分配意图与上行间接互惠：来自行为与ERP的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01788

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

上行间接互惠是推动人类大规模合作与社会秩序扩展的重要力量。现有文献存在两点不足: 一是忽略了上行间接互惠中人们到底是以什么作为评判善意与非善意的基准；二是大部分上行间接互惠文献未意识到“收入效应”这一竞争性假说。本文假设: 当人们得到高于社会均值的分配时, 真人分配条件下给第三方的金额会高于社会均值, 且比电脑分配条件下给第三方的金额更高; 当人们得到低于社会均值的分配时, 真人分配条件下给第三方的金额会低于社会均值, 且比电脑分配条件下给第三方的金额更低。研究采用两阶段独裁者博弈范式。行为和ERP结果均较好支持了本研究的假设。真人分配比电脑分配诱发更大的N1波幅; 低于社会均值的分配比高于社会均值的分配诱发更大的FRN; 在真人条件下, 接受低于社会均值的分配比高于社会均值的分配结果诱发更大的P3波幅。本结果支持了基于社会分配均值的上行间接互惠假说, 为该研究领域提供了新的理论基础和实验证据。

关键词: 上行间接互惠, 社会规范, 分配意图, 事件相关电位

Abstract:

Upstream indirect reciprocity, a widespread phenomenon observed both in real-world settings and controlled experimental environments, extends beyond conventional reciprocity systems and plays a crucial role in fostering large-scale human cooperation and maintaining social order. Although this social phenomenon has garnered significant scholarly attention, existing research remains insufficient in uncovering its underlying mechanisms. Previous studies typically use a two-stage dictator game to investigate upstream indirect reciprocity. According to meta-analyses of experimental literature on dictator games, dictators typically allocated 28% of the total to recipients, with allocations exceeding 50% being extremely rare (Engel, 2011). Surprisingly, most existing research considers equal distribution (where A allocates 50% to B) as the threshold for determining whether A has good intentions, despite lacking sufficient justification for this criterion. Different from prior work, we propose that individuals assess others’ intentions relative to the social mean as a reference point. Based on this premise, we hypothesize that when individuals receive an allocation above the social mean, they are more likely to pass on a value above the mean to third parties, whereas allocations below the mean will result in values passed below the mean. If individuals indeed pass on a higher or lower value based on whether they received above- or below-mean allocations, this result might also be explained by an alternative hypothesis: the income effect, where people give more when they have more resources. Therefore, this study investigates whether intention-based indirect reciprocity persists event after controlling for the income effect. We recruited 42 undergraduate participants for the experiment, which consists of two parts: a standard dictator game followed by an indirect reciprocity experiment. The second experiment employed a 2 (distribution below the social mean vs. above the social mean) × 2 (human allocation vs. computer allocation) within-subject design. The main experiment featured both a human allocation task and a computer allocation task, with task order counterbalanced among participants. Each task included 156 trials, for a total of 312 trials. The results show that both distribution outcomes and perceived intentions significantly influence upstream indirect reciprocity. Specifically, participants allocated more to third parties after receiving above-mean distributions from a human compared to a computer, while below-mean distributions from a human led to lower allocations than those from a computer. EEG data revealed that N1 components were modulated by perceived intention, with human allocations eliciting greater N1 responses. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) component was influenced by distribution outcomes, with below-mean distributions evoking larger FRN responses than above-mean distributions. Finally, the P3 component was regulated by the interaction between distribution outcome and intention.

Key words: upstream indirect reciprocity, social norms, intention, event-related potential

中图分类号:

B845
R395

王婷, 赵梁佛, 杨金朋, 张丹丹, 雷震. (2024). 分配意图与上行间接互惠：来自行为与ERP的证据. 心理学报, 56(12), 1788-1799.

WANG Ting, ZHAO Liangfo, YANG Jinpeng, ZHANG Dandan, LEI Zhen. (2024). Intention and upstream indirect reciprocity: Insights from behavioral and ERP evidence. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(12), 1788-1799.

图/表 5

图1 实验刺激材料。A, 单试次的真人分配间接互惠任务。B, 单试次的电脑分配间接互惠任务。为避免侵犯肖像权, 此处使用课题组成员的照片作为示例。

图2 行为结果。A, 标准独裁者博弈分配数值。B, 被试在接受到真人的低于社会均值分配和高于社会均值分配时, 分配给第三方的金额。C, 不同利他水平被试在接受到高(低)于社会均值的真人分配时, 分配给第三方的金额。图中横虚线代表本研究的社会均值2.548元。D, 被试在4个实验条件下的分配金额。图中的误差条代表标准误。小圆圈表示单个被试的数据。*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。

图3 N1的波形图、地形图和幅度值。波形图为PO5、PO6、PO7、PO8、O1和O2电极点的平均波幅。地形图为时间窗150~200 ms内的平均幅值。图中的误差条(error bar)代表标准误。小圆圈表示单个被试的数据。*p < 0.05。彩图见电子版。

图4 FRN的波形图、地形图和幅度值。波形图为Fz、F1、F2、F3、F4、FCz、FC1、FC2、FC3和FC4电极点的平均波幅。地形图为时间窗200~250 ms内的平均幅值。为更直观反映FRN的地形图分布, 此处为差值地形图: “低于社会均值条件”减去“高于社会均值条件”。***p < 0.001。

图5 P3的波形图、地形图和幅度值。波形图为Pz、P1、P2、P3、P4、CPz、CP1、CP2和POz电极点的平均波幅。地形图为时间窗300~600 ms内的平均幅值。***p < 0.001。

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