内外奖励和情境线索稳定性对志愿服务行为习惯的交互影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.0534

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

志愿服务对于社会治理具有重要价值。以往研究强调通过增强动机或角色认同去促进志愿服务参与, 却忽视了习惯在志愿服务行为中的作用。并且, 内外奖励和情境线索稳定性与志愿服务行为习惯之间的关系机制尚不清楚。因此, 采用深度访谈和问卷调查, 设计3个子研究, 探讨内外奖励和情境线索稳定性对志愿服务行为习惯的影响。结果发现, 内在奖励(包括意义感、快乐感和自我价值感)、外在奖励(包括荣誉奖励、物质奖励和社会支持与认可)和情境线索稳定性(包括时间、地点、活动类型、人际和情绪状态稳定性)显著正向预测志愿服务行为习惯; 内外奖励与情境线索稳定性对志愿服务行为习惯具有交互效应, 即当情境线索稳定性更低时, 内在或外在奖励对志愿服务行为习惯的正向预测作用更强。这表明, 内外奖励和情境线索稳定性是志愿服务行为习惯的重要促进因素且交互影响着志愿服务行为习惯。

关键词: 志愿服务行为习惯, 内在奖励, 外在奖励, 情境线索稳定性, 志愿者

Abstract:

Volunteering is a typical form of prosocial behavior in which individuals devote their time, energy, and skills to benefit others and society. Volunteering plays a vital role in enhancing volunteers’ individual well-being and mental health, strengthening community governance, promoting social cohesion, fostering economic development, and advancing societal progress. Despite these well-documented benefits, China’s volunteering sector continues to face several practical challenges, including low public willingness to participate, limited sustainability of engagement, and high volunteer turnover rates. Thus, there is a crucial need to identify factors that can promote long-term and sustainable volunteer participation. Studies to date have primarily focused on enhancing volunteers’ motivation and role identity. In contrast, the role of habit formation in sustaining volunteering has received relatively little scholarly attention. Moreover, the relationships linking intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, context stability, and volunteering habits remain insufficiently understood. To address these gaps, three studies were conducted to systematically examine how intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and context stability influence volunteering habits.

In Study 1, data were collected using semi-structured interviews with 25 volunteers who exhibited strong volunteering habits. Thematic analysis identified three types of intrinsic rewards (meaningfulness, happiness, and self-worth) and three types of extrinsic rewards (honorary rewards, material rewards, and social support and recognition). In addition, five forms of context stability (time, place, activity type, people, and mood) were identified as well. These factors may be potential predictors of volunteering habits.

Study 2 built on these qualitative findings through the development of quantitative measures of intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, and context stability. A total of 1, 572 community volunteers and 853 student volunteers were surveyed using these scales and the Self-Report Habit Index for Volunteering. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, and context stability significantly and positively predicted the strength of volunteering habits. Furthermore, a significant interaction between intrinsic rewards and context stability was found, such that when context stability was low, the positive effect of intrinsic rewards on volunteering habits became stronger. In contrast, the interaction between extrinsic rewards and context stability was not significant. These patterns were consistent across both community and student volunteer samples.

To complement the cross-sectional nature of Study 2, Study 3 adopted a longitudinal design in which three waves of data were collected, separated by three-month intervals, from 623 volunteers. Cross-lagged panel modeling revealed that intrinsic rewards at Time 1 (T1) significantly predicted volunteering habits at Time 2 (T2), whereas extrinsic rewards at T1 only marginally predicted volunteering habits at T2, and context stability at T1 did not significantly predict volunteering habits at T2. Similarly, intrinsic rewards at T2 significantly predicted volunteering habits at Time 3 (T3), whereas extrinsic rewards and context stability at T2 did not exhibit significant predictive effects on volunteering habits at T3. Furthermore, the interaction between intrinsic rewards and context stability at T2 was significant, while the interaction between extrinsic rewards and context stability at T2 was only marginally significant. Specifically, when context stability at T2 was low, the positive effects of either intrinsic or extrinsic rewards at T2 on volunteering habits at T3 became stronger.

