficacy and student engagement WU Jiahui, FU Hailun Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1104-1125.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01104 Abstract （895）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （963KB）（1733）       Knowledge map    Save Achievement goal orientation is an important source of motivation for individuals, and it affects academic performance by influencing cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes related to academics. Examining the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance can reveal the intrinsic reasons for differentiation in students’ grades, thereby deepening the understanding of the inherent mechanisms of students’ learning processes at a micro level. Consequently, there is growing interest in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. With continuing advances in developmental psychology, current research is increasingly focusing on the mediating mechanisms between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. A review the literature reveals that current research mainly focuses on exploring the independent and chained effects of self-efficacy and student engagement on academic performance at the non-intellectual factor level. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in their perceived ability to achieve predetermined goals, which is a key factor influencing students’ learning engagement and academic performance. Student engagement refers to the time and effort individuals invest in purposeful educational activities and is an important proximal factor in predicting students’ academic performance. However, there are no uniform findings on the strength of the correlation between achievement goal orientation and academic performance. There is also no clear conclusion on which moderating factors influence both, as well as the extent to which mediating factors affect them. Furthermore, current meta-analyses have a relatively scattered explanatory perspective on achievement goal orientation; so far, only the relationship between the sub-dimensions of achievement goal orientation and academic performance has been explored. In addition, some studies have placed achievement goal orientation within the intermediate structure of motivation and behavior, focusing on the association between achievement goal orientation and its antecedents and consequences. Moreover, current meta-analyses have not fully explored the potential moderating factors in the relationship between the four-factor structure of achievement goal orientation and academic performance. Due to the limited number of studies on the relationship between mastery-avoidance goals and academic performance, previous research has mostly focused on overall tracking by incorporating mastery-avoidance goals into mastery goals. Finally, current meta-analyses have not yet thoroughly investigate the mediating of non-intellectual factors between achievement goal orientation and academic performance, with most studies focusing on integrating effect sizes and exploring possible moderating variables, using samples that do not involve mediating variables. Specifically, the meta-analysis of the four-factor structural model of achievement goal orientation, dating back approximately ten years, may suffer from time lag bias. Therefore, the present study, based on achievement goal orientation theory, expectancy-value theory, and self-efficacy theory, conducted a meta-analysis to explore the consistencies and differences in existing international studies. It provides a comprehensive report on the relevance of the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance, with a particular focus on exploring the mediating effects of self-efficacy and student engagement as well as a range of moderating effects. A total of 67 empirical research and 206 effect sizes were included through literature retrieval. Results of our analysis were as follows: (1) Mastery-approach and performance-approach goals were significantly and positively correlated with academic achievement, while mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals were significantly and negatively correlated with academic achievement; each indicator was robustly and weakly dependent on academic achievement. (2) The relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic achievement was influenced by age stage and measurement tools, but not by gender ratio or achievement type. (3) Self-efficacy and student engagement played significant mediating roles in the relationship between achievement goal orientation and academic performance; however, the mediating effect of student engagement was only significant for students in the middle school group and not the university school group. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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What is the minimum number of effect sizes required in meta-regression? An estimation based on statistical power and estimation precision FANG Junyan, ZHANG Minqiang Advances in Psychological Science    2020, 28 (4): 673-680.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.00673 Abstract （1575）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （1038KB）（2792）       Knowledge map    Save Meta-regression is the most frequently used technique for identifying moderators in meta-analysis. In this study, main principles and basic models of meta-analysis and meta-regression were briefly introduced first. Then a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to investigate the minimum number of the effect size required in meta-regression based on statistical power and estimation precision. The results showed that (1) the Wald-type z test was prone to type I error in meta-regression; (2) at least 20 effect sizes were needed to meet parameter estimation requirements; (3) and inclusion of proper moderators could reduce the number of effect size required. Therefore, it is suggested that (1) meta-analysts should be careful when using the CMA software and the Wald-type z test; (2) at least 20 or more effect sizes are generally needed based on different situations; (3) exploration of moderators is necessary; (4) reviewers can value a meta-analysis research according to the minimum number of effect size required. