科学发明情境中问题提出的脑机制再探

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01253

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以高生态学效度的科学发明问题情境作为实验材料, 采用静息态功能磁共振成像技术, 基于低频振幅(ALFF)和静息态功能连接(RSFC)的分析方法, 探讨创造性科学问题提出的脑机制。结果发现, 在控制了被试性别、年龄后, 提出新颖有效性问题的比率越高, 左内侧前额叶(Left media prefrontal cortex, L-mPFC)和右小脑前叶(Right cerebellum)的ALFF值越高。进一步功能连接分析发现, 提出新颖有效性问题的比率与mPFC和楔叶(Cuneus)之间的功能连接强度呈显著正相关。结果强调mPFC对于科学发明情境中问题提出的重要作用, 且更高比率的新颖有效性问题的提出是通过mPFC与其它脑区的协同联结来实现的。

关键词: 创造性, 科学发明问题提出, 内侧前额叶, 低频振幅, 功能连接

Abstract:

Creative thinking, which refers to the process by which individuals produce a unique, valuable product based on existing knowledge, experience, and multi-perspective thinking activities, is the cornerstone of human civilization and social progress. As an important part of the creative field, scientific inventions in particular require individuals to break the existing state and build new things in the process of creating them. Therefore, the use of real-life examples of scientific inventions to explore the cognitive neural mechanism of creative thinking has become a focus of recent research. There have been many studies of creative problem solving, especially regarding its neural mechanisms. However, less attention has been paid to the issue of problem finding. Hence, the present study employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and scientific invention problem-finding materials to identify the neural substrates of the process of scientific innovation problem finding.
In the present study, nine scientific innovation problem situations were selected as materials. Each problem consisted of three parts: (paradoxical) problem situation, (misleading) old problem, and heuristic prototype. The modified learning-testing paradigm was used to explore the brain mechanisms of problem finding. Participants were asked to find a new problem based on the given problem situation and old problem in the testing phase after learning all the heuristic prototypes in the learning phase. A total of 104 undergraduates (mean age = 19.26 ± 0.99) were enrolled in the final experiment. The rs-fMRI data were acquired using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence from a 3-T Siemens Magnetom Trio scanner (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) at the MRI center of Southwest University. We used both the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) to measure the local properties of rs-fMRI signals, and then investigated the relationship between ALFF/RSFC and individual differences in scientific problem finding.
After controlling for age and sex, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that individuals with a high rate of useful problems had higher spontaneous brain activity in the left medial prefrontal cortex (L-mPFC) and cerebellum. Functional connectivity analysis further found a significant positive correlation between the rate of useful problems and the mPFC-Cuneus functional connectivity.
Based on these results, we infer that: (1) The mPFC plays an important role in the process of scientific innovation problem finding. It might be responsive to two aspects: one involved in breaking the thinking set and forming novel association and another associated with the extraction and processing of working memory. (2) The cerebellum and the cuneus might be separately involved in the inter-semantic allocation of attentional resources and divulging.

Key words: creativity, scientific innovation problem finding, mPFC, AlFF, RSFC

中图分类号:

B842

童丹丹, 李文福, 禄鹏, 杨文静, 杨东, 张庆林, 邱江. (2020). 科学发明情境中问题提出的脑机制再探. 心理学报, 52(11), 1253-1265.

TONG DanDan, LI WenFu, LU Peng, YANG WenJing, YANG Dong, ZHANG QingLin, QIU Jiang. (2020). The neural basis of scientific innovation problem finding. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(11), 1253-1265.

图/表 5

图1 实验流程图

表1 创造性科学问题提出比率的平均数和标准差

测量指标	平均数	95% CI	标准差	最小值	最大值	得分范围
新颖性问题	0.89	0.86 ~ 0.91	0.14	0.11	1.00	0.89
有效性问题	0.33	0.28 ~ 0.38	0.26	0.00	0.89	0.89

表2 ALFF和新颖有效性问题提出比率显著相关的脑区

脑区	半球	MNI			t值 (最大点)	体素个数 (Voxels)	效应量 f ²
脑区	半球	X	Y	Z	t值 (最大点)	体素个数 (Voxels)	效应量 f ²
ALFF与新颖有效性问题提出比率显著正相关
腹内侧前额叶	左	-6	12	-18	3.51	74	0.19
小脑前叶	右	9	-42	-30	4.53	124	0.25

图2 ALFF值和新颖有效性问题提出比率显著相关的脑区。左图代表左侧腹内侧前额叶, 右侧小脑的ALFF值与新颖有效性问题提出比率的显著相关。右图表示将与新颖有效性问题提出比率有显著相关的大脑区域的ALFF值提取出来, 并与新颖有效性问题提出比率进行Pearson相关分析。

图3 与种子点组成的功能连接网络能够预测提出新颖有效性问题提出的脑区。左图表示以右内侧前额叶为种子点, 与新颖有效性问题提出比率显著正相关的连接为左侧楔叶, 右侧表示将与提出新颖有效性问题比率有显著相关的内侧额叶-楔叶功能连接值提取出来并与新颖有效性问题提出比率进行Pearson相关分析。

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