In conclusion, intrinsic rewards (meaningfulness, happiness, and self-worth), extrinsic rewards (honorary rewards, material rewards, and social support and recognition), and context stability (time, place, activity type, people, and mood stabilities) emerged as key factors that enhance the strength of volunteering habits. Of these factors, intrinsic rewards were the most stable and robust predictors. Moreover, both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards interacted with context stability to predict volunteering habits, indicating that rewards exert stronger effects when the volunteering context is less stable. These findings offer valuable practical implications for sustaining long-term volunteer engagement. For temporary or emergency volunteer activities (e.g., natural disaster relief and large-scale social events) when service time and location are unstable and consistent contextual cues are lacking, it becomes particularly important to provide diverse forms of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards (such as honorary recognition, material subsidies, or social acknowledgment). Such incentives can enhance volunteers’ willingness to participate, encourage their repeated engagement, and ultimately facilitate the formation of volunteering habits. At the theoretical level, these results extend habit theory to the volunteering domain and offer new insights into how reward structures and contextual features can jointly facilitate the maintenance of prosocial behaviors.

Key words: volunteering habits, intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, context stability, volunteers

中图分类号:

B849: C91

屈国梁, 鞠恩霞, 薛一宁, 陈煦海, 罗扬眉. (2026). 内外奖励和情境线索稳定性对志愿服务行为习惯的交互影响. 心理学报, 58(3), 534-557.

QU Guoliang, JU Enxia, XUE Yining, CHEN Xuhai, LUO Yangmei. (2026). The interactive effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and context stability on volunteers’ volunteering habits. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(3), 534-557.