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed? Evidence from contents, methods, and consequences WANG Zhen, GUAN Jian Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (6): 939-950.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00939 Abstract （1197）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （559KB）（2052）       Knowledge map    Save Stereotypes have been defined as beliefs about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of people classified into social categories. Stereotypes are traditionally perceived as resistant to change. However, they may be changed under contexts of the impacts of societal changes on human culture and psychology. Given that gender stereotypes are expected to be more unshakable than other stereotypes (e.g., race stereotypes), it implies that there is a potential for changing other stereotypes, provided that gender stereotypes can be changed. Therefore, this article reviewed changes in gender stereotypes from their contents, methods, and consequences. According to the social role theory, gender stereotypes are built on social roles. Therefore, gender stereotypes are expected to change with the changes in the roles of men and women. Considerable studies have found that gender stereotypes have changed. Specifically, some studies have shown that women are perceived to increase their masculine characteristics (e.g., agency) over time, while men are not perceived to increase feminine characteristics (e.g., communion). Differently, others have indicated that both women and men are perceived to increase in counterstereotypical traits over time. However, in contrast to these findings depicting changes in gender stereotypes, several studies did not find significant changes, and they believed that gender stereotypes persist over time. One of the possible reasons for these conflicting findings is that different methods have been used in previous studies. The research methods of gender stereotype changes can be divided into traditional methods and new techniques. The traditional methods usually involve the past-present-future rating paradigm, cross-sequential design, and cross-temporal meta-analysis. Word embedding, as a new technique, has become increasingly important in recent years. All research methods have their relative advantages and disadvantages. The consequences of gender stereotype changes can be categorized into positive and negative outcomes. In terms of positive outcomes, gender stereotype changes increase the possibility of men being involved in more household labor, which may result in better relationship quality for the couple. Besides, the new male role in parental care for children generates many benefits, such as better academic performance, higher levels of self-esteem, and fewer behavioral problems in children. Additionally, gender stereotype changes can promote women’s economic independence and reduce the gender gap. However, there are also negative outcomes with the changes in gender stereotypes. Specifically, these changes intensify low fertility rates and birth rates. Notably, even if gender stereotypes towards targets become more and more positive over time, targets may not treat the stereotypes as compliments. On the contrary, they may perceive the stereotypes as a form of gender prejudice, eventually impairing interpersonal and intergroup relationships. Further research on gender stereotype changes can be discussed from the following aspects: first, it is important for researchers to conduct studies with diverse research methods in the future. Second, future research should pay attention to not treating gender stereotypes as a single construct. Instead, they should be investigated through the perspective of classification (e.g., descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes). Third, given that stereotypical gender characteristics seem to interact with each other to build gender stereotypes, future research should examine gender stereotype changes by treating gender stereotypes as a complex system from a network approach. Last, we should not ignore cultural impacts on gender stereotype changes. Given that China has undergone more unprecedented societal transformations than Western countries over the past decades, the social roles in China have undergone tremendous changes. Therefore, it is indispensable to investigate gender stereotype changes in China. Furthermore, not only the gender stereotype changes, future studies need to explore changes in stereotypes about other categories, such as race, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, classes, and religion. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of AI awareness on employee’s psychological and behavioral outcomes and its theoretical explanation WANG Tao, ZHAN Xiaojun, YU Wei Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (7): 1195-1208.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01195 Abstract （1195）   HTML （41）    PDF（pc） （609KB）（1993）       Knowledge map    Save AI awareness refers to an employee's perception that the use of AI affects their work attitude, behavior, well-being, and work environment. The fourth Industrial Revolution has arrived, and while AI improves employee performance, it also brings risks and uncertainties that have a huge impact on employees. Although many studies have explored the impact of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes, due to scholars' academic background, current studies are more focused on the field of relative segmentation. At the same time, because the concept of AI awareness is relatively new, its name is not unified, and the ambiguity of the concept limits the public's in-depth insight into AI awareness. In addition, the action path and boundary conditions of AI awareness on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes have not yet been clarified, and the lack of AI awareness research framework has hindered the understanding of how AI application affects employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. In order to explore the specific impact of AI application on employees and its function explanation mechanism, firstly, the research on AI awareness was systematically reviewed, the concept connotation of AI awareness was clarified, and AI awareness was re-defined as employees' perception of the impact of AI application on their work attitude, behavior, well-being and working environment. This definition highlights