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Conceptual Framework

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The influence of tailored information on household energy conservation decision-making process: A longitudinal study WANG Jianming, SUN Yan 2018, 26 (4):  571-583.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00571 Abstract ( 1846 )   PDF (601KB) ( 2705 )     During mobile internet era and the age of big data, how to promote the revolution of household energy conservation through tailored information is one of the advanced researches. Based on grounded theory techniques, this study plans to use long-term observation, in-depth interviews, case studies and single-subject design technology to explore the short-run and long-run effects of tailored information on energy conservation psychology and decision-making process. In other words, the mode and mechanism for the influence of tailored information on household energy conservation behavior can be explored. In order to achieve the above objectives, a series of studies which integrates the cross-sectional design and longitudinal design will be implemented. That is, 18 months-long panel experiments consisted of 6 groups will be conducted based on cross-sequential design experimental ideas. In the process of data analysis, the differences among conservation psychology and decision-making of separated stages will be analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA), trend curve differences (dynamic differences) of energy conservation and decision-making process among different experimental groups will be tested by hierarchical linear model (HLM). And HLM will also be used to analyze the marginal effects of specific tailored information frame on energy conservation decision-making process. Furthermore, the overall blue print, implementation path and combination strategies of tailored information will be designed and tested accordingly. This study will develop tailored intervention theories on household energy conservation and open the “black box” of how tailored information impacts household energy conservation decision-making process by providing theoretical supports and empirical evidences. Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of newcomer organizational socialization process from perspective of relationship resource ZHANG Yanhong, LI Yongzhou, ZHOU Yong, ZOU Qiong 2018, 26 (4):  584-598.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00584 Abstract ( 988 )   PDF (547KB) ( 2212 )    With the quickening flow of the labor market, more and more newcomers are experiencing the social adjustment process when they entry into the workplace. In order to make the transition from the organizational outsiders to the insiders successfully and be accepted by the member of organization to achieve high-quality performance, they usually need to have positive relationships with insiders. Based on relationship resource perspective, this project will study the antecedent variables of the construction of insider relationship (ex: superiors, and colleagues relationship), and how this relationship influences newcomers distal socialization outcomes through proximal variables. First, this study tries to explore the influences of team climate (team interpersonal climate, and team goal orientation) on the construction of newcomer relationship; focusing on the moderating effect of newcomers' social self-efficacy. Second, to explore the impact of supervisor performance expectations on the construction of newcomer relationship; focusing on moderating effect of power distance orientation and newcomers’ emotional intelligence. Finally, this study will analyze the mediating effect of social integration and information outcomes adequacy in the relationship between the construction of relationship and socialization outcomes (organizational identification, task performance, and subjective well-being). This research can not only improve newcomer socialization theory but also provide practical strategies and methods for enterprises to intervene newcomers' socialization process. Related Articles | Metrics

Meta-Analysis

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The relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis WANG Haiwen, ZHANG Shuhua 2018, 26 (4):  599-613.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00599 Abstract ( 2792 )   PDF (598KB) ( 4761 )    With the method of meta-analysis, this paper explores the relationship between emotional labor and job satisfaction. Emotional labor include surface acting and deep acting. About 120 documents and 226 independent samples meet the criteria of Meta-Analysis (N = 79659). The result of meta-analysis has showed that there is a significant negative correlation between surface acting and job atisfaction, and a positive correlation between deep acting and job satisfaction. The result of moderating effects has found that differences in measurement tools of surface acting, cultural background and industry types have no significant influence on the relationship between surface acting and job satisfaction. Different measurement tools of job satisfaction have a significant influence on the relationship between surface acting and job satisfaction with the performance that the moderating effect of the single dimension JSS job satisfaction scale is higher than that of the multidimensional MSQ scale. Additionally, differences in measurement tools of deep acting, job satisfaction and cultural background have a significant influence on the relationship between deep acting and job satisfaction. The deep acting scales Grandey (2003)、Diefendorff et al. (2005)、Brotheridge and Lee (2003) have decreased in turn. The moderating effect of the single dimension JSS job satisfaction scale is lower than that of the multidimensional MSQ scale, and the moderation effect of eastern culture background is higher than that of western. The differences of industry type have no significant influence on the relationship between deep acting and job satisfaction. Related Articles | Metrics