图/表 16

参考文献 65

[1]	Braun V., & Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa URL
[2]	Cheung G. W., & Rensvold R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233-255. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 URL
[3]	Chi C. G., Chi O. H., Xu X., & Kennedy I. (2022). Narrowing the intention-behavior gap: The impact of hotel green certification. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103305. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103305 URL
[4]	Cox K. S. (2010). Elevation predicts domain-specific volunteerism 3 months later. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5), 333-341. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2010.507468 URL
[5]	Creswell J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
[6]	Dallmeyer S., Breuer C., & Feiler S. (2024). To pay or not to pay? The effects of monetary compensation on volunteers in sports clubs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 53(5), 1181-1204. doi: 10.1177/08997640231210456 URL
[7]	Di Maio S., Keller J., Kwasnicka D., Knoll N., Sichert L., & Fleig L. (2022). What helps to form a healthy nutrition habit? Daily associations of intrinsic reward, anticipated regret, and self-efficacy with automaticity. Appetite, 175, 106083.
[8]	Du L., & Li D. (2020). Mechanisms and strategies for cultivating behavioral habits within the field of public policy. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(7), 1209-1218. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01209
	[杜立婷, 李东进. (2020). 公共政策情境中行为习惯的形成机制与培养策略. 心理科学进展, 28(7), 1209-1218.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01209
[9]	Fracchia M., Molina-Millán T., & Vicente P. C. (2023). Motivating volunteer health workers in an African capital city. Journal of Development Economics, 163, 103096. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103096 URL
[10]	Furman C. R., Volz S. C., & Rothman A. J. (2023). Contextual disruption and exercise: Mapping changes to exercise routines and engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology & Health, 38(9), 1215-1233.
[11]	Galla B. M., & Duckworth A. L. (2015). More than resisting temptation: Beneficial habits mediate the relationship between self-control and positive life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(3), 508-525. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000026 pmid: 25643222
[12]	Gallus J. (2017). Fostering public good contributions with symbolic awards: A large-scale natural field experiment at Wikipedia. Management Science, 63(12), 3999-4015. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2016.2540 URL
[13]	Gardner B., Abraham C., Lally P., & de Bruijn G. J. (2012). Towards parsimony in habit measurement: Testing the convergent and predictive validity of an automaticity subscale of the Self-Report Habit Index. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 102.
[14]	Gardner B., & Lally P. (2018). Modelling habit formation and its determinants. In B. Verplanken (Ed.), The psychology of habit: Theory, mechanisms, change, and contexts (pp. 207-229). Berlin, Germany: Springer International Publishing.
[15]	Gardner B., Lally P., & Rebar A. L. (2020). Does habit weaken the relationship between intention and behaviour? Revisiting the habit-intention interaction hypothesis. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(8), e12553.
[16]	Gardner B., Rebar A. L., de Wit S., & Lally P. (2024). What is habit and how can it be used to change real-world behaviour? Narrowing the theory-reality gap. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 18(6), e12975.
[17]	Gardner B., Rebar A. L., & Lally P. (2022). How does habit form? Guidelines for tracking real-world habit formation. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2041277.
[18]	Gelman A., & Stern H. (2006). The difference between “significant” and “not significant” is not itself statistically significant. The American Statistician, 60(4), 328-331. doi: 10.1198/000313006X152649 URL
[19]	Gibson L. P., Magnan R. E., Kramer E. B., & Bryan A. D. (2021). Theory of planned behavior analysis of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focusing on the intention-behavior gap. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(8), 805-812. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaab041 pmid: 34228112
[20]	Grant A. M., & Gino F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946-955. doi: 10.1037/a0017935 pmid: 20515249
[21]	Guest G., Bunce A., & Johnson L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82. doi: 10.1177/1525822X05279903 URL
[22]	Hamaker E. L., Kuiper R. M., & Grasman R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102-116. doi: 10.1037/a0038889 pmid: 25822208
[23]	He J., Cai X., Li G., Zou X., & Morrison A. M. (2024). Volunteering and pro-environmental behavior: The relationships of meaningfulness and emotions in protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 32(2), 304-321. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2022.2141249 URL
[24]	He Z., & Qi C. (2020). Why do volunteers offer service continuously?--An empirical analysis based on the ecological systems model. Youth Exploration, (6), 59-70.
	[贺志峰, 齐从鹏. (2020). 志愿者为何愿意持续提供服务?——基于生态系统模型的实证分析. 青年探索, (6), 59-70.]
[25]	Huang H., Shi J., Ma H., Chen X., & Luo Y. (2024). Are monetary gifts negatively labeled? Material benefits and prosocial motivation evaluation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 164(5), 736-754. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2160692 URL
[26]	Hu L. T., & Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118 URL
[27]	Jiang D., Warner L. M., Chong, A. M. L., Li T., Wolff J. K., & Chou K. L. (2021). Benefits of volunteering on psychological well-being in older adulthood: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Aging & Mental Health, 25(4), 641-649. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1711862 URL
[28]	Judah G., Gardner B., Kenward M. G., DeStavola B., & Aunger R. (2018). Exploratory study of the impact of perceived reward on habit formation. BMC Psychology, 6(1), 62.
[29]	Kaushal N., & Rhodes R. E. (2015). Exercise habit formation in new gym members: A longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(4), 652-663. doi: 10.1007/s10865-015-9640-7 pmid: 25851609
[30]	Kilb M., & Labudek S. (2022). Effects of behavioral performance, intrinsic reward value, and context stability on the formation of a higher-order nutrition habit: An intensive longitudinal diary study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19, 105. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01343-8 pmid: 35962435
[31]	Kim B., Lee E., & Jo S. H. (2023). The effects of extrinsic reward that affect a user’s continuous intention to use a fitness application. Informatics for Health and Social Care, 48(2), 153-164. doi: 10.1080/17538157.2022.2086463 URL
[32]	Lally P., & Gardner B. (2013). Promoting habit formation. Health Psychology Review, 7(sup1), S137-S158. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2011.603640 URL
[33]	Lally P., Van Jaarsveld C. H., Potts H. W., & Wardle J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998-1009. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.v40:6 URL
