损失情境下创业者资源保存启发式与资源演化机理

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00568

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 如何塑造资源演化路径以实现新创企业稳步发展成为实践界与理论界共同关注的焦点问题。现有研究多强调组织和环境的作用而缺乏对于资源演化有重要价值的创业者认知的考虑; 多聚焦于资源约束情境却忽视了企业承担的巨大资源损失压力。本研究以资源演化及创业者认知既有研究为基础, 对损失情境下新创企业资源演化的核心要素、演化路径、效果评价等议题展开深入探索。具体而言, 归纳损失情境下资源演化行为的内涵和维度; 识别创业者资源保存启发式驱动损失情境下资源演化的主要路径; 挖掘不同类型机会开发下的资源演化过程, 明确机会开发在资源演化过程中的角色、地位和作用; 考察资源演化效果的环境及认知整合模型。研究结果对应对损失困境、提高企业资源演化的能力等问题具有重要的现实意义。

关键词: 资源损失, 资源拼凑, 资源优化, 资源保存启发式, 损失后绩效

Abstract:

The entrepreneurial journey, characterized by uncertainty and risk, poses challenges to startups, impacting the outcomes of invested resources and potentially resulting in losses. Successful entrepreneurial initiatives emphasize the significance of studying resource restructuring in the face of losses for the development of new ventures. However, diverse growth trajectories are observed among startups following resource restructuring. A critical analysis of existing research reveals that resource evolution, characterized by bricolage and optimization, is pivotal in understanding the challenges associated with resource restructuring. Therefore, elucidating the influencing factors and mechanisms of resource evolution holds vital importance for startups coping with resource losses.

Despite the growing emphasis on the role of resource evolution in academia, there is a scarcity of research specifically addressing loss scenarios in the entrepreneurial domain. Furthermore, discussions on the essential preconditions, triggering mechanisms, primary pathways, and effectual mechanisms of resource evolution are notably lacking. Regarding the antecedent factors influencing resource evolution, existing research predominantly focuses on organizational and environmental factors, neglecting the cognitive processes behind entrepreneurs' adoption of resource evolution behaviors. This study explores the relationship between entrepreneurs' resource loss-induced evolution behaviors and their underlying cognitive processes. The introduction of resource-induced coping heuristics as a cognitive characteristic of entrepreneurs examines the different resource evolution behaviors exhibited during the process of opportunity development, constructing a comprehensive theoretical model of the resource evolution process. This not only deepens the understanding of the role played by resource-induced coping heuristics as an explanatory mechanism for resource evolution paths but also broadens the impact boundaries and applicability of the resource evolution process from a cognitive perspective.

For the effect mechanism of resource evolution, under similar cognitive logics, different boundary conditions can influence the outcomes of resource evolution behaviors for new startups. The exploration of boundary conditions for resource evolution effects is still in its early stages, primarily focusing on the moderating role of the environment. However, there is a lack of further deconstruction of environmental dimensions in related research. This study investigates the moderating effects of external environmental dynamism and abundance on the relationship between resource evolution behaviors and post-loss performance through a combined approach of questionnaire surveys and secondary data coding. Furthermore, as entrepreneurial behaviors are argued to be determined by the interpretations of the entrepreneurial team about the environment, the study suggests that the shared cognition at different levels within the entrepreneurial team plays a moderating role in the relationship between bricolage and post-loss performance. Hence, this research posits that team members' cognitive processing of knowledge and information also influences the effects of resource evolution behaviors. The introduction of the team transactive memory system, a shared cognition achieved through encoding, storing, and retrieving information and knowledge across different domains, examines its role in the relationship between resource evolution and post-loss performance. The study evaluates the impact of the team transactive memory system based on its expertise, reliability, and coordination dimensions, employing a combined approach of questionnaire surveys and secondary data coding to explore its role in the relationship between resource evolution and post-loss performance.

In conclusion, this study systematically reveals the law of resource evolution of new ventures under the situation of loss, and constructs a theoretical model under the guidance of the logical line of "cognition-behavior-result". The research mainly focuses on two issues: "How to carry out resource evolution under loss situation" and "How to play a role in resource evolution under loss situation". The specific contents are as follows: Study one identifies the main path of resource evolution under loss situation driven by entrepreneur resource-induced coping heuristics, excavates the resource evolution process under different types of opportunity development, and clarifies the role of opportunity development in the process of resource evolution; Study two investigates the boundary conditions that affect the effect of resource evolution, and analyzes how to optimize the effect of resource evolution from the internal and external environment.

