腹内侧前额叶在内隐认知重评中的因果作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00210

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

情绪调节对维持个体心理健康、适应社会生活十分重要, 然而以往研究主要关注外显情绪调节, 目前我们对内隐情绪调节的认知神经机制的了解还非常有限。为揭示内隐情绪调节的核心脑区, 本研究使用句子整理任务启动内隐认知重评, 并采用经颅直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS)激活内侧前额叶特别是腹内侧前额叶(ventromedial prefrontal cortex, vmPFC), 考察该脑区在内隐情绪调节中的因果作用。结果表明, vmPFC被激活的被试组(实验组, n = 40)在内隐认知重评启动条件下比tDCS伪刺激组(对照组, n = 40), 在观看负性图片时报告了更少的负性情绪, 同时负性图片诱发的晚正成分(late positive potential, LPP)波幅更低(LPP是情绪体验强度的客观指标)。同时, 实验组比对照组在观看负性图片时表现出更低的枕区P1波幅(P1为早期视觉注意程度的客观指标)。以上结果说明, 激活以vmPFC为代表的内侧前额叶不但能增强内隐情绪调节的效果, 还能减少被试对负性刺激的早期注意分配。本研究是采用tDCS技术考察启动引起的内隐情绪调节的首次尝试, 研究结果不但表明了以vmPFC为代表的内侧前额叶在内隐认知重评中的关键作用, 还为临床应用研究指出了增强内隐情绪调节能力的神经调控潜在靶点。

关键词: 腹内侧前额叶, 内隐情绪调节, 经颅直流电刺激, 启动, 认知重评

Abstract:

Emotion regulation is crucial to mental health and social life. Traditional view conceived emotion regulation as a deliberative process. However, there is growing evidence that emotion regulation can implement at an implicit level without or with limited involvement of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) that is responsible for cognitive control. Unlike explicit emotion regulation, we have few knowledge on the neural mechanisms underlying implicit emotion regulation. Here, we investigated the effect of excitatory the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to provide causal evidence for the key role of the vmPFC in implicit emotion regulation.
This study had a mixed design, with group (anodal vs. sham) as the between-subject factor and priming type (reappraisal vs. baseline) as the within-subject factor. A total of 80 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to the anodal group and the sham tDCS group. The task was divided into two blocks, i.e., the implicit reappraisal block and the baseline block. The order of the two blocks was counterbalanced within the participants in each group. At the beginning of each block, participants were required to complete a tDCS session (1.5 mA; 10 min for the active group and 1 min for the sham group). The anodal electrode was placed in the middle of Fz and Fpz and the ground electrode was placed under the chin). Then, participants completed six sessions of sentence unscramble task (10 trials per session) to prime the emotion regulation goal. Each session of the sentence unscramble task was followed by a picture viewing task (5 trials) to evoke negative emotions. The self-reported emotion rating and EEG signals were recorded during the picture viewing task. Half an hour after the end of the picture viewing task, participants were asked to rate the valence (1 = very unpleasant; 9 = very pleasant) of all viewed images in the picture viewing task.
The results showed that the experimental group (n = 40) reported lower negative emotional experience and showed lower LPP amplitudes (measured as the average amplitude of Pz P3, P4, CP1, CP2) when the vmPFC was activated in the cognitive reappraisal block compared to the control group (n = 40), indicating that excitatory vmPFC could effectively facilitate the ability of implicit emotion regulation. Furthermore, we also found that excitatory vmPFC can reduce the P1 amplitude (measured as the average amplitude of O1, O2) under both baseline and reappraisal conditions.
The above results indicated that activating the vmPFC could not only facilitate implicit emotion regulation but also reduce early attention distribution to negative stimuli. This study is the first attempt to use the tDCS technique to investigate priming-induced implicit emotion regulation. The results directly reveal the causal relationship between the vmPFC and implicit cognitive reappraisal, suggesting this brain region as a potential target of neural modulation to enhance the ability of implicit emotion regulation in clinical populations.

Key words: ventromedial prefrontal cortex, implicit emotion regulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, priming, cognitive reappraisal

中图分类号:

B845
R395

高可翔, 张岳瑶, 李思瑾, 袁加锦, 李红, 张丹丹. (2023). 腹内侧前额叶在内隐认知重评中的因果作用. 心理学报, 55(2), 210-223.

GAO Kexiang, ZHANG Yueyao, LI Sijin, YUAN Jiajin, LI Hong, ZHANG Dandan. (2023). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays a critical role on implicit emotion regulation: A tDCS study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 55(2), 210-223.