the two-sided nature of AI awareness, that is, AI awareness has both positive and negative effects on employees, rather than just negative effects. Second, it reveals the effects of AI awareness, advancing the understanding of how AI awareness affects employee psychology and behavior. The positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' psychological state are explained from the three aspects of emotion, stress and cognition, and the positive and negative effects of AI awareness on employees' behaviors are explained from the two aspects of active and negative behaviors, so that organizations and academia can more clearly, comprehensively and systematically recognize the important effects of AI application on employees' psychological and behavioral outcomes. Promote research in related fields. Thirdly, the theoretical explanation mechanism of AI awareness is explained based on resource perspective (conservation of resources theory, JD-R model), pressure perspective (cognitive evaluation theory), psychological needs perspective (self-determination theory), and environment perspective (person-environment fit theory). Finally, the paper elaborates on five aspects: exploring the multi-level driving mechanism of AI awareness, enriching the action mechanism of AI awareness, mining the spillover effect of AI awareness and strengthening the interaction impact between AI and employees, and builds an integrated model diagram for future research on AI awareness, which will help promote local relevant research. By answering the above questions, it is expected to provide theoretical reference for the subsequent research of scholars, enhance the academic community's cognition and understanding of how the application of AI affects employees, and provide new ideas for promoting the development of AI research. At the same time, it is revealed that managers in the era of Industry 4.0 should re-examine themselves, understand, learn and trust AI technology, use AI technology to develop new skills to improve their management ability, help organizations adopt AI technology more effectively, prevent risks and promote the healthy development of organizations. Managers must clarify the use of AI technology, allow employees to participate in the process of developing and implementing AI systems, eliminate misunderstandings and mistrust, and conduct AI technology training for employees, so that employees have more understanding of AI, reduce the sense of rejection of AI, and recognize that coexistence with AI is an inevitable development of the times. At the same time, it also informs employees that the purpose of applying AI is to help rather than replace them, relieve employees' anxiety and sense of threat, reduce their fear of unemployment, enhance employees' positive cognition of the application of AI, and then reduce their negative evaluation of the application of AI, and help organizations maximize the positive side of AI and reduce the dark side brought by AI. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Impact of First Names: Individual Level and Group Level Evidence SU Hong; REN Xiaopeng Advances in Psychological Science    2015, 23 (5): 879-887.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00879 Abstract （2186）      PDF（pc） （180KB）（4220）       Knowledge map    Save Firstname, a typical term used for identification, plays an extremely important role in social interactions. First names are among the earliest information available to people, given how quite often these are very first data exchanged during interpersonal communication. Recently, the rapid development of Internet, which is not necessarily inclusive of “face to face” contacts, has made the first names even more increasingly prominent and important in the initial interpersonal interaction stages. We have systematically reviewed relevant studies in psychology about first names at individual level and group level. At the individual level, researchers focused on the relations between first names and other psychological variables, like the relation between first names and self-identity of those who possess the names or the relation between first names and others’ evaluations of name-possessors. Studies revealed that first names can influence individual’s psychological state as well as name-possessors’ behavior. At the group level, as cultural products, first names have been used to examine the cultural evolution and cultural identity, which was mainly done by analyzing the frequency change of first names. Previous studies mostly focused on Western culture and respective first names practices, while little focus was placed on empirically exploring the distinctiveness of Chinese names. Since Chinese culture has its own cultural particularities, including the naming practices, psychologist should look further into these. Future empirical research should focus more on indigenous first names, like exploring changes in Chinese cross-generational individuality by using the percentage of Chinese popular names, or exploring the relation between masculine/feminine names and job-hunting or online-dating. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(1)

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Theory Basis of MBTI and Its Application for Practice from Research Zeng Weixi;Zhang Jinfu    2006, 14 (2): 255-.   Abstract （2912）      PDF（pc） （431KB）（10113）       Knowledge map    Save First, analyzed the difference between MBTI and Quality assessment; pointed out the advantage of MBTI. Second, reviewed the relational study of MBTI at home and abroad, including the data of reliability, validity, and norm; revision at home and relational analysis with other scales; MBTI personality type in organization; application in organization development and team analysis, application in career guidance, teaching-learning style study and family therapy. At last, pointed out some indecent use and gave some advice Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(15)

