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Frontal EEG Laterality: An Index of the Capability of Emotion Regulation ZHANG Jing;ZHOU Ren-Lai 2010, 18 (11):  1679-1683.  Abstract ( 1910 )   PDF (643KB) ( 3553 )   The laterality of frontal EEG would be regarded as an index of the capability of emotion regulation. The present report reviewed literature based on the following findings: individuals with emotion disorder showed decreases in left frontal activity; individuals with high emotion regulation capability showed enhancement of left frontal activity; the EEG activity asymmetry of frontal predicated the risk of anxiety and depression; emotion regulation companied higher left frontal activity; bio-feedback training on increasing left frontal activity prompted emotion regulation. It suggested that future studies should provide findings that higher capability of emotion regulation would prompt left frontal activity, which could help to make a conclusion that the frontal EEG asymmetry serves as an index of the capability of emotion regulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The New Development of Mechanism of Visual Working Memory Capacity Based on New Models SHAN Xi-Jiao;LI Shou-Xin 2010, 18 (11):  1684-1691.  Abstract ( 1248 )   PDF (727KB) ( 2368 )   Based on the analysis of the Slot-Based Model and the Flexible Resource Model, three aspects of visual working memory capacity are still in argumentation: a) whether the resolution of the items in memory is variant or not; b)whether the resource allocation is conducted in a continuous fashion or in a quantized fashion; c)whether the unit of visual working memory is the object or the feature. In the end, this paper indicated the prospects in the research in future. The further research should include exploring the capacity unit, using new research method, and controlling the spatial factor. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on Cognitive Research of Music Meter OU-YANG Yue;DAI Zhi-Qiang 2010, 18 (11):  1692-1699.  Abstract ( 1305 )   PDF (765KB) ( 3512 )   Music meter contains much of information, and can be changed in different ways; therefore music meter processing is quite a complicated work. From the content point of view, the researches of music meter in neural cognitive filed abroad can be concluded as followed; how people process the violation of meter, the change of tempo speed, different types of meter and the differences between rhythm and meter. Up to now, the researches of music meter is still at the initial stage. The neural basis of time interval, tempo change, accent pattern should be made clear in future work. Then we can move forward to develop the processing mechanism of complicated meter, individual diversity of perceptibility and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship Between Cognitive and Brain Development in Children and Adolescents LI Yan-Wei;LI Yan-Fang 2010, 18 (11):  1700-1706.  Abstract ( 2291 )   PDF (659KB) ( 9523 )   Since the emergence of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, researchers have tried to use brain-image technologies, such as MRI, to gain a better understanding of the relationship between cognitive and brain development in children and adolescents. These studies shed new light on the respective and integrative role of physiological maturity and cognitive experience in brain development, and were helpful for us to understand the neural mechanism of different cognitive abilities in different developmental stages. This paper is an attempt to summarize the relationship between cognitive abilities and the development of structural brain, functional brain, and brain plasticity in children and adolescents, focusing specially on cognitive task-dependent changes in intelligence, working memory, and response inhibition. Based on this relationship, longitudinal design should be used in this field to investigate the role of natural maturation and experience in normal or abnormal children and adolescents, and to further the exploration of the role of practice and training in brain plasticity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship Between Judgments of Learning and Allocation of Study Time CHEN Jin-Huan;LIU Xue-Lan 2010, 18 (11):  1707-1715.  Abstract ( 1232 )   PDF (728KB) ( 2114 )   The relationship between judgments of learning and allocation of study time is an important issue in the study of metacognition. Studies on JOLs aims at revealing one’s own learning and memory activities in order to control the learning process effectively and allocate the study time reasonably, which is a typical example showing that metacognitive monitoring affects control processes. However, some researchers have found that the allocation of study time actually serves a dual function: It subserves a monitoring function as well as a control function. Therefore, based on its dual function, some studies on JOLs and the allocation of study time were reviewed, the relation models between them—— the MC Model (monitoring affects control hypothesis) and the CM Model (control affects monitoring hypothesis) were introduced in this paper; then two combinational dynamic models in which MC model and CM model interrelate and interact with each other were also discussed. Finally, the limitations of these models and new directions in future studies were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Freudian Repression : From the View of Neuropsychoanalysis WANG Shao-Kun 2010, 18 (11):  1716-1721.  