Regular Articles

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Influencing factors and thought of temporal order perception PAN Li, HUANG Xiting 2018, 26 (4):  614-624.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00614 Abstract ( 1989 )   PDF (413KB) ( 1965 )    Temporal order perception is the perception of the simultaneity, successiveness and order of events in a few milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. The exploration of the influencing factors of temporal order perception can be divided into two research orientations: bottom-up and top-down. The bottom-up study explored the effects of stimulus properties, the biological characteristics of the subjects, and measuring methods on temporal order perception. And the top-down study explored the effects of the causal beliefs, emotions and culture on temporal order perception. In the future, it is necessary to combine the behavioral and neuroscience techniques, explore the two processes of temporal order perception to examine whether they are separated or simultaneous, and reveal the brain area that controls timing processing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Attentional selection in the perceptual scenes and internal working memory representations: A unitized perspective LIANG Tengfei, WU Haiyan, ZHANG Yin, LONG Fangfang, CHEN Jiangtao, HU Zhonghua, LIU Qiang 2018, 26 (4):  625-635.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00625 Abstract ( 1456 )   PDF (339KB) ( 2099 )    Attentional selection does not only exist in the visual processing, but also points to a number of short-stored memory representations. At the behavioral level, both types of attentional mechanisms exert a facilitatory effect on the task performance. Besides, this facilitatory effect is stable across different patterns of attentional distribution. At the neural level, on the one hand, due to the fact that the encoding and short-term storage of the visual information are mainly processed in the occipital region (V1~V4) topologically related to retina, these regions can thus serve as a valid platform for the operation of the two types of attentional selection; on the other hand, the controlling signal from dorsal fronto-parietal network could modulate the selective attention processing in the visual cortex in a top-down manner, which consequently facilitates the priority of the target processing. These new evidence indicating that both types of attentional selection may arise from a unified control mechanism. At the same time, the neural frameworks described in this article also provide a new perspective for re-understanding of the relationship between attention and visual working memory. Related Articles | Metrics

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The system of visual imagery generation and its effect factors LIN Yuting, ZHANG Delong, LIU Ming 2018, 26 (4):  636-644.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00636 Abstract ( 1916 )   PDF (536KB) ( 2327 )    Visual mental imagery is defined as the representation of visual information in human brain without external sensory stimuli, which plays an essential role in most of human’s mental activities. In this paper, we reviewed a theoretical computational model of visual mental imagery and summarized the essential components of visual imagery generation system with its corresponding neural basis. This paper highlights that the great importance of primary visual cortex in visual imagery process as it works as a “visual buffer” for generating visual information mentally. Factors that affect the production of visual mental imagery were also outlined. By offering a comprehensive understanding model of the processing of visual mental imagery, this paper may facilitate the further researches on visual mental imagery. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of attachment differences on the process of autobiographical memory JIA Chenglong, SUN Li, QIN Jinliang 2018, 26 (4):  645-656.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00645 Abstract ( 1829 )   PDF (493KB) ( 1972 )   Autobiographical memory (AM) is the memory of an individual’s past life events. It is the foundation of the formation, development and change of one’s self system and is important for maintaining an individual’s self-identity and sense of continuity. The formation of a specific AM is a process of construction. Attachment may affect the process of AM through conceptual self system and working-self goal system. Current research about attachment and AM focuses on the relationships between the characteristics of attachment, which include the characteristics of individual attachment and parental attachment, and the objective, phenomenological, narrative and reconstructive characteristics of AM. The future research should focus on the mental and neural mechanisms of how attachment affects the process of AM and consider the relationships between the characteristics of parental attachment and the process of filial AM in different social and cultural contexts and at different developmental stages. There is also a need to control confounding variables more strictly and use research methods with high scientific rigor, such as priming paradigm, resting-state functional connectivity method, and SenseCam methodology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder CHENG Mei, YANG Yan, YIN Huazhan 2018, 26 (4):  657-666.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00657 Abstract ( 1762 )   PDF (547KB) ( 1816 )    Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is selecting the patient dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as a stimulating area, by adjusting the cortical excitability, alleviate ADHD symptoms and improve impaired cognitive functions. In view of the problem of tDCS in ADHD treatment, the future from effectiveness, determine the optimal stimulation parameters, individual differences, different subtypes and in combination with other therapies using these five aspects to further study. Related Articles | Metrics