Key words: resource loss, bricolage, optimization, resource-induced coping heuristic, post-loss performance

中图分类号:

B849: C93

李艳妮, 王舒丹, 刘羿. (2024). 损失情境下创业者资源保存启发式与资源演化机理. 心理科学进展 , 32(4), 568-578.

LI Yanni, WANG Shudan, LIU Yi. (2024). Entrepreneur’s resource-induced coping heuristic and resource evolution in the context of loss. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(4), 568-578.

图/表 1

参考文献 71

[1]	蔡莉, 单标安, 朱秀梅, 王倩. (2011). 创业研究回顾与资源视角下的研究框架构建——基于扎根思想的编码与提炼. 管理世界, (12), 160-169.
[2]	邓新明, 刘禹, 龙贤义, 林晓真, 杨赛凡, Munkhbayar Khishigdelger. (2021). 管理者认知视角的环境动态性与组织战略变革关系研究. 南开管理评论, 24(1), 62-73.
[3]	胡海青, 刘宁, 张丹. (2020). 以资源拼凑为中介的在孵企业洞察能力与创业绩效的关系研究. 预测, (4), 16-23.
[4]	黄昊, 王国红, 秦兰. (2020). 科技新创企业资源编排对企业成长影响研究: 资源基础与创业能力共演化视角. 中国软科学, (7), 122-137.
[5]	鲁喜凤, 郭海. (2018). 机会创新性、资源整合与新企业绩效关系. 经济管理, 40(10), 44-57.
[6]	宋晶, 陈劲. (2019). 创业者社会网络、组织合法性与创业企业资源拼凑. 科学学研究, 37(1), 86-94.
[7]	孙永磊, 王静, 周琦玮, 孙永琨. (2022). 双元创业学习对资源拼凑的影响研究. 科学学与科学技术管理, 43(8), 173-182.
[8]	王国红, 秦兰, 邢蕊, 周建林. (2018). 新企业创业导向转化为成长绩效的内在机理研究——以创业拼凑为中间变量的案例研究. 中国软科学, (5), 135-146.
[9]	于晓宇, 席瑞, 陈依, 陈颖颖. (2019). 交互记忆系统与产品创新性: 创业拼凑的中介作用. 科学学与科学技术管理, 40(3), 83-98.
[10]	赵兴庐, 张建琦. (2016). 资源拼凑与企业绩效——组织结构和文化的权变影响. 经济管理, (5), 165-175.
[11]	左莉, 周建林. (2017). 认知柔性、创业拼凑与新企业绩效的关系研究——基于环境动态性的调节作用. 预测, 36(2), 17-23.
[12]	Adomako, S. (2021). Resource-induced coping heuristics and entrepreneurial orientation in dynamic environments. Journal of Business Research, 122, 477-487. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.026 URL
[13]	Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645-670. doi: 10.2307/258740 URL
[14]	Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). The entrepreneurial theory of the firm. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1057-1063. doi: 10.1111/joms.2007.44.issue-7 URL
[15]	Arthur, M., & Jose Luis Duarte, R. (2021). How do startups manage external resources in innovation ecosystems? A resource perspective of startups’ lifecycle. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 120965 doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120965 URL
[16]	Aticus, P., & Andy, W. (2021). Entrepreneurial learning and strategic foresight. Strategic Management Journal, 42(13), 2357-2388. doi: 10.1002/smj.v42.13 URL
[17]	Baker, T., Miner, A. S., & Eesley, D. T. (2003). Improvising firms: Bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32(2), 255-276. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00099-9 URL
[18]	Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 329-366. doi: 10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.329 URL
[19]	Bao, Y., Wei, Z., & Benedetto, D. A. (2020). Identifying the tacit entrepreneurial opportunity of latent customer needs in an emerging economy: The effects of experiential market learning versus vicarious market learning. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(3), 444-469. doi: 10.1002/sej.v14.3 URL
[20]	Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Advances in Strategic Management, 17(1), 3-10.
[21]	Barney, J. B., & Clark, D. N. (2005). Resource-based theory: Creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Oxford University Press.
[22]	Bird, B., Schjoedt, L., & Baum, J. R. (2012). Editor's introduction. Entrepreneurs’ behavior: Elucidation and measurement. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(5), 889-913. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00535.x URL
[23]	Brea-Solís, H., Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Grifell-Tatjé, E. (2015). Business model evaluation: Quantifying Walmart's sources of advantage. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(1), 12-33. doi: 10.1002/sej.v9.1 URL
[24]	Chesbrough, H., & Rosenbloom, R. S. (2002). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from xerox corporation’s technology spin-off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3), 529-555. doi: 10.1093/icc/11.3.529 URL
[25]	Clougherty, A. J., Duso, T., Seldeslachts, J., & Ciari, L. (2020). Transformational strategies and productivity growth: A transformational-activities perspective on stagnation in the new-normal business landscape. Journal of Management Studies, 57(3), 537-568. doi: 10.1111/joms.12519
[26]	Dai, Y., Du, K., Byun, G., & Zhu, X. (2017). Ambidexterity in new ventures: The impact of new product development alliances and transactive memory systems. Journal of Business Research, 75, 77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.02.009 URL
[27]	Davidsson, P. (2005). The entrepreneurial process as a matching problem. In Proceedings Academy of Management Conference, Hawaii, U. S..
