内疚与亲社会行为的关系：来自元分析的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2019.00773

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

内疚作为一种典型的道德情绪, 被认为具有亲社会作用, 但很多研究却发现内疚并不总能促进亲社会行为。为了明确内疚对亲社会行为的作用, 分析造成结论分歧的可能原因, 本研究采用元分析方法探讨了特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响。共有46篇文献92个独立样本纳入元分析(N = 17248)。元分析结果表明：(1)特质内疚与亲社会行为之间存在中等程度的正相关, 二者之间的关系受到亲社会行为类型的调节, 相比较捐赠、助人、环保行为等, 特质内疚与补偿之间的相关更强; (2)启动内疚状态能显著提升个体的亲社会行为, 但两者之间的关联呈较小的效应量, 亲社会行为对象在其中起到调节作用, 感到内疚的个体更愿意对受害方做出亲社会行为; (3) p曲线(p-curve)分析发现, 两个元分析研究的p曲线均呈显著右偏态, 表明特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响均存在真实的效应, 而不是出版偏倚或者p hacking导致。

关键词: 内疚, 亲社会行为, 元分析, 调节效应, p曲线

Abstract:

A large body of research has examined the relationship between guilt and prosocial behavior - yet the findings are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of trait and state guilt on prosocial behavior, as well as potential moderators of this effect. A literature search yielded 46 qualified papers with 92 effect sizes and 17248 participants. Results showed that trait guilt was significantly associated with prosocial behavior (r = 0.36, p < 0.001), and this relationship was moderated by the type of prosocial behavior. The induction of state guilt also significantly impacted prosocial behavior, with a small effect size (d = 0.24, p < 0.001) - and this relationship was moderated by whether the recipient of the prosocial behavior was also the victim of the guilt-evoking act. No other moderators were found. The p-curve analysis showed that the p-curves of the two meta-analyzes were right skewed, indicating that the relationship between the guilt proneness and prosocial behavior and the effect of state guilt on the prosocial behavior had a real effect, not caused by publication bias or p hacking.

Key words: guilt, prosocial behavior, meta-analysis, moderate effect, p-curve

中图分类号:

B8498:C91

汤明, 李伟强, 刘福会, 袁博. (2019). 内疚与亲社会行为的关系：来自元分析的证据. 心理科学进展 , 27(5), 773-788.

TANG Ming, LI Weiqiang, LIU Fuhui, YUAN Bo. (2019). The association between guilt and prosocial behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Psychological Science, 27(5), 773-788.