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The influence of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction and its internal mechanism ZHANG Tianyu, ZHANG Yali, ZHANG Xiangkui Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (9): 1514-1527.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.01514 Abstract （1460）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （600KB）（1616）       Knowledge map    Save Body dissatisfaction, an unpleasant emotional experience related to one's own body, is prevalent among adolescents. The use of social networking sites is considered a risk factor. Scholars from different countries have initiated investigations on the influence of social networking site use on body dissatisfaction in adolescents through empirical studies. Although some theoretical and empirical findings have been obtained, they are fragmented, impeding a comprehensive understanding of research progress in this area. Building upon prior studies, we aim to present a thorough overview of how social networking site use influences body dissatisfaction in adolescents while also examining the underlying mechanisms. This study assists future researchers in gaining a precise and rapid understanding of the impact of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Additionally, it offers theoretical guidance and recommendations to reduce adolescents' body dissatisfaction and enhance their mental health and subjective well-being. Initially, we conducted a structural summary of the association between various levels of social networking site use and adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The extent, mode, behavior, and motivation related to social networking site use may influence adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Specifically, the extent of social networking site use was defined as the duration, frequency, and intensity. The mode of social networking site use encompasses active and passive engagement. Behaviors linked to social networking site use included body talk and selfie-related activities. Motivations for social networking site use included seeking appearance-related feedback, fashion-focused incentives, and others. Building on this foundation, we investigated three pathways through which the use of social networking sites influences adolescents' body dissatisfaction within the framework of established theories. The first pathway entails comparing appearance and internalizing the ideal body, as posited by the tripartite influence model. The second pathway involves the development of self-objectification and body surveillance, as suggested by objectification theory. The third pathway encompasses appearance self-schema and appearance self-discrepancy, rooted in self-schema theory and self-discrepancy theory. We then further elucidated three categories of moderators of the effects of social networking site use on adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The first category encompasses personality factors, including the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, and perfectionism, which are primarily associated with an individual's personality traits and psychological structure. The second category includes self-cognitive factors such as self-compassion and self-concept clarity, mainly related to an individual's inner emotions and self-awareness. The third category consists of media-cognitive factors such as social media literacy and appearance-related social media consciousness, primarily linked to an individual's use of social networking platforms and their attitudes toward social networking content. Furthermore, in conjunction with the findings above, we constructed an integrative model of how social networking site use affects adolescents' body dissatisfaction. The model seeks to elucidate the mechanisms of action and boundary conditions of social networking sites affecting adolescents' body dissatisfaction. It also aims to provide a systematic framework for researchers in the field to advance the prevention and intervention of adolescents' body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, the article provides valuable suggestions and reference directions for future research. For example, future research should focus on exploring the relationship between social networking site use and body dissatisfaction in China, expanding the scope of research to include various aspects such as research subjects, methods, and content, and further validating and simplifying the theoretical framework, which will help in developing more effective online intervention programs to address adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship Between Cognitive and Brain Development in Children and Adolescents LI Yan-Wei;LI Yan-Fang    2010, 18 (11): 1700-1706.   Abstract （2205）      PDF（pc） （659KB）（8615）       Knowledge map    Save Since the emergence of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, researchers have tried to use brain-image technologies, such as MRI, to gain a better understanding of the relationship between cognitive and brain development in children and adolescents. These studies shed new light on the respective and integrative role of physiological maturity and cognitive experience in brain development, and were helpful for us to understand the neural mechanism of different cognitive abilities in different developmental stages. This paper is an attempt to summarize the relationship between cognitive abilities and the development of structural brain, functional brain, and brain plasticity in children and adolescents, focusing specially on cognitive task-dependent changes in intelligence, working memory, and response inhibition. Based on this relationship, longitudinal design should be used in this field to investigate the role of natural maturation and experience in normal or abnormal children and adolescents, and to further the exploration of the role of practice and training in brain plasticity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Analysis Of The Concept Of Identity In Western Psychology Guo Jinshan    2003, 11 (2): 227-234.   Abstract （3955）      PDF（pc） （619KB）（8383）       Knowledge map    Save Identity is a important concept that has been extensively recognized in western psychology. Now it has been applied to developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, educational psychology, counseling psychology, and cultural psychology. Unfortunately, the concept of identity lacks a firm definition because of its richness and complexity as well as variously theoretical frames. Accordingly, its theoretical functions are lowered. So this article attempts to grasp the essence of the understanding of identity by different levels and dimensions in western psychology from the analyses of the foundation, positivism research and new tendency about identity. In the end, I put forward some aspects that we must pay attention to as we try to incorporate the concept of identity, and its essence of identity that I draw from above analyses. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(45)