[28]	Derrida, J. (1976). Of grammatology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
[29]	Desa, G., & Basu, S. (2013). Optimization or bricolage? Overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 7(1), 26-49. doi: 10.1002/sej.2013.7.issue-1 URL
[30]	Di Domenico, M. L., Haugh, H., & Tracey, P. (2010). Social bricolage: Theorizing social value creation in social enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 681-703. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00370.x URL
[31]	Francis, D., Magnus, H., Pejvak, O., & Nathaniel, B. (2022). External knowledge resources and new venture success in developing economies: Leveraging innovative opportunities and legitimacy strategies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 185(12), 237-252.
[32]	Fuglsang, L. (2010). Bricolage and invisible innovation in public service innovation. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, 5(1), 67-87.
[33]	Fultz, A. E. F., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2021). The art of discovering and exploiting unexpected opportunities: The roles of organizational improvisation and serendipity in new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(4), 121-138.
[34]	Gartner, W. B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 696-706. doi: 10.2307/258039 URL
[35]	Garud, R., & Karnoe, P. (2003). Bricolage versus breakthrough: Distributed and embedded agency in technology entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 32(2), 277-300. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00100-2 URL
[36]	Gundry, L. K., Kickul, J. R., Griffiths, M. D., & Bacq, S. C. (2011). Creating social change out of nothing: The role of entrepreneurial bricolage in social entrepreneurs' catalytic innovations. Advances in Entrepreneurship Firm Emergence and Growth, 13, 1-24.
[37]	Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206. doi: 10.2307/258434 URL
[38]	Holger, P., Leire, G., Marcus, T. W., & Dean, A. S. (2021). Managing negative emotions from entrepreneurial project failure: When and how does supportive leadership help employees? Journal of Business Venturing, 36(5), 129-140.
[39]	Holland, D. V., & Shepherd, D. A. (2013). Deciding to persist: Adversity, values, and entrepreneurs’ decision policies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 331-358. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00468.x URL
[40]	Hollingshead, A. B. (1998). Communication, learning, and retrieval in transactive memory systems. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34(5), 423-442. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1998.1358 URL
[41]	Kirzner, I. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. The Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
[42]	Klyver, K., & Arenius, P. (2022). Networking, social skills and launching a new business: A 3-year study of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(5), 1256-1283. doi: 10.1177/1042258720967063 URL
[43]	Kollmann, T., Hensellek, S., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, M. J., & Peschl, A. (2020). How management teams foster the transactive memory system-entrepreneurial orientation link: A domino effect model of positive team processes. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 683-710. doi: 10.1002/sej.v14.4 URL
[44]	Lanivich, S. E. (2011). Effects of a resource-induced coping heuristic on entrepreneurial success. Tallahassee: Florida State University.
[45]	Lanivich, S. E. (2015). The RICH entrepreneur: Using conservation of resources theory in contexts of uncertainty. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), 863-894. doi: 10.1111/etap.2015.39.issue-4 URL
[46]	Lanivich, S. E., Bennett, A., Kessler, S. R., Mcintyre, N., & Smith, A. W. (2021). RICH with well-being: An entrepreneurial mindset for thriving in early-stage entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 124(1), 571-580. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.036 URL
[47]	Le Loarne, S. (2005). Bricolage versus creativity: What's the difference. Proceeding of the 21th Egos Colloquium, Berlin.
[48]	Levi-Strauss, C. (1967). The savage mind. University of Chicago Press.
[49]	Li, Y. H., & Huang, J. W. (2013). Exploitative and exploratory learning in transactive memory systems and project performance. Information and Management, 50(6), 304-313. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2013.05.003 URL
[50]	Lin, T. C., Hsu, J. S. C., Cheng, K. T., & Wu, S. (2012). Understanding the role of behavioural integration in ISD teams: An extension of transactive memory systems concept. Information Systems Journal, 22(3), 211-234. doi: 10.1111/isj.2012.22.issue-3 URL