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The neural mechanisms of goal-direct and habitual learning system DONG Chenjie, LIANG Jingjing, DONG Yuyuan, ZHENG Zhongyan, PENG Ziwen 2018, 26 (4):  667-677.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00667 Abstract ( 1986 )   PDF (386KB) ( 2173 )    The dual system model of behavior learning recognizes two distinct systems: goal-directed system and habitual system. The goal-directed system, encoding the action-outcome behavior, is associated with caudate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The habitual system, concerning stimulus-response behaviors, is associated with the putamen and supplementary motor area (SMA). Research paradigms for these two behavioral learning systems mainly include outcome devaluation and contingency degradation paradigms. A large number of studies have found a dynamic defect of goal-direct learning system and habitual learning system in obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, addiction and other mental disorders. Related Articles | Metrics

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The dynamic interactive model of person construal on person perception CUI Yichen, WANG Pei 2018, 26 (4):  678-687.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00678 Abstract ( 949 )   PDF (418KB) ( 1286 )    Focused on the interactive model of different information processing levels in person perception, the dynamic interactive model of personal construal on person perception holds that the dynamic system formed by the interaction among the low order processing (such as the processing of clues in faces, sounds and body movements), categorization processing, stereotype activating, and high order cognitive processing plays a regulatory role in person perception. The dynamic system includes cue level, category level, stereotype level and high level. Due to the interaction among different processing levels, the dynamic system formulates the recurrent connectionist network based on neural network, processing level and processing time, which has dynamic interactive effect on the generation of person perception. It is the dynamic interactive effect that makes person impression meaningful, orderly, and predictable in personal construal. Future studies should be based on the interactive model of social culture and situation, and further explore the cognitive neural basis and social motives of the dynamic interactive effect on person construal, via the use of implicit social cognition measurement and cognitive neuroscience methods, in order to provide solid theories and facts for the dynamic construction of personal construal on person perception. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and outlook of need for cognitive closure research LIU Zimin, SHI Kan, WAN Jin, CHEN Chen 2018, 26 (4):  688-697.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00688 Abstract ( 2037 )   PDF (464KB) ( 3344 )    Need for cognitive closure is referred to describe an individual’s epistemic motivation to form a firm answer to a question under uncertain circumstances. In the era of information explosion, the cognitive load of individuals has been rapidly increasing. Therefore, in-depth research of NFCC is of great importance in modern times. Diving into the conceptual structure and measurements of NFCC, along with related research over the past thirty years in areas including personality, information processing, decision making, attitudes, beliefs, and mental health, this article proposes that distinguishing ability from motivation is of necessity. Furthermore, this article urges future researchers to conduct empirical study on NFCC in terms of the in-depth discussion of its concept, dimension, measurements and antecedents. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of facial features on judicial decision making ZHANG Qian, CHEN Linlin, YANG Qun 2018, 26 (4):  698-709.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00698 Abstract ( 1380 )   PDF (454KB) ( 2337 )    Facial features including facial attractiveness, trustworthiness, maturity, racial clues, tattoos, facial expressions and other facial feature dimensions serve as important sources in social activities. Empirical research evidence and case studies demonstrate that facial features influence judicial-making in the process of judicial decision making such as in cases of judgment of civil compensation award or criminal punishment. The effect of facial features on judicial decision is modulated by many factors, such as criminal types, severity of the crime, professional legal training, individual beliefs, cognitive styles, attitudes and motivation of the decision makers. The effect of facial features on judicial decision making has been also found to relate with automatic information processing, stereotype activation, trait inference and the emotional arousal. Future studies should focus on the following topics: (1) external validity of the research; (2) cultural differences of the facial feature effect on judicial decision-making; (3) interactive effects of different facial features; (4) correction and adjustment of the facial features effect on judicial decision making in judicial practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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The consequential influence of employee voice behavior and its boundary conditions LI Fangjun, ZHENG Fenfang, YANG Qianyi, WANG Shuman 2018, 26 (4):  710-718.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00710 Abstract ( 1739 )   PDF (477KB) ( 2533 )    This article reviews all extant studies that investigated the consequences of employee voice behavior at different levels. While at the individual level, our review has identified such consequences of employee voice as work performance, job attitudes, interpersonal relationship, voice endorsement, and subsequent voice behavior, at the group level (team or organization), we include group performance, group creativity and innovation, and group turnover as three major outcomes of group voice. Inconsistent results were found at both levels and various boundary conditions were summarized by us to explain such discrepancy. Voice characteristics (voice type or strategy), voice maker status, voice target reaction, and voice context might decide the different findings at the individual level; voice target and manager’s available resources might be the reason for such inconsistency at the group level. Future research should further examine the causes for managers' response to different types of voice, and explore the mechanism of group voice influence. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing effect and its mechanisms XING Lu, SUN Jianmin, YIN Kui, WANG Zhen 2018, 26 (4):  719-730.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00719 Abstract ( 1915 )   PDF (556KB) ( 3202 )    Most previous studies have oversimplified the relationships among constructs. Researchers usually propose and test linear relations based on the assumption that “more is better”. Recently, along with the deepening of research, the perspective of too-much-of-a-good-thing effect (TMGT effect), i.e. the inverse U relation, has aroused more attention. By reviewing 44 research in organizational behavior field in recent five years, we identify four types of research topics, including positive feelings and thoughts at work, stable individual characteristics, characteristics of work and task, and group composition. We then identify two types of explanation mechanisms, which are summarized as “additive benefit and cost” and “interactive motivation and ability/opportunity”. In addition, we put forward that the moderation effect can be based on the change of single or dual mechanisms. We then discuss several suggestions for future research: (1) Diversify research topics and expand research levels; (2) Clarify the influencing mechanism behind TMGT effect; (3) Explore the threshold points based on the contextual factors; (4) Explicate the theoretical underpinnings of TMGT effect; (5) Improve sampling process and research design. Related Articles | Metrics

