长时联结表征对工作记忆的抑制效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00562

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究通过两个实验探讨了长时记忆联结表征如何影响当下工作记忆任务的加工。长时记忆联结表征采用无语义联系、无视觉相似性的Emoji图片对, 提前一天让被试完成联结表征的建立, 正式工作记忆任务采用独立探测的变化觉察范式。实验1控制呈现时间(500 ms / 1000 ms)与呈现方式(联结/独立), 发现两种呈现时间均显示出联结条件的正确率与记忆容量显著低于独立条件, 说明长时记忆联结表征抑制了当前工作记忆的加工。实验2设置了记忆项目数(2/4/6项)与呈现方式(联结/独立), 采用alpha震荡作为脑电指标, 考察长时联结表征在工作记忆维持阶段的作用。结果发现在维持阶段, 独立条件的alpha震荡随着记忆项目数量的增加而增大(2项 < 4项 < 6项), 而联结条件在4项已经到达顶点(2项 < 4项 = 6项)。实验2进一步说明长时联结表征在维持阶段降低了当前工作记忆容量。本研究的两个实验结果表明, 长时记忆联结表征对当前的工作记忆任务有一定的抑制作用, 这种抑制作用产生的机制可能来自于联结表征干扰了维持阶段的注意分配。

关键词: 长时记忆, 工作记忆, 联结记忆, alpha震荡

Abstract:

Studies on how long-term memory affects working memory (WM) have found that long-term memory can enhance WM processing. However, these studies only use item memory as the representation of long-term memory. In addition to item memory, associative memory is also an essential part of long-term memory. The associative memory and item memory involve different cognitive mechanisms and brain areas. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how associative memory affects WM processing.
Before the WM task, participants were asked to store 16 pairs of dissimilar pictures into long-term memory. The participants would obtain the associative memory of these pairs of pictures in the long-term memory. The WM task was a change detection paradigm. Memory pictures in the memory array appeared in pairs (associative condition) or out of pairs (independent condition). In Experiment 1, the memory array with 6 items (3 pairs) was presented for 500 ms or 1000 ms. After a 1000 ms interval, participants needed to determine whether the probe item was the same as the memory array. The design and procedure of Experiment 2 were similar to those of Experiment 1, except that memory array was presented for only 500 ms, and 2 items (1 pairs) and 4 terms (2 pairs) were added in set size condition. Alpha power of electroencephalogram (EEG) was also collected and analyzed in Experiment 2.
The results in Experiment 1 showed that WM capacity and accuracy were significantly lower in the associative condition than in the independent condition (for both presentation-time conditions: 500ms and 1000ms). The results in Experiment 2 showed that the alpha power in the independent condition increased as the memory set size increased (2 items < 4 items < 6 items), while the alpha power in the associative condition reached the asymptote when the set size was 4 (2 items < 4 items = 6 items). Both of these two experiments' results showed that WM capacity in the associative condition was lower than that in the independent condition.
In conclusion, long-term associative representations inhibit the current WM processing and decrease WM capacity. This inhibitory effect is not affected by the length of encoding time. It implies that the reason for the increase of WM load by associative memory may come from the disorder of attention distribution.

Key words: long-term memory, working memory, associative memory, alpha power

中图分类号:

B842

张引, 梁腾飞, 叶超雄, 刘强. (2020). 长时联结表征对工作记忆的抑制效应. 心理学报, 52(5), 562-571.

ZHANG Yin, LIANG Tengfei, YE Chaoxiong, LIU Qiang. (2020). The inhibitory effect of long-term associative representation on working memory. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(5), 562-571.

图/表 5

图1 实验1中联结、独立两种条件流程图。记忆阵列可能呈现500 ms或1000 ms。

图2 实验1结果。记忆阵列呈现时间为500 ms与1000 ms时, 联结、独立两种条件下的正确率(左)与K值(右)。

图3 实验2的条件与流程图。

图4 实验2行为结果图。记忆项目数为2、4、6项时, 联结、独立两种条件下的正确率(左)与记忆项目数为4、6时, 联结、独立两种条件下的记忆容量K值。

图5 实验2结果。不同实验条件下, 总平均时频谱图(上行)。Alpha震荡时程图及头皮地形分布图(中行), 编码阶段横坐标用橙色条形标注, 维持阶段横坐标用红色条形标注。记忆项目数为2、4、6项时, 联结、独立两种条件在记忆编码阶段(左下)与维持阶段(右下)的alpha震荡值。** p < 0.01, NS p > 0.05。

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