图/表 7

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作者(发表时间)	样本数目	年龄	内疚测量方法	内疚性质	内疚类型	亲社会行为类型	亲社会行为对象	出版与否	文化背景	相关系数
丁菀, 2015	491	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.32
方圆, 2017	388	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	P	E	0.50
黄晓娇, 2016-a	577	A	UQ	S	IBG	R	NV	UP	E	0.65
黄晓娇, 2016-c	25	A	UQ	S	IBG	C	NV	UP	E	-0.38
康家慧, 2014	1859	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.46
李磊, 2012-a	413	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.18
李磊, 2012-b	34	Ad	Q	T	IBG	O	NV	UP	E	0.05
李娟, 2008	261	A	UQ	S	IBG	O	UV	UP	E	0.35
刘金梅, 2009-a	655	A	UQ	S	IBG	R	V	UP	E	0.49
刘谞, 2011-a	157	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	R	V	UP	E	0.31
吕丽, 2017	358	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	NV	UP	E	0.51
毛静思, 2012	667	A	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.36
Brown & Cehajic, 2008-a	173	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.46
Brown & Cehajic, 2008-b	257	A	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.49
Cehajic-Clancy et al., 2011-a	139	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.66
Cehajic-Clancy et al., 2011-b	97	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.42
Figueiredo et al., 2016	464	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.17
Halmburger et al., 2015	63	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	O	NV	P	W	-0.06
Harth et al., 2013-a	67	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.37
Harth et al., 2013-a	67	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	E	V	P	W	0.17
Harth et al., 2013-b	81	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.6
Harth et al., 2013-b	81	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	E	V	P	W	-0.21
Iyer et al., 2007-a	194	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.39
Iyer et al., 2007-b	185	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.35
Jordan et al., 2016-a	101	Ad	UQ	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	0.37
Kahn et al., 2016-a	87	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	C	V	P	W	0.32
Kahn et al., 2016-b	85	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	C	V	P	W	0.23
Konstam et al., 2011	148	Ad	Q	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	0.17
Leach et al., 2006-a	159	Ad	Q	S	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.15
Leach et al., 2006-b	203	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.40
Leonard et al., 2015-a	363	Ad	Q	T	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.17
Linda et al., 2016	568	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	P	W	0.21
作者(发表时间)	样本数目	年龄	内疚测量方法	内疚性质	内疚类型	亲社会行为类型	亲社会行为对象	出版与否	文化背景	相关系数
Mashuri et al., 2017-a	200	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.43
Mashuri et al., 2017-b	200	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.19
Mcgarty et al., 2005-a	164	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.58
Mcgarty et al., 2005-b	106	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.66
Ongley et al., 2014	160	C	UQ	S	IBG	O	NV	P	W	0.14
Roberts et al., 2014	93	C	Q	T	IBG	O	NV	P	W	0.59
Roberts et al., 2014	93	C	Q	T	IBG	C	NV	P	W	0.57
Roos et al., 2014	395	C	Q	S	IBG	T	UV	P	W	0.34
Rotella & Richeson, 2013-b	39	Ad	Q	S	IBG	R	NV	P	W	0.79
Shepherd et al., 2013-a	179	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.49
Shepherd et al., 2013-b	186	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.66
Strelan, 2007	176	Ad	Q	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	-0.33
Swim & Miller, 1999-a	102	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.51
Swim & Miller, 1999-b	51	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.4
Swim & Miller, 1999-c	364	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.52
Swim & Miller, 1999-d	124	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.19
Wan et al., 2016-a	180	Ad	Q	S	IBG	O	NV	P	E	0.33
Wan et al., 2016-b	180	Ad	Q	S	IBG	O	NV	P	E	0.3
Wohl et al., 2013-a	284	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	-0.35
Wohl et al., 2013-b	88	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.01
Zimmermann et al., 2011-a	96	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.31
Zimmermann et al., 2011-b	156	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.24