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Purpose in life: A perspective of psychology WANG Tong, HUANG Xiting 2018, 26 (4):  731-743.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00731 Abstract ( 3409 )   PDF (413KB) ( 5295 )    Researching purpose in life from a psychological perspective is crucial for life education. Progress in this area has shown the following. Despite some differences in definition, researchers agree that purpose in life is essentially about a consistent and central future-oriented aim that gives a sense of direction and meaning to life. The measurement of purpose in life mainly focuses on its content and the extent of being purposeful. A high score on purpose offers a testable system that synthesizes outcomes including better stress coping, healthier behaviors, and better physical and mental state, but it is not clear whether there is a functional distinction between types of purpose in life with different content. The content and extent of purpose in life could be shaped by many factors, including individual and contextual factors. Future studies should further clarify the concept, improve the measurement system, and research on its function and influencers systematically. Additionally, the cultural differences should be considered. Related Articles | Metrics

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How to experience a meaningful life: Based on the integration of theoretical models on meaning in life ZHANG Rongwei, LI Dan 2018, 26 (4):  744-760.  doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.00744 Abstract ( 4345 )   PDF (698KB) ( 9853 )    People never stop exploring their meaning in life throughout one’s lifetime. Meaning in life stems from individuals' understandings of one’s self, the external world, and how one fits within the world. Comprising purpose and significance, meaning in life originates from individuals' daily experiences. It promotes physical health, psychological well-being and life satisfaction, triggers positive coping styles, strengthens interpersonal harmony, enhances study and work performance, helps recovering from trauma and facilitates posttraumatic growth. Six theoretical models regarding the formation of meaning in life are presented in this article, including the meaning-seeking model, the model of meaning-making coping and growth, the integrated model of meaning making, the dual-systems model, the five “A”s of meaning maintenance model and the hierarchic model of meaning. These models mainly include two meaning forms: situational meaning and global meaning, emphasize that the differences between them form the basis for the formation of meaning in life. Accordingly, we propose that it is individuals’ unmet psychological needs arising from such differences that cultivate the meaning formation. Future research on meaning in life should 1) emphasize more on the integration of its multiple facets, 2) further explore its functions, 3) examine whether it is driven by individuals’ psychological needs satisfaction, and 4) explore its neurocognitive mechanisms and implications in cross-cultural settings. Related Articles | Metrics