[34]	Landis J. R., & Koch G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. pmid: 843571
[35]	Lawton R.N., Gramatki I., Watt W., & Fujiwara D. (2021). Does volunteering make us happier, or are happier people more likely to volunteer? Addressing the problem of reverse causality when estimating the wellbeing impacts of volunteering. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 599-624. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00242-8
[36]	Lee H. W., Bradburn J., Johnson R. E., Lin S. H. J., & Chang C. H. D. (2019). The benefits of receiving gratitude for helpers: A daily investigation of proactive and reactive helping at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(2), 197-213. doi: 10.1037/apl0000346 pmid: 30179021
[37]	Ma J., Wang K., & Thompson J. K. (2023). Translation and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4) in college students. Body Image, 45, 172-182. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.02.011 pmid: 36934561
[38]	McCloskey K., & Johnson B. T. (2019). Habits, quick and easy: Perceived complexity moderates the associations of contextual stability and rewards with behavioral automaticity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1556. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01556 pmid: 31396122
[39]	McCloskey K., & Johnson B. T. (2021). You are what you repeatedly do: Links between personality and habit. Personality and Individual Differences, 181, 111000. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111000 URL
[40]	Mitchell M. S., Orstad S. L., Biswas A., Oh P. I., Jay M., Pakosh M. T., & Faulkner G. (2020). Financial incentives for physical activity in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(21), 1259-1268. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100633 pmid: 31092399
[41]	Mullan B., Liddelow C., Charlesworth J., Slabbert A., Allom V., Harris C.,... Kothe E. (2021). Investigating mechanisms for recruiting and retaining volunteers: The role of habit strength and planning in volunteering engagement. The Journal of Social Psychology, 161(3), 363-378. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1845113 URL
[42]	Nowell L. S., Norris J. M., White D. E., & Moules N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1609406917733847.
[43]	Okun M., Infurna, F. J., & Hutchinson I. (2016). Are volunteer satisfaction and enjoyment related to cessation of volunteering by older adults? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(3), 439-444.
[44]	Parsons S., Kruijt A.-W., & Fox E. (2019). Psychological science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive-behavioral measurements. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(4), 378-395. doi: 10.1177/2515245919879695 URL
[45]	Pimm R., Vandelanotte C., Rhodes R. E., Short C., Duncan M. J., & Rebar A. L. (2016). Cue consistency associated with physical activity automaticity and behavior. Behavioral Medicine, 42(4), 248-253. doi: 10.1080/08964289.2015.1017549 pmid: 25864705
[46]	Qu G., Ju E., Qin G., Chen X., & Luo Y. (2024). Profiles of volunteers’ motivations and positive experiences relate to their sustained volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 34(1), e2748.
[47]	Qu G., Zhang Z., Ju E., Chen X., & Luo Y. (2025). The power of habit: Maintaining volunteer engagement despite an intention to quit. Manuscript submitted for publication.
[48]	Rosenberg M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
[49]	Schnauber-Stockmann A., & Naab T. K. (2019). The process of forming a mobile media habit: Results of a longitudinal study in a real-world setting. Media Psychology, 22(5), 714-742. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2018.1513850
[50]	Steger M. F., Frazier P., Oishi S., & Kaler M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 URL
[51]	Stirling F. J., Monteux S., & Stoll M. (2023). Receiving thank you letters in inpatient child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): A qualitative study of nurse’s experiences. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 30(4), 709-718. doi: 10.1111/jpm.v30.4 URL
[52]	Traeger C., Alfes K., & Fürstenberg N. (2023). Perceived organizational support and volunteer outcomes: Evidence from a German environmental nonprofit organization. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(3), 763-786. doi: 10.1177/08997640221103292 URL
[53]	Verplanken B., & Orbell S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(6), 1313-1330. doi: 10.1111/jasp.2003.33.issue-6 URL
[54]	Verplanken B., & Orbell S. (2022). Attitudes, habits, and behavior change. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 327-352. doi: 10.1146/psych.2022.73.issue-1 URL
[55]	Wakefield J. R. H., Bowe M., & Kellezi B. (2022). Who helps and why? A longitudinal exploration of volunteer role identity, between-group closeness, and community identification as predictors of coordinated helping during the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 907-923. doi: 10.1111/bjso.12523 pmid: 35122285
[56]	Wang J., Wang X., & Jiang B. (2011). Structural equation models: Methods and applications. Beijing, China: Higher Education Press.
	[王济川, 王小倩, 姜宝法. (2011). 结构方程模型:方法与应用. 北京: 高等教育出版社.]
[57]	Wood W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389-403. doi: 10.1177/1088868317720362 pmid: 28737111
[58]	Wood W. (2024). Habits, goals, and effective behavior change. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 33(4), 226-232. doi: 10.1177/09637214241246480 URL
[59]	Xu H. (2018). Qualitative research of stress and coping in young volunteers who help children living with HIV. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 32(10), 862-868.
	[徐华女. (2018). 帮助HIV感染儿童的青年志愿者压力与应对的定性研究. 中国心理卫生杂志, 32(10), 862-868.]
[60]	Xu H., & Zhong N. (2019). The initial motivation of young volunteers who provide services for children living with HIV. Chinese Social Psychological Review, (2), 145-170+ 222-223.
	[徐华女, 钟年. (2019). 青年志愿者帮助HIV感染儿童的初始动机. 中国社会心理学评论, (2), 145-170+222-223.]
[61]	Zhang Y. (2022). Report on the development of voluntary services in China (2021-2022). Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press.
	[张翼. (2022). 中国志愿服务发展报告 (2021-2022). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社.]
[62]	Zhao Y. (2022). Multiple effects of incentives for volunteering behavior: A mixed methods study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou.
	[赵一星. (2022). 志愿服务行为激励机制多重效应:一项混合方法研究 (博士学位论文). 浙江大学, 杭州.]
[63]	Zheng S., Zhang L., Cao S., & Yao M. (2020). Volunteer motivation and sustained volunteering: The moderating effect of prosocial personality. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 157-162.
	[郑爽, 张骊凡, 曹仕涛, 姚梅林. (2020). 志愿服务动机与志愿服务持续性的关系: 亲社会人格的调节作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 28(1), 157-162.]
[64]	Zhou H., & Long L. R. (2004). Statistical remedies for common method biases. Advances in Psychological Science, 12(6), 942-950.
	[周浩, 龙立荣. (2004). 共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法. 心理科学进展, 12(6), 942-950.]
[65]	Zhou X., Tang J., Zhao Y., & Wang T. (2020). Effects of feedback design and dispositional goal orientations on volunteer performance in citizen science projects. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106266. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106266 URL