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Preventing and detecting insufficient effort survey responding ZHONG Xiaoyu, LI Mingyao, LI Lingyan Advances in Psychological Science    2021, 29 (2): 225-237.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00225 Abstract （3496）   HTML （225）    PDF（pc） （695KB）（9413）       Knowledge map    Save Surveys are commonly used in psychological and educational research. Insufficient effort response (IER), as one source of invalid response data, is somewhat prevalent due to the low-stakes nature of the majority of surveys, which often leads to statistically significantly biased estimates and invalid inferences. The current literature shows: (a) IER is commonly believed to be caused by some inner causes, (e.g., low motivation), showing as specific patterns, (e.g., random responding); (b) The most common methods to prevent IER include reducing task difficulty and increasing respondents’ motivation; (c) Current detection methods fall into three main categories, which are proactive approaches/ direct screening methods, response patterns analysis, and response time analysis. Recommendations for future research directions and practitioners are (a) deepening the investigation on IER mechanism and improving the preventing methods, (b) examining the effectiveness of IER identification methods’ applicability of cross-situation and developing new approaches, and (c) delving into the identification and treatment of partial IER. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Summary of Parenting Style And Children’s Development in China Wang Li, Fu Jinzhi    2005, 13 (3): 298-304.   Abstract （4853）      PDF（pc） （547KB）（20710）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the psychologist and educational researchers in China proved that parenting style has considerable influence on children’s cognitive development, social emotion, character and explored the influential factors to guide and improve the parenting style. On the other hand, they also achieved some different effects from the west under the Chinese cultural background. Related Articles | Metrics

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Concept, Function and Meaning of Positive Emotion Guo Xiaoyan;Wang Zhenhong    2007, 15 (5): 810-815.   Abstract （5380）      PDF（pc） （868KB）（11444）       Knowledge map    Save The positive emotion is a pleasure feeling that comes from the individual’s satisfactions by stimuli of inside or outside the body, and the life events. The positive emotions activate a general approach tendency, have priming and broaden effect on the cognition, can build individual resource, undoing physiological activation associated with negative emotion, and facilitate performance of organization. It is an important component of the mental health, and thus can promote a physical heath. The positive emotion has extensive function and meaning towards individual’s adaptation Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(62)

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When AI learns to empathize: Topics, scenarios, and optimization of empathy computing from a psychological perspective HOU Hanchao, NI Shiguang, LIN Shuya, WANG Pusheng Advances in Psychological Science    2024, 32 (5): 845-858.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00845 Abstract （1602）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （729KB）（2333）       Knowledge map    Save Empathy computing is an emerging research field that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technology to predict, identify, simulate, and generate human empathy. This field builds upon psychological studies in terms of concepts, measurements, neural foundations, and applications of empathy, and employs innovative computing approaches for analyzing and simulating empathy. This article critically reviews current research on empathy computing and discusses its future directions from a psychological perspective, with the aim of facilitating foundational research and practical applications in this field. The current research on empathy computing can be categorized into four themes based on different purposes and methods. On one hand, empathy computing primarily aims to analyze and comprehend empathy using computers. This endeavor can be further divided into two categories: (1) individual empathy assessment, which focuses on analyzing individual empathetic traits, and (2) empathetic content classification, which focuses on analyzing empathetic features in texts rather than individuals. On the other hand, research also focuses on simulating and expressing empathy through computing, which includes (3) the design of empathetic response systems and (4) the development of generative empathetic dialogue systems. The former provides users with a limited number of predefined rule-based responses and feedback to express empathy, while the latter utilizes AI to automatically generate a wide range of empathetic dialogues without relying on predefined rules. These four research streams are relatively independent yet complementary. Moreover, as research progresses, new directions will continue to emerge, such as improving the empathic capabilities of computers through brain-computer interface technology. Although research on empathy computing is still in its early stages, it has shown potential for innovative applications in scenarios such as mental health, education, business services, and public management. With the increasing prevalence of artificial intelligence, these fields, which involve substantial interpersonal interactions, are positioned to become the primary domains for human-computer interaction. As a result, they emerge as the key application scenarios for empathy computing. In the realm of mental health, empathy computing can assist in automatically evaluating and enhancing therapists' empathetic abilities. Additionally, it can provide personalized empathetic support and guidance through AI-driven chatbots. In the field of