Abstract ( 1140 )   PDF (655KB) ( 3100 )   Neuropsychoanalysis is an academic subject tries to combine neuroscience with psychoanalysis, although it is an emerging area, it has achieved fruitful research results during a short span of ten years since it was founded. And bring new life to psychoanalysis. The study of Freudian repression is the hotpot of neuropsychoanalysis. Neuroscientists try to prove that the process of repression do exist and have corresponding neural basis. However, the present studies of neuropsychoanalysis still have some limitations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Psychological Risk Factors for Sub-Healthy State: the Model and the Advances WANG Wen-Li;ZHOU Ming-Jie;ZHANG Jian-Xin 2010, 18 (11):  1722-1733.  Abstract ( 1098 )   PDF (755KB) ( 1860 )   It has been more than two decades since the advent of burgeoning research interest in “sub-health” in China. The concept of “sub-health” has been widely accepted and has even entered public discourses, but the definition, diagnosis, and psychopathological mechanism of “sub-health” remain unclear. Currently there is no internationally recognized equivalence for the term “sub-health”. It is thus urgent to identify the risk factors contributing to sub-health so that they can be applied in the clinical prevention, screening and intervention. Beginning with the concept of “risk factors,” and following the “diathesis-stress” model, the authors distinguish “risk signals” from other kinds of risk factors, and incorporated psychology risk factors into a model of “vulnerable diathesis-risk stress-psychological risk signals”. Using this model as a conceptual framework, the authors review the research development in the following three areas: psychologically vulnerable diathesis of cognition, personality and trauma residual stress; risk stress; and risk signals of mood and behavior. This article explicates the psychological mechanisms of sub-health, and emphasizes the importance of psychological approach in preventing and intervening with sub-health. Future directions of the research on sub-health are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Relationship Among Stress Response, Coping and Sleep Quality YAN You-Wei;LIU Ming-Yan;TANG Xiang-Dong;LIN Rong-Mao 2010, 18 (11):  1734-1746.  Abstract ( 2234 )   PDF (569KB) ( 2711 )   Stress response is a nonspecific result how individual copes with stressor’s effect, meanwhile stress coping is a comprehensive process when one adapt to the stresses in his social life. The two variables are important to regulating the relationship between stress and sleep quality. There is direct interaction between sleep quality and the stress response, such as physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral response. Coping which includes cognitive regulation, emotion regulation, coping style, social support and personalities can change the duration, intensity and ultimate result of the interaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mortality Salience Effect in the Perspective of Uncertainty Management Model: Controversy and Integration YIN Rong 2010, 18 (11):  1747-1755.  Abstract ( 1972 )   PDF (702KB) ( 2747 )   Mortality salience effect is one of the most important assumptions of Terror Management Theory (TMT). It assumes that thoughts related to death can enhance the defence of an individual’s worldview. Uncertainty Management Model gives new explanation to mortality salience effect, pointing out that past researches overlooked the effects an individual’s uncertain feeling has on defense behaviors. After combining and discussing this theory with TMT, conclusion can basically be drawn that mortality salience has duplex effects on individuals. A duplex defense system will be launched after one’s thinking about his or her death. Future researches should focus on relationships between various kinds of defense modes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Connotation, Measurement and Function of Meaning in Life ZHANG Shu-Yue;XU Yan;YANG Hao-Keng 2010, 18 (11):  1756-1761.  