主题	子主题	Kappa	编码关键词句
内在奖励	意义感	0.91	有意义的、正确的
	快乐感	0.84	快乐、开心、愉悦、舒服
	自我价值感	0.82	自我价值、被需要、有用的、有帮助的、有价值的
外在奖励	荣誉奖励	0.79	荣誉称号、荣誉证书、奖牌、勋章、徽章、纪念品
	物质奖励	0.79	米、面、油、钱、学分、补贴、交通餐饮补助
	社会支持与认可	0.71	他人的认可、被肯定、被尊重、被赞赏、跟我说谢谢、支持我
情境线索稳定性	时间线索稳定性	0.69	周末、海洋日、寒暑假、放假的时候
	地点线索稳定性	0.93	特定的点、固定去一个社区、考虑通勤时间
	活动类型稳定性	0.67	固定做几种类型的志愿服务、匹配自己的兴趣、爱好、能力
	人际线索稳定性	0.72	可以相互帮忙、志愿搭子、一起去做
	情绪状态稳定性	0.69	调整心态、饱满的精神状态、面带微笑

主题	子主题	Kappa	编码关键词句
内在奖励	意义感	0.91	有意义的、正确的
	快乐感	0.84	快乐、开心、愉悦、舒服
	自我价值感	0.82	自我价值、被需要、有用的、有帮助的、有价值的
外在奖励	荣誉奖励	0.79	荣誉称号、荣誉证书、奖牌、勋章、徽章、纪念品
	物质奖励	0.79	米、面、油、钱、学分、补贴、交通餐饮补助
	社会支持与认可	0.71	他人的认可、被肯定、被尊重、被赞赏、跟我说谢谢、支持我
情境线索稳定性	时间线索稳定性	0.69	周末、海洋日、寒暑假、放假的时候
	地点线索稳定性	0.93	特定的点、固定去一个社区、考虑通勤时间
	活动类型稳定性	0.67	固定做几种类型的志愿服务、匹配自己的兴趣、爱好、能力
	人际线索稳定性	0.72	可以相互帮忙、志愿搭子、一起去做
	情绪状态稳定性	0.69	调整心态、饱满的精神状态、面带微笑