作者(发表时间)	样本数目	年龄	内疚测量方法	内疚性质	内疚类型	亲社会行为类型	亲社会行为对象	出版与否	文化背景	相关系数
丁菀, 2015	491	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.32
方圆, 2017	388	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	P	E	0.50
黄晓娇, 2016-a	577	A	UQ	S	IBG	R	NV	UP	E	0.65
黄晓娇, 2016-c	25	A	UQ	S	IBG	C	NV	UP	E	-0.38
康家慧, 2014	1859	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.46
李磊, 2012-a	413	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.18
李磊, 2012-b	34	Ad	Q	T	IBG	O	NV	UP	E	0.05
李娟, 2008	261	A	UQ	S	IBG	O	UV	UP	E	0.35
刘金梅, 2009-a	655	A	UQ	S	IBG	R	V	UP	E	0.49
刘谞, 2011-a	157	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	R	V	UP	E	0.31
吕丽, 2017	358	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	NV	UP	E	0.51
毛静思, 2012	667	A	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	UP	E	0.36
Brown & Cehajic, 2008-a	173	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.46
Brown & Cehajic, 2008-b	257	A	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.49
Cehajic-Clancy et al., 2011-a	139	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.66
Cehajic-Clancy et al., 2011-b	97	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.42
Figueiredo et al., 2016	464	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.17
Halmburger et al., 2015	63	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	O	NV	P	W	-0.06
Harth et al., 2013-a	67	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.37
Harth et al., 2013-a	67	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	E	V	P	W	0.17
Harth et al., 2013-b	81	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.6
Harth et al., 2013-b	81	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	E	V	P	W	-0.21
Iyer et al., 2007-a	194	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.39
Iyer et al., 2007-b	185	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.35
Jordan et al., 2016-a	101	Ad	UQ	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	0.37
Kahn et al., 2016-a	87	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	C	V	P	W	0.32
Kahn et al., 2016-b	85	Ad	UQ	S	IBG	C	V	P	W	0.23
Konstam et al., 2011	148	Ad	Q	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	0.17
Leach et al., 2006-a	159	Ad	Q	S	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.15
Leach et al., 2006-b	203	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.40
Leonard et al., 2015-a	363	Ad	Q	T	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.17
Linda et al., 2016	568	Ad	Q	T	IBG	T	UV	P	W	0.21
作者(发表时间)	样本数目	年龄	内疚测量方法	内疚性质	内疚类型	亲社会行为类型	亲社会行为对象	出版与否	文化背景	相关系数
Mashuri et al., 2017-a	200	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.43
Mashuri et al., 2017-b	200	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.19
Mcgarty et al., 2005-a	164	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.58
Mcgarty et al., 2005-b	106	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.66
Ongley et al., 2014	160	C	UQ	S	IBG	O	NV	P	W	0.14
Roberts et al., 2014	93	C	Q	T	IBG	O	NV	P	W	0.59
Roberts et al., 2014	93	C	Q	T	IBG	C	NV	P	W	0.57
Roos et al., 2014	395	C	Q	S	IBG	T	UV	P	W	0.34
Rotella & Richeson, 2013-b	39	Ad	Q	S	IBG	R	NV	P	W	0.79
Shepherd et al., 2013-a	179	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.49
Shepherd et al., 2013-b	186	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.66
Strelan, 2007	176	Ad	Q	T	IBG	F	NV	P	W	-0.33
Swim & Miller, 1999-a	102	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.51
Swim & Miller, 1999-b	51	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.4
Swim & Miller, 1999-c	364	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.52
Swim & Miller, 1999-d	124	Ad	UQ	T	GBG	I	V	P	W	0.19
Wan et al., 2016-a	180	Ad	Q	S	IBG	O	NV	P	E	0.33
Wan et al., 2016-b	180	Ad	Q	S	IBG	O	NV	P	E	0.3
Wohl et al., 2013-a	284	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	-0.35
Wohl et al., 2013-b	88	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.01
Zimmermann et al., 2011-a	96	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	R	V	P	W	0.31
Zimmermann et al., 2011-b	156	Ad	UQ	S	GBG	O	V	P	W	0.24

作者(发表时间)	实验组样本量	控制组样本量	年龄	内疚类型	内疚诱发方式	亲社会行为类型	亲身会行为对象	控制组	出版与否	文化背景
丁芳等, 2014-a	60	60	A	IBG	CS	O	V	C	P	E
丁芳等, 2014-b	60	60	A	IBG	CS	O	NV	C	P	E
杜灵燕, 2012-a	407	360	A	IBG	MS	H	NV	S	UP	E
杜灵燕, 2012-b	35	37	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	UP	E
杜灵燕, 2012-b	35	35	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	S	UP	E
刘谞, 2011-b	48	48	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	UP	E
孙铭鸿, 2015	85	80	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	UP	E
张晓贤等, 2012-a	27	28	C	IBG	CS	H	NV	C	P	E
张晓贤等, 2012-b	33	28	C	IBG	CS	H	NV	C	P	E
de Hooge et al., 2007-a	42	39	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-a	42	45	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	S	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-b	44	37	Ad	IBG	GR	H	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-b	44	48	Ad	IBG	GR	H	NV	S	P	W
作者(发表时间)	实验组样本量	控制组样本量	年龄	内疚类型	内疚诱发方式	亲社会行为类型	亲身会行为对象	控制组	出版与否	文化背景
de Hooge et al., 2011-a	16	17	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-a	16	17	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-b	58	34	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-b	58	34	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-c	25	24	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-c	25	24	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-d	71	72	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-d	71	72	Ad	IBG	CS	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-e	22	22	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-f	23	23	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-f	23	23	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	S	P	W
Ferguson & Branscombe, 2010	19	55	Ad	GBG	MS	E	V	C	P	W
Furukawa et al., 2016-a	107	107	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	C	P	E
Furukawa et al., 2016-b	107	107	Ad	IBG	MS	O	NV	C	P	E
Graton et al., 2016-a	28	28	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-a	28	28	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	S	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-b	45	45	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-c	41	41	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Jordan et al., 2016-b	54	47	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
Jordan et al., 2016-c	103	106	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
Polman & Ruttan, 2012	64	64	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-a	30	30	Ad	GBG	MS	O	V	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-b	34	34	Ad	GBG	MS	O	V	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-b	34	34	Ad	GBG	MS	D	V	C	P	W
Zhang et al., 2017	59	49	Ad	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	P	E