Abstract ( 2296 )   PDF (649KB) ( 5952 )   Meaning in life is generally defined in terms of purpose and significance of life, or it is considered to be a multidimensional construct. Cognitive, motivational, and affective dimensions are most commonly mentioned in literature as the components of meaning in life. Many researchers accept the former two dimensions, but they still have controversy about whether the affective one exists. Meaning in life is essential for individual’s well-being, influencing many factors related to happiness. At present, researches rarely examine the motivational dimension (named the search for meaning in life), and few is seen about how to find and increase meaning in life. Future studies should be developed on these two aspects. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Concept, Measuring Strategy and Applying of Person-Organization Fit: Based on the Reflection of Interactivity and Flexibility TANG Yuan-Hong;LU Xie-Feng;LI Ke 2010, 18 (11):  1762-1770.  Abstract ( 1319 )   PDF (712KB) ( 3531 )   The introduction of Person-Organization Fit (P-O Fit) corresponded to the trends of person-context interaction study in organizational behavior, and complied with requirements of organizations and their members to cope with the dynamic situations flexibly. It is a unique feature of P-O Fit to consider bilateral interactivity and matching flexibility as the starting point and the standpoint of the study. However, there is a tendency of paling the unique feature at present. Thus, to regain the feature, the paper is on the basis of clarifying the background of the introduction of P-O Fit, and it emphasizes that researchers should integrate interactivity and flexibility, the two basic requirements, into the study of the concept, measuring strategy and applying of P-O Fit. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on the System Justification Theory LIANG Ming-Ming;LI Ye;LI Wei-Na 2010, 18 (11):  1771-1781.  Abstract ( 1445 )   PDF (698KB) ( 2450 )   System-justification is the psychological process by which existing social arrangements are legitimized. The theoretical bases for system justification include such theories as false consciousness, belief in a just world theory and cognitive dissonance theory. System justification theory can explain why and how people would maintain and bolster the status quo in cognitive and ideology, and it also explicates the positive and negative results it brings. System justification is influenced by individual factors and contextual factors. Researchers should clarify the meaning of system in the construct of system justification and reinforce the applied research on the system justification theory so as to better explicate how the social changes occur. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Power in Goal Pursuit TAN Jie;ZHENG Quan-Quan 2010, 18 (11):  1782-1788.  Abstract ( 1539 )   PDF (670KB) ( 2190 )   Power is psychologically defined as the ability to influence others. Both theoretical and empirical studies indicated that the sense of power influenced one’s cognitive process and behavioral consequence in the goal pursuit process. Regarding to one’s cognition, the person with high power might process information on a more abstract level, and keep a better attentional maintenance and distribution. As for behavioral consequences, the person with high power was able to set goals more decisively and take actions more steadily as well. It was predicted that the type of self-regulation might serve as the mediator in the relationship between power and goal pursuit. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review on the Subjective Group Dynamics Model WANG Ming-Zhong;FAN Cui-Ying;ZHOU Zong-Kui 2010, 18 (11):  1789-1799.  Abstract ( 1524 )   PDF (709KB) ( 3140 )   The subjective group dynamics model (SGD) explores the relation between evaluations of groups and group members in an intergroup context. It proposes and tests a series of theoretical hypotheses about the relations among intergroup bias, differential evaluation and awareness of differential inclusion which are the three core variables and other related factors. SGD is based on theories such as social identity theory, the complexity-extremity hypothesis and the attitude polarization model, the black sheep effect and the development of person perception. This model deepens our understanding of the ingroup favoritism effect, gives support to social cognitive domain theory, and opens a new path to the research of peer rejection from the perspective of group processes, and it also explains the group homogeneity effect and modifies the cognitive developmental theory. Further exploration is needed on topics such as testing the model in different cultural contexts, improving its structure, and studying its relations with other related variables. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Concept, Predictors and Theory Models of Ethnic-Racial Socialization YIN Ke-Li;YIN Shao-Qing;HUANG Xi-Ting 2010, 18 (11):  1800-1807.  