变量名	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. 性别	1	0.04	0.01	−0.08^**	0.04	0.06^*	−0.02	−0.01
2. 年龄	−0.14^***	1	−0.07^**	−0.53^***	0.17^***	0.14^***	−0.03	0.04
3. 受教育程度	−0.03	0.40^***	1	0.04	0.07^**	0.03	0.07^**	−0.07^**
4. 婚姻状况	0.08^*	−0.19^***	0.04	1	−0.17^***	−0.06^*	−0.02	−0.07^*
5. 习惯强度	0.00	−0.12^***	0.04	−0.03	1	0.55^***	0.46^***	0.43^***
6. 内在奖励	0.05	−0.05	−0.01	0.09**	0.52^***	1	0.37^***	0.32^***
7. 外在奖励	−0.10^**	0.07^*	0.02	0.01	0.50^***	0.47^***	1	0.43^***
8. 情境线索稳定性	−0.05	0.06	−0.02	0.02	0.42^***	0.33^***	0.39^***	1
M_社会人士 (SD)	−	28.62 (5.81)	−	−	5.40 (0.80)	6.21 (0.70)	5.28 (0.91)	5.39 (1.05)
M_学生 (SD)	−	21.09 (2.06)	−	−	5.18 (0.79)	6.12 (0.70)	5.34 (0.89)	5.35 (0.96)

变量名	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. 性别	1	0.04	0.01	−0.08^**	0.04	0.06^*	−0.02	−0.01
2. 年龄	−0.14^***	1	−0.07^**	−0.53^***	0.17^***	0.14^***	−0.03	0.04
3. 受教育程度	−0.03	0.40^***	1	0.04	0.07^**	0.03	0.07^**	−0.07^**
4. 婚姻状况	0.08^*	−0.19^***	0.04	1	−0.17^***	−0.06^*	−0.02	−0.07^*
5. 习惯强度	0.00	−0.12^***	0.04	−0.03	1	0.55^***	0.46^***	0.43^***
6. 内在奖励	0.05	−0.05	−0.01	0.09**	0.52^***	1	0.37^***	0.32^***
7. 外在奖励	−0.10^**	0.07^*	0.02	0.01	0.50^***	0.47^***	1	0.43^***
8. 情境线索稳定性	−0.05	0.06	−0.02	0.02	0.42^***	0.33^***	0.39^***	1
M_社会人士 (SD)	−	28.62 (5.81)	−	−	5.40 (0.80)	6.21 (0.70)	5.28 (0.91)	5.39 (1.05)
M_学生 (SD)	−	21.09 (2.06)	−	−	5.18 (0.79)	6.12 (0.70)	5.34 (0.89)	5.35 (0.96)

变量	习惯强度
	社会人士：模型a (R² = 0.43)				学生：模型b (R² = 0.40)				路径系数多组比较
	β	SE	p	95% CI	β	SE	p	95% CI	χ²	df	p
1. 性别	0.01	0.02	0.479	[−0.02, 0.05]	0.04	0.03	0.169	[−0.02, 0.09]
2. 年龄	0.07	0.02	0.004	[0.02, 0.12]	0.10	0.03	0.001	[0.04, 0.15]
3. 受教育程度	0.06	0.02	0.001	[0.03, 0.10]	0.01	0.03	0.664	[−0.04, 0.07]
4. 婚姻状况	−0.09	0.02	<0.001	[−0.13, −0.04]	−0.05	0.03	0.051	[−0.11, 0.00]
5. 内在奖励	0.38	0.02	<0.001	[0.34, 0.42]	0.35	0.03	<0.001	[0.29, 0.41]	1.10	1	0.294
6. 外在奖励	0.22	0.02	<0.001	[0.18, 0.27]	0.25	0.03	<0.001	[0.19, 0.31]	0.58	1	0.445
7. 情境线索稳定性	0.21	0.02	<0.001	[0.16, 0.25]	0.20	0.03	<0.001	[0.14, 0.26]	0.03	1	0.866