ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2): 224-236.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00224

• 研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

自我与他人视角的动态信息加工:一项行为振荡研究

孙楚, 耿海燕()   

  1. 北京大学心理与认知科学学院及行为与心理健康北京市重点实验室, 北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2022-02-17 发布日期:2022-11-10 出版日期:2023-02-25
  • 通讯作者: 耿海燕 E-mail:hygeng@pku.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目(32171053);国家自然科学基金资助项目(31671131)

Dynamic information processing under self and another’s perspectives: A behavioral oscillation study

SUN Chu, GENG Haiyan()   

  1. School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received:2022-02-17 Online:2022-11-10 Published:2023-02-25
  • Contact: GENG Haiyan E-mail:hygeng@pku.edu.cn

摘要:

为了实现流畅的社会互动, 个体需要同时加工自我与他人视角下的信息, 并能有效地区分二者。然而个体对自我与他人视角下的信息存在共享神经表征, 那么大脑是如何在同时完成自我与他人视角信息加工的前提下又不至于混淆二者的呢?本文通过创新性的、具有高时间分辨率的内隐视觉观点采择任务, 发现对于自我视角和他人视角下的信息加工存在频率约为1 Hz的行为振荡现象, 并且二者存在180°左右的相位差。这一结果说明在有他人在场的社会情景中, 自我视角与他人视角下的信息加工是一种具有周期性的交替优势的过程。

关键词: 内隐社会认知, 视觉观点采择, 自我视角, 他人视角, 行为振荡

Abstract:

Social interactions require individuals to take the perspectives of others and recognize that the views and beliefs of others are sometimes different from their own, these usually happen implicitly, concurrently with the processing of the self-perspective. Previous studies suggested that individuals obtain the mental state of others by imagining that they are in the body of others. This embodied experience when taking others’ perspective arises from the neural mechanisms of shared self and other representations. An interesting but unanswered question is, if self-processing shares neural representations with other-processing, how individuals simultaneously process the self and others’ perspectives in a social interaction. A possible hypothesis is that the brain processes these two types of information alternately and periodically, and when the alternation is fast enough, the two processes can appear to be simultaneous, and formulate behavioral oscillations, similar to that found in other cognitive processes such as attention and priming. Therefore, with three experiments, the current study explored whether there is a behavioral oscillation when individuals process information from the self-perspective and another person’s perspective.
This study adopted a novel face-orientation judgement task to detect spontaneous visual perspective taking (VPT) and its behavioral oscillations. In this task, A top view image of an agent was presented, followed shortly by a central face of different orientations, briefly presented also on the computer screen. Participants were asked to make a quick judgement on the orientation of the central face presented. The accuracy of the judgment was used as the indicator of the participants’ performance. Experiment 1 tested whether participants recognize better the upright faces under the perspective of the agent (i.e. another person), due to spontaneous VPT. Experiment 1 used a 2 (orientation of the agent) × 3 (orientation of the central face) within-subject design. The orientation of the agent had two levels: face to the central face and back to the central face. The orientation of the central face had three levels: an upright face under the self-perspective (US), an upright face under another’s perspective (UO), and a non-upright face under both the self- and other- perspectives (NB). Experiment 2 used two face orientations (US vs. UO) with the agent-face SOA, the elapsed time between the appearance of the agent and the face, ranging 0.2~1.2 s across 30 equidistant conditions to explore whether the participants’ face recognition showed behavioral oscillations over time. Experiment 3 extended the agent-face SOA (0.2~2.2 s) to observe the behavioral oscillation over a longer period time.
In Experiment 1, participants’ judgement was the best for the US faces, followed by the UO faces, and then the NB faces, all paired comparisons were significant. More important, the interaction between the orientation of the agent and the orientation of the central face was significant. When the agent faced to the central face, participants’ judgement was better for the UO faces compared to the NB faces; but when the agent was back to the central face, there was no significant difference between UO faces and NB faces. In Experiment 2, the Fourier transform and permutation tests showed that the accuracy rate of UO face as a function of agent-face SOA had an oscillation frequency of about 1 Hz. Paired t-tests on normalized curves found that the judgement of US faces was better than UO faces in the SOA of 0.2~0.5 s, but a revered pattern was found for the 0.7~1 s interval. In Experiment 3, by using the same statistical method as in Experiment 2, the results showed that both the accuracy rate of US faces and UO faces had an oscillation frequency of about 1 Hz. The distribution of the phase difference between the two curves of each participant in the range of 0.5~1.5 Hz did not follow a uniform distribution, but concentrated around 180 degree, indicating that the enhanced processing in another’s perspective is accompanied by the weakened processing in the self-perspective, and vice versa.
We found that individuals showed behavioral oscillations with a frequency of about 1 Hz when processing information in the self-perspective and another’s perspective. These results help us understand how individuals process information about themselves and others in social interactions: individuals will focus their cognitive resources only on one perspective at a time, rather than allocating between the two perspectives at the same time. Through the rapid switching between the two perspectives, the simultaneous processing of the two can be achieved, and the possible confusion caused by the shared-representation mechanism can be effectively avoided. To our knowledge, these findings demonstrate for the first-time evidence of behavioral oscillations in social cognition, further illustrating the pervasiveness of behavioral oscillations in cognitive processing.

Key words: implicit social cognition, visual perspective taking, self-perspective, others’ perspective, behavioral oscillation

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