作者(发表时间)	实验组样本量	控制组样本量	年龄	内疚类型	内疚诱发方式	亲社会行为类型	亲身会行为对象	控制组	出版与否	文化背景
丁芳等, 2014-a	60	60	A	IBG	CS	O	V	C	P	E
丁芳等, 2014-b	60	60	A	IBG	CS	O	NV	C	P	E
杜灵燕, 2012-a	407	360	A	IBG	MS	H	NV	S	UP	E
杜灵燕, 2012-b	35	37	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	UP	E
杜灵燕, 2012-b	35	35	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	S	UP	E
刘谞, 2011-b	48	48	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	UP	E
孙铭鸿, 2015	85	80	A	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	UP	E
张晓贤等, 2012-a	27	28	C	IBG	CS	H	NV	C	P	E
张晓贤等, 2012-b	33	28	C	IBG	CS	H	NV	C	P	E
de Hooge et al., 2007-a	42	39	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-a	42	45	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	S	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-b	44	37	Ad	IBG	GR	H	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2007-b	44	48	Ad	IBG	GR	H	NV	S	P	W
作者(发表时间)	实验组样本量	控制组样本量	年龄	内疚类型	内疚诱发方式	亲社会行为类型	亲身会行为对象	控制组	出版与否	文化背景
de Hooge et al., 2011-a	16	17	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-a	16	17	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-b	58	34	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-b	58	34	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-c	25	24	Ad	IBG	GR	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-c	25	24	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-d	71	72	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-d	71	72	Ad	IBG	CS	D	NV	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-e	22	22	Ad	IBG	CS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-f	23	23	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	C	P	W
de Hooge et al., 2011-f	23	23	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	S	P	W
Ferguson & Branscombe, 2010	19	55	Ad	GBG	MS	E	V	C	P	W
Furukawa et al., 2016-a	107	107	Ad	IBG	MS	R	V	C	P	E
Furukawa et al., 2016-b	107	107	Ad	IBG	MS	O	NV	C	P	E
Graton et al., 2016-a	28	28	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-a	28	28	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	S	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-b	45	45	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Graton et al., 2016-c	41	41	Ad	IBG	GR	E	NV	C	P	W
Jordan et al., 2016-b	54	47	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
Jordan et al., 2016-c	103	106	Ad	IBG	GR	O	NV	C	P	W
Polman & Ruttan, 2012	64	64	Ad	IBG	GR	D	NV	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-a	30	30	Ad	GBG	MS	O	V	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-b	34	34	Ad	GBG	MS	O	V	C	P	W
Solak et al., 2016-b	34	34	Ad	GBG	MS	D	V	C	P	W
Zhang et al., 2017	59	49	Ad	IBG	MS	D	NV	C	P	E

调节变量		k	r	LL	UL	Q_B	p
年龄	成人	44	0.34	0.26	0.42	0.79	0.672
	青少年	6	0.41	0.18	0.64
	儿童	4	0.44	0.17	0.72
内疚测量方式	正式问卷	16	0.33	0.19	0.47	0.19	0.665
内疚测量方式	自编问卷	38	0.36	0.27	0.46	0.19	0.665
内疚类型	个体内疚	25	0.33	0.22	0.44	0.38	0.538
内疚类型	群体内疚	29	0.38	0.28	0.48	0.38	0.538
亲社会行为对象	非受害方	13	0.3	0.14	0.46	0.61	0.736
	受害方	33	0.38	0.28	0.47
	未指明对象	8	0.36	0.17	0.55
文化背景	西方	14	0.37	0.22	0.52	0.04	0.836
文化背景	东方	40	0.35	0.26	0.44	0.04	0.836
亲社会行为类型	补偿	19	0.53	0.42	0.64	20.33	0.002
	合作	4	0.26	0	0.52
	环保	2	-0.02	-0.39	0.34
	宽恕	3	0.07	-0.22	0.35
	其它	14	0.25	0.12	0.38
	群际支援	5	0.38	0.16	0.6
	特质	7	0.36	0.18	0.53