图/表 7

表1 本研究两组被试的人口学特征

变量	伪刺激组(n = 40)	阳极刺激组(n = 40)	统计结果
年龄(岁)	20.15 ± 0.29	19.52 ± 0.30	t = 1.49, p = 0.139
性别(女/男)	20/20	20/20	χ² = 0.00, p = 1.000
抑郁(BDI-II)	5.58 ± 0.95	5.05 ± 0.85	t = 0.41, p = 0.681
特质焦虑(STAI-T)	40.25 ± 1.50	38.18 ± 1.35	t = 1.03, p = 0.306
认知重评使用频率(ERQ-R)	30.38 ± 0.65	30.65 ± 0.77	t = -0.27, p = 0.786

图1 实验过程。A, 任务流程图。B, 句子整理任务的材料示例。C, 图片浏览任务的单试次流程。

表2 两组被试对电流刺激的负性体验

变量	伪刺激组(n = 40)	阳极刺激组(n = 40)	统计结果
负性情绪程度(总体)	2.15 ± 0.22	2.62 ± 0.28	t = -1.32, p = 0.189
烦躁感	1.54 ± 0.16	1.79 ± 0.18	t = -1.03, p = 0.304
生理难受程度(总体)	2.10 ± 0.16	2.29 ± 0.26	t = -0.61, p = 0.545
灼烧感	2.02 ± 0.20	2.22 ± 0.26	t = -0.60, p = 0.550
眩晕恶心感	1.40 ± 0.15	1.56 ± 0.20	t = -0.65, p = 0.516
刺痛感	1.95 ± 0.21	2.61 ± 0.27	t = -1.84, p = 0.070
瘙痒感	2.18 ± 0.21	2.22 ± 0.19	t = -0.17, p = 0.862
舌部异味感	1.38 ± 0.18	1.75 ± 0.23	t = -1.26, p = 0.213
眼部闪烁感	1.52 ± 0.22	1.91 ± 0.22	t = -1.25, p = 0.214

图2 行为结果。A, 自我情绪评分。0~1计分：0分和1分分别代表极端负性和极端正性, 0.5分代表中性。B, 图片效价评分。9点计分：1分和9分分别代表极端负性和极端正性, 5分代表中性。图中的误差条(error bar)代表标准误。小圆圈表示单个被试的数据。C, 自我情绪评分与特质焦虑和抑郁得分的相关关系。为节省空间, 图中仅画出总体样本(n = 80)在重评启动条件下的相关。完整的相关结果见表3。小圆圈和小三角分别表示伪刺激组和阳极刺激组单个被试的数据。** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05。

表3 自我情绪评分与被试特质及LPP波幅的相关

考察变量	伪刺激组(n = 40)		阳极刺激组(n = 40)		总样本(n = 80)
考察变量	基线	重评启动	基线	重评启动	基线	重评启动
抑郁BDI-II	r = -0.29 p = 0.07	r = -0.28 p = 0.09	r = -0.13 p = 0.43	r = -0.16 p = 0.34	r = -0.21 p = 0.06	r = -0.23 p = 0.04
特质焦虑STAI-T	r = -0.35 p = 0.03	r = -0.38 p = 0.02	r = -0.33 p = 0.04	r = -0.35 p = 0.03	r = -0.34 p = 0.002	r = -0.380 p < 0.01
认知重评频率ERQ-R	r = 0.06 p = 0.72	r = 0.09 p = 0.57	r = -0.03 p = 0.86	r = 0.15 p = 0.37	r = 0.01 p = 0.93	r = 0.12 p = 0.28
晚正成分波幅LPP	r = -0.33 p = 0.04	r = -0.43 p = 0.01	r = -0.46 p < 0.01	r = -0.41 p = 0.01	r = -0.41 p < 0.01	r = -0.43 p < 0.01

图3 顶区晚正成分(LPP)。A, LPP平均波幅。图中的误差条(error bar)代表标准误。小圆圈表示单个被试的数据。B, 自我情绪评分与LPP平均波幅的相关。为节省空间, 图中仅画出总体样本(n = 80)在重评启动条件下的相关。完整的相关结果见表3。小圆圈和小三角分别表示伪刺激组和阳极刺激组单个被试的数据。*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01。C, LPP波形图和地形图。波形为Pz、P3、P4、CP1和CP2的平均波幅。地形图为时间窗1~5 s的平均值。

图4 枕区P1成分。A, P1平均波幅。图中的误差条(error bar)代表标准误。小圆圈表示单个被试的数据。* p < 0.05。B, P1波形图和地形图。该波形为O1、O2、P7和P8的平均波幅。地形图为时间窗100~150 ms的平均值。地形图中, 由于未发现启动的主效应, 合并“启动类型”的两个水平。

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