[51]	Moroz, P. W., & Hindle, K. (2012). Entrepreneurship as a process: Toward harmonizing multiple perspectives. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(4), 781-818. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00452.x URL
[52]	Mosakowski, E. (1998). Entrepreneurial resources, organizational choices, and competitive outcomes. Organization Science, 9(6), 625-643. doi: 10.1287/orsc.9.6.625 URL
[53]	Noroozi, O., Biemans, H. J. A., Weinberger, A., Mulder, M., & Chizari, M. (2013). Scripting for construction of a transactive memory system in multidisciplinary CSCL environments. Learning and Instruction, 25, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2012.10.002 URL
[54]	Packalen, K. A. (2007). Complementing capital: The role of status, demographic features, and social capital in founding teams’ abilities to obtain resources. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(6), 873-891. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00210.x URL
[55]	Panagiotis, G., Alfredo, D., & Palitha, K. (2021). From latent to emergent entrepreneurship: The role of human capital in entrepreneurial founding teams and the effect of external knowledge spillovers for technology adoption. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120912. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120912 URL
[56]	Pontus, B., & Emma, L. (2023). Employees’ entrepreneurial human capital and firm performance. Research Policy, 52(2), 703-720.
[57]	Preeta, M. B., & Benjamin, C. A. (2009). Inventor bricolage and firm technology research and development. R&D Management, 39(5), 473-487.
[58]	Priem, R. L. (1990). Top management team group factors, consensus, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 11(6), 469-478. doi: 10.1002/smj.v11:6 URL
[59]	Ren, Y., Carley, K. M., & Argote, L. (2006). The contingent effects of transactive memory: When is it more beneficial to know what others know? Management Science, 52(5), 671-682. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1050.0496 URL
[60]	Salunke, S., Weerawardena, J., & Mccoll-Kennedy, J. R. (2013). Competing through service innovation: The role of bricolage and entrepreneurship in project-oriented firms. Journal of Business Research, 66(8), 1085-1097. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.03.005 URL
[61]	Senyard, J. M. (2015). Bricolage and early stage firm performance. Queensland University of Technology.
[62]	Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.
[63]	Shi, W., & Weber, M. (2021). The impact of entrepreneurs’ prior experience and communication networks on perceived knowledge access. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(5), 1406-1426. doi: 10.1108/JKM-05-2020-0365 URL
[64]	Shir, N., Nikolaev, N. B., & Wincent, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: The role of psychological autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(5), 5875-5892.
[65]	Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 273-292. doi: 10.5465/amr.2007.23466005 URL
[66]	Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister-lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2016). Get it together! Synergistic effects of causal and effectual decision-making logics on venture performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 571-604. doi: 10.1177/1042258718783429 URL
[67]	Timmons, J. A. (1999). New venture creation-entrepreneurship for the 21th century (5th ed.). Irwin Mcgram Hill.
[68]	Trong, L. T. (2022). Fostering green product innovation through green entrepreneurial orientation: The roles of employee green creativity, green role identity, and organizational transactive memory system. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 639-653. doi: 10.1002/bse.v32.1 URL
[69]	Wang, Z., Deng, Y., Zhou, S., & Wu, Z. (2023). Achieving sustainable development goal 9: A study of enterprise resource optimization based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Resources Policy, 80, 103212. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103212 URL
[70]	Weick, K. (1993). The collapse of sense making in organizations: The mann gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), 628-652. doi: 10.2307/2393339 URL
[71]	Zhong, X., Huang, Q., Davison, R. M., Yang, X., & Chen, H. (2012). Empowering teams through social network ties. International Journal of Information Management, 32(3), 209-220. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.11.001 URL