双眼视差的神经机制与知觉学习效应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

双眼瞳距使得空间某物体在左右眼视网膜的成像存在微小位置差异, 这种差异被称为双眼视差(binocular disparity), 是立体视知觉的重要信息来源。对双眼视差的心理物理学研究始于18世纪初, 迄今已有接近两百年的历史。近年来, 双眼视差研究主要集中在两方面。其一是用电生理、脑成像技术考察双眼视差在视觉背、腹侧通路的模块化表征, 其脑区表征反映出视觉系统的层级式、平行式加工规律。其二是应用知觉学习范式研究双眼视差的可塑性。未来研究应综合脑成像和神经调控技术考察双眼视差的神经机制及其学习效应, 包括双眼视差与多种深度线索间的信息整合和交互作用。应用方向上, 可结合虚拟现实等技术优化训练范式, 实现立体视力的康复和增强。

关键词: 双眼视差, 立体视, 神经机制, 知觉学习, 可塑性

Abstract:

Binocular disparity, a critical cue to stereopsis, is defined as the small horizontal displacement between the two corresponding images projected onto the retina of the two eyes. The study of binocular disparity can be dated back to the early 18th century. Recent studies on binocular disparity have advanced our understanding in two aspects. The first is using electrophysiological and brain imaging technique to investigate the functional specialization in disparity processing in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways, which reveals hierarchical and parallel processing principles in the visual system. The second is about learning-induced plasticity. Future research needs to combine brain imaging, neuromodulation and other cutting-edge techniques to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying binocular disparity, its learning effect, and the interaction between binocular disparity and other depth clues. On the application side, future research needs to optimize training paradigms (e.g., with virtual reality technique) for rehabilitation and enhancement in the binocular disparity performance.

Key words: binocular disparity, stereopsis, neural mechanism, perceptual learning, plasticity

中图分类号:

B842

王葛彤, 席洁, 陈霓虹, 黄昌兵. (2021). 双眼视差的神经机制与知觉学习效应. 心理科学进展 , 29(1), 56-69.

WANG Getong, XI Jie, CHEN Nihong, HUANG Changbing. (2021). Binocular disparity: Neural mechanisms and perceptual learning. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(1), 56-69.

图/表 5

图1 cRDS和aRDS示意图。A为相关随机点立体图(cRDS)示意图, 左右眼图片对应位置对比度相同, 经过双眼融合能够产生深度知觉; B为反相关随机点立体图(aRDS)示意图, 左右眼图片对应位置对比度取反, 虽然aRDS具有视差信息, 但由于打破了双眼之间的对应关系, 因此无法产生深度知觉。

图2 双眼视差示意图。双眼视差是空间中某一物体P在左眼(LE)和右眼(RE)视网膜上成像的水平差异。A为绝对视差示意图, F为注视点, 双眼视线在注视点F处夹角为α, 在物体P处夹角为β, 绝对视差dabs为(α-β), 其大小与注视点F的位置有关; B为相对视差示意图, F为注视点, 双眼视线在注视点F处夹角为α, 在物体P1和P2处夹角分别为β1和β2, 两物体之间的相对视差drel等于两者绝对视差的差值, 其值为(β2-β1), 其大小与注视点F的位置无关。

图3 零阶、一阶和二阶视差RDS刺激示意图。佩戴红绿眼镜观看每幅红绿图像, 可形成图下方对应的深度知觉。零阶视差表征物体与注视点之间的远近关系, 一阶视差形成具有视差梯度的三维斜面, 二阶视差形成的则是具有视差梯度和曲率的三维形状。立体示意图中红色圆点代表注视点。

图4 双眼视差的神经表征。箭头表示信息传递方向。图中白底标示脑区主要加工绝对视差, 橙底标示脑区主要加工相对视差。绿框标示现有研究发现的人类大脑皮层激活区域, 蓝框标示现有研究发现的猴大脑皮层激活区域, 红框标示人和猴共有的激活区域。MT+: middle temporal complex, 颞中回; VIPS: ventral IPS area, 顶内沟腹侧区; CIP: caudal intraparietal area, 顶内沟后部; DIPSM: the dorsal IPS medial area, 背侧顶内沟内侧区域; LIP: lateral intraparietal area, 顶内沟外侧区; DIPSA: the dorsal IPS anterior area, 背侧顶内沟前部; AIP: anterior intraparietal area, 顶内沟前部; PIP: posterior intraparietal area, 顶内沟后侧区; MIP: medial intraparietal area, 顶内沟内侧区; TE: the superior temporal sulcus, 颞上沟; TEO: temporal-occipital area。

图5 立体视训练(Xi et al., 2014)。A为训练使用的刺激, 第一行为刺激的三种纹理, 第二行以其中一种纹理图案为例, 从左至右依次为刺激的左眼、右眼及双眼融合后图片, 被试在实验中需佩戴红绿眼镜; B为11名弱视被试单人及平均学习曲线, 横坐标为训练次数, 纵坐标为立体视阈值, 研究发现训练后11名弱视被试中的9人立体视阈值显著降低。

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