积极总是好的吗?积极元刻板印象对工作记忆的影响及其机制

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.01344

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往关于元刻板印象的研究集中于消极视角, 而对积极元刻板印象如何影响认知加工缺乏相应探讨。本研究采用N-back任务, 选取农村大学生为被试, 通过3个实验考察积极元刻板印象激活对工作记忆的影响及其机制。结果表明, 在工作记忆高难度任务(2-back)中, 积极元刻板印象激活会导致更低的正确率, 趋近动机在其中起中介作用, 核心自我评价起调节作用, 即积极元刻板印象激活会通过增加趋近动机, 降低高难度任务的正确率, 且这一效应仅存在于高核心自我评价者中。本研究将积极元刻板印象窒息效应拓展到认知加工领域, 并且揭示了窒息效应的内在机制。

关键词: 积极元刻板印象, 窒息效应, 工作记忆, 趋近动机, 核心自我评价

Abstract:

Meta-stereotypes are ingroup beliefs regarding the stereotypes that outgroup members hold about the ingroup members. Studies on meta-stereotypes have been conducted with a focus from the negative perspective of it. In comparison, positive meta-stereotypes can have either a boost effect or a choking effect. However, there is a lack of discussion on them, especially in cognitive processing. As the core of cognitive processing, working memory influences many aspects of information processing. Based on the positive meta-stereotypes effect, this study investigates the relationship between positive meta-stereotypes and working memory, as well as their underlying mechanisms.

Approach motivation may be closely related to positive meta-stereotypes and working memory. When positive meta-stereotypes are activated, individuals tend to increase approach motivation to prove that they have reached the expectations of others. In addition, approach motivation is an essential factor affecting working memory. The stronger the approach motivation is, the worse the working memory performance will be. However, approach motivation’s role in the relationship between positive meta-stereotypes and working memory remains unknown. Therefore, this study clarifies the relationship between positive meta-stereotypes and working memory and reveals approach motivation’s mediating role in the association between positive meta-stereotypes and working memory.

Core self-evaluations refers to the essential evaluation of an individual’s ability and value, which may be a potential moderating variable of the meta-stereotypes effect. According to the Theory of Resource Conservation, core self-evaluations alleviates the harmful influence of external pressure on individuals. Individuals with high core self-evaluations have more resources to combat the adverse impact of pressure after positive meta-stereotypes are activated. To be more specific, when positive meta-stereotypes are activated, low core self-evaluators will experience stress, reducing working memory performance.

The current study comprised three experiments. Experiment 1 aimed to explore the relationship between meta-stereotypes and working memory in college students from rural areas. All participants were randomly assigned to positive meta-stereotypes activation or control conditions. They then completed meta-stereotypes manipulation examination and N-back task. Compared with the control group, the positive meta-stereotypes activation group had a lower working memory accuracy under difficult task conditions. Experiment 2 examined the mediating effect of approach motivation. All participants were randomly assigned to positive meta-stereotypes activation or control conditions. Subsequently, they completed meta-stereotypes manipulation examination, approach motivation measurement and N-back task. The results of Experiment 1 were replicated as approach motivation played a mediating role. Finally, Experiment 3 explored the moderating effect of core self- evaluations. The participants completed core self-evaluations measures and the same measurement as Experiment 2. The results replicated the findings of Experiment 2 and found that core self-evaluations played a moderator. The working memory accuracy of the participants with high core self-evaluations decreased in the difficult task (2-back). The research results support the “stress vulnerability hypothesis”.

This study enriches the previous research on meta-stereotypes and its mechanisms on working memory. These findings have theoretical value concerning meta-stereotypes effect and practical value in alleviating the harmful effects of positive meta-stereotypes.

Key words: positive meta-stereotypes, choking effect, working memory, approach motivation, core self-evaluations

中图分类号:

B849: C91

董天天, 徐璐璐, 贺雯. (2023). 积极总是好的吗?积极元刻板印象对工作记忆的影响及其机制. 心理学报, 55(8), 1344-1357.

DONG Tiantian, XU Lulu, HE Wen. (2023). Is positivity always beneficial? The effect of positive meta-stereotypes on working memory and their mechanism. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(8), 1344-1357.

图/表 5

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变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 激活类型	1
2 趋近动机	0.25^*	1
3 低难度任务下正确率	0.04	0.04	1
4 中难度任务下正确率	−0.17	−0.06	0.05	1
5 高难度任务下正确率	−0.30^**	−0.32^**	−0.12	0.14	1
6 低难度任务下反应时	0.04	0.19	0.06	0.14	−0.18	1
7 中难度任务下反应时	0.02	0.15	0.03	0.02	−0.21	0.64^**	1
8 高难度任务下反应时	−0.14	−0.14	0.03	0.22^*	0.15	0.25^*	0.32^**	1

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1 激活类型	1
2 趋近动机	0.25^*	1
3 低难度任务下正确率	0.04	0.04	1
4 中难度任务下正确率	−0.17	−0.06	0.05	1
5 高难度任务下正确率	−0.30^**	−0.32^**	−0.12	0.14	1
6 低难度任务下反应时	0.04	0.19	0.06	0.14	−0.18	1
7 中难度任务下反应时	0.02	0.15	0.03	0.02	−0.21	0.64^**	1
8 高难度任务下反应时	−0.14	−0.14	0.03	0.22^*	0.15	0.25^*	0.32^**	1

结果变量	预测变量	整体拟合指标		回归系数显著性
结果变量	预测变量	R²	F	β	t
趋近动机	积极元刻板印象激活	0.06	5.07^*	0.47	2.25^*
高难度任务正确率		0.30	8.50^***
	趋近动机			−0.24	−2.33^*
	积极元刻板印象激活			−0.45	−2.31^*
	核心自我评价			0.06	0.42
	积极元刻板印象激活×核心自我评价			−0.52	−2.71^**

结果变量	预测变量	整体拟合指标		回归系数显著性
结果变量	预测变量	R²	F	β	t
趋近动机	积极元刻板印象激活	0.06	5.07^*	0.47	2.25^*
高难度任务正确率		0.30	8.50^***
	趋近动机			−0.24	−2.33^*
	积极元刻板印象激活			−0.45	−2.31^*
	核心自我评价			0.06	0.42
	积极元刻板印象激活×核心自我评价			−0.52	−2.71^**