Abstract ( 1599 )   PDF (675KB) ( 3219 )   Ethnic-racial socialization is a central component of parenting in ethnic-minority families in the USA, and it is used to refer the process through which parents transmit information regarding ethnicity and race to their children to help them accustom to society. Age and gender of children, as well as experience of discrimination of both parents and children, can all affect what and when parents choose to impart such information. So far creation of operation models of ethnic-racial socialization has successfully helped integrate into one category different aspects of related research, such as ethnic identity, self-esteem and youth outcome. This represents an important tendency in the academic agenda of ethnic-racial socialization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marital Communication Research in Western Countries HE Wan-Ting;KOU Yu 2010, 18 (11):  1808-1813.  Abstract ( 1226 )   PDF (654KB) ( 2421 )   Marital communication is the main focus of contemporary marital research in western countries. This article illuminates the three advances of marital communication research: The new conception which now pays more attention to communication patterns over individual behaviors, the shift from unidimensional classification of behaviors or patterns to categorization based on function of behaviors, and the new direction of antecedent investigation which turn from personality to power. The future research should focus on married couples’ positive interaction, development of more effective research paradigms, exploration of potential moderators and mediators between communication and marital satisfaction, investigation of different aspects of marital power, and reevaluation of personality impact on couple’s communication. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Psychological Mechanism and Influential Factors of Money Illusion HUANG Bao-Zhen;XU Fu-Ming;WANG Lan;WEN Gui-Chan;YU Hui-Hui 2010, 18 (11):  1814-1821.  Abstract ( 1327 )   PDF (666KB) ( 2569 )   Money illusion refers to a cognitive bias that people have a tendency to think in terms of currency nominal value rather than real value in transactions. Money illusion affects people’s behaviors of consumption and investment. Many studies have shown that money illusion is widespread in real estate investment, stock investment, organizational management, donation and other fields. Currently, the researchers have used decision framework, anchoring and adjusting heuristic, numerosity heuristic and neural psychological mechanism to illustrate the formation mechanism of money illusion. The researchers have found those factors which influence money illusion, such as mood, currency exchange rate, inflation rate, emotional attachment and previous experience. The direction for future study on money illusion is suggested on following three aspects: deeply investigating the psychological mechanisms and influential factors of money illusion and exploring the coping strategies of money illusion. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Summary of Optimistic Bias CHEN Rui-Jun;QIN Qi-Wen 2010, 18 (11):  1822-1827.  Abstract ( 1705 )   PDF (650KB) ( 3320 )   Optimistic bias means people have a tendency to think that positive evens are more likely to happen to themselves and negative events are more likely to happen to other people. There are two methods to measure optimistic bias, which are direct and indirect comparison. Feature of event and individual factors are the leading influencing factors of optimistic bias. Egocentrism and focalism are the main psychological mechanisms to engender optimistic bias. Optimistic bias has both positive and negative effect to individuals. Future research directions include: (1) developing more scientific and feasible measures; (2) examining optimistic bias on individual level; (3) studying optimistic bias combined with pessimistic bias, and (4) investigating cognitive neuroscience mechanisms of optimistic bias. Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk Taking of Males and Females from the Perspective of Evolutionary Psychology SHAN Wen;JIN Sheng-Hua;ZHANG Wei-Qing;SHENG Rui-Xin 2010, 18 (11):  1828-1838.  Abstract ( 1939 )   PDF (721KB) ( 6377 )   Research in evolutionary psychology has found that males take more risk than do females, the male risk–taking helps increase the social facilitation and sex facilitation, and mating motivation and female attractiveness can facilitate male risk-taking behavior. According to the theories of evolutionary psychology, male risk-taking behavior could present his positive features as a potential mate, and thus increase his probability of successful mating. Studies on mating preference have also confirmed that females prefer males who are brave enough to take risks. The authors of this paper argue that in comparison with evolutionary process, social culture should have strong effects on the relationship between female risk-taking and female mating motivation. For example, Chinese women tend to avoid risks in front of males who are attractive to them. The interactive effects of evolutionary psychology and cultural psychology on risk–taking behaviors may be a new focus in future research. Related Articles | Metrics