education, empathy computing can facilitate the learning process by employing empathetic AI tutors. Within the business sector, it enables organizations to deliver tailored customer experiences, thereby enhancing satisfaction and fostering loyalty through the generation of empathic dialogues. In public management, empathy computing can be used to generate empathetic discourse to counteract negative speech. Additionally, it facilitates policymakers to respond empathetically to citizens' needs and inquiries, thereby fostering trust between the government and the public. These four scenarios illustrate the vast potential applications of empathy computing. However, due to concerns related to safety and ethics, complete reliance on computers to perform empathetic tasks is currently not feasible. Instead, a collaboration between humans and computers is necessary. Empathy computing represents a transformative frontier, not only providing methods to measure and analyze empathy automatically on a larger scale but also enriching the theoretical landscape of empathy research. It extends traditional studies on empathy in interpersonal relationships to explore its emerging manifestations in human-AI relationships. This expansion raises novel questions about the universality of empathy and its potential evolution in human-computer interaction. Empathy computing holds the promise of serving as a cornerstone for a unified theory of empathy that encompasses diverse relationship dynamics, ranging from human-human to human-machine interactions and beyond. It is beneficial for comprehensively understanding empathy and effectively promoting it in the context of an intelligent society. Future research should focus on developing integrated theoretical models of empathy computing, establishing reliable psychological and behavioral datasets of empathy-related characteristics, and validating and refining empathy computing research through a human-centered approach. Psychologists play indispensable roles in leading, evaluating, and optimizing research and practice in this field. The collaboration of scholars in psychology and computer science is imperative to ensure that AI learns empathy effectively and ethically, thereby fostering people’s wellbeing in the forthcoming intelligent society. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Appropriate Effect Sizes and Their Calculations in Psychological Research ZHENG Hao-Min;WEN Zhong-Lin;WU Yan    2011, 19 (12): 1868-1878.   Abstract （7176）      PDF（pc） （325KB）（20655）       Knowledge map    Save Effect sizes are important supplement of the null hypothesis significance testing. More and more academic journals request authors provide the effect sizes of their researches. Our purpose is to provide a guideline on how to compute the appropriate effect sizes of different researches and data types. We classified the effect sizes into three types, including difference-type, correlation-type and group-overlap. For each type of the effect sizes, there are different approaches of calculations and applications under different research designs (e.g., single-factor/multifactor between-subjects, single-factor/multifactor within-subjects) and data conditions (e.g., small sample size, heterogeneity of variance). Many effect sizes, however, can be transformed from one type to another. We summarized a table that may help readers to choose appropriate effect sizes for their researches based on the research purposes and research designs. Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(34)

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Chinese-Western Differences of Personality Structure and Specialty of Chinese Personality WAng Dengfeng;Cui Hong    2007, 15 (2): 196-202.   Abstract （3070）      PDF（pc） （944KB）（7694）       Knowledge map    Save This article was aimed at exploring relations between culture and personality structure, and cultural implications of Chinese personality. Researches on both Chinese and Western personality structure based on lexical hypothesis indicated that the formation of personality structure were based on behavior classification, and differences between Chinese and Western personality were caused by differences of behavior classification, which originated from different emphasis on perception, cognition, and thinking styles of cultures. Empirical evidences also indicated better predictive powers of Chinese personality, instead of Western personality structures. Further research directions were also discussed Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Emotion Regulation：Theories and Neural Mechanismse CHEN Yu;ZHAO Xin;HUANG Jun-Hong;CHEN Si-Yi;ZHOU Ren-Lai    2011, 19 (10): 1502-1510.   Abstract （4372）      PDF（pc） （215KB）（13826）       Knowledge map    Save Individuals can regulate negative emotions and promote positive emotions through mindfulness meditation training, which has proved to have significant effects on the interventions for psychological and physical disorders. The mindfulness-based theoretical models of the reperceiving model, the mindful coping model, the upward spiral of flourishing and the mindful emotion regulation model all underscore the effects of mindfulness meditation on emotion regulation. Cognitive neuroscientific research findings showed that mindfulness meditation may produce increases in left-sided anterior activation, and the brain areas involved mainly include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). The researchers further found that trait mindfulness achieve the effect of emotion regulation by improving prefrontal cortical regulation of limbic responses. Moreover, the effect of mindfulness meditation training on emotion regulation may also appear in neural dissociation between two distinct forms of self-referential processing that are habitually integrated but can be dissociated through training, thus strengthening the experiential focus of the neural mechanism. In addition, the researchers found that mindfulness meditation training may also change the brain structures associated with emotion processing. Future directions for the empirical study in this field should attach importance to further clarify the relationship between mindfulness meditation training relates to brain lateralization and to develop comparison studies of different types of the subjects. Related Articles | Metrics