学校联结与抑郁的关系：一项三水平元分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2024.00246

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往关于学校联结与抑郁关系的理论和实证研究结果均不一致。为明确两者间的整体关系, 探索造成分歧的原因, 对纳入的87项研究进行了三水平元分析。结果发现, 学校联结与抑郁存在显著负相关(r = −0.39, df = 205, p < 0.001)。此外, 学校联结和抑郁的关系受被试性别、年龄、抑郁测量工具、研究数据属性的调节, 但不受学校联结测量工具、文化类型、发表年份的调节。本研究首次使用三水平元分析技术整合了学校联结与抑郁的关系, 理论上为两者关系提供了阶段性定论, 实践上为预防和干预个体抑郁提供了参考依据。

关键词: 学校联结, 抑郁, 三水平元分析, 社会控制理论, 社会计量器理论, 自我决定理论

Abstract:

According to the World Health Organization, depression is a leading contributor to the global disease burden. School connectedness has been defined as the extent to which students feel personally accepted, respected, included, and supported by others in the school social environment and is considered one of the influencing factors for depression. Many studies have discussed the association between school connectedness and depression, but the results have been mixed. Two main theoretical arguments exist regarding the association between school connectedness and depression. Social control sociometer and self-determination theories suggest a negative association between school connectedness and depression. However, the source consistency of the social support theory suggests that this association may not be linear. If sources of stress and social support are consistent, the buffering effect of social support may be ineffective. Although a growing body of research has investigated the association between school connectedness and depression empirically, research findings varied considerably across studies with r values ranging from −0.74 to 0.14, suggesting a need to synthesize the findings to obtain better insight into this association. Therefore, this study utilized a three-level meta-analysis to examine the extent to which school connectedness is associated with depression, and whether these associations differed according to the study or sample characteristics.

A systematic literature review was conducted using the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wei Pu Date, and Wan Fang Data. Three-level meta-analyses were performed using R to synthesize the effect sizes and conduct moderator analyses. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, trim-and-fill analyses, and Egger regressions.

A total of 87 studies were reviewed. The results showed a significantly negative correlation between school connectedness and depression (r = -0.39). This suggests that school connectedness protects against depression. Moderator analysis revealed that the association between school connectedness and depression was moderated by the percentage of female students, mean age of participants, measurement of depression, and data characteristics. The association between school connectedness and depression was enhanced by an increase in the percentage of female students and a reduction in the mean age of participants. This suggests that compared to male students and older individuals, school connectedness has a stronger protective effect on depression in female students and younger individuals. Studies using the children’s depression inventory reported the strongest correlations between school connectedness and depression whereas studies using the orpinas modified depression scale reported the weakest correlations. Regarding data characteristics, studies using cross-sectional data produced larger correlations than those using longitudinal data. This suggests that data characteristics and the measurement of depression should be considered when assessing the association between school connectedness and depression. However, no significant moderating effects were found for the measurement of school connectedness, culture, or publication year, suggesting that the association between school connectedness and depression may be consistent across these measurements. A trim-and-fill analysis revealed an asymmetric distribution of effect sizes in the publication bias test and 55 positive effect sizes were imputed into the funnel plot to restore symmetry. After the estimated “missing” effect sizes were input into the datasets, the correlation between school connectedness and depression became smaller in magnitude but remained significant. Finally, the results of publication bias tests indicated that school connectedness may have contradicting effects on depression. Specifically, school connectedness can play a positive role in decreasing the level of depression but may also play a negative role in potentiating depression when the stress that causes depression comes from school. When school connectedness is used to prevent and intervene in depression, individual differences and school stress should be considered.

Key words: school connectedness, depression, three-level meta-analysis, social control theory, sociometer theory, self-determination theory

中图分类号:

R395

孟现鑫, 陈怡静, 王馨怡, 袁加锦, 俞德霖. (2024). 学校联结与抑郁的关系：一项三水平元分析. 心理科学进展 , 32(2), 246-263.

MENG Xianxin, CHEN Yijing, WANG Xinyi, YUAN Jiajin, YU Delin. (2024). The relationship between school connectedness and depression: A three-level meta-analytic review. Advances in Psychological Science, 32(2), 246-263.

图/表 7

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第一作者	发表年份		研究设计	平均年龄			被试人数		女性比例	国家	文化类型	个人主义文化指数	学校联结测量	抑郁测量	文献质量
Jacobson	1999		横断研究	16.10			4604		49.63%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	8
Anderman	2002		横断研究	未报告			20745		未报告	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	其他	6
Loukas	2006		纵向研究	12.24			489		51.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	9
Ream	2006		纵向研究	15.75			10873		52.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	SOR	12
Gilman	2006		横断研究	14.78			654		55.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	RADS	7
Shochet	2006		纵向研究	未报告			2022		50.59%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	10
Kia-Keating	2007		横断研究	15.60			76		46.05%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	其他	8
Sun	2007		横断研究	未报告			1358		49.92%	中国	中国文化	20	其他	BDI	6
Shochet	2008		横断研究	15.20			153		50.33%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	6
Mcmahon	2008		横断研究	17.00			136		39.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
LaRusso	2008		横断研究	未报告			476		48.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	YRBSS	5
Mcgraw	2008		纵向研究	17.85			941		60.68%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	DASS	8
Tang	2009		横断研究	未报告			10082		未报告	中国	中国文化	20	其他	CSE-D	6
Ross	2010		横断研究	11.42			127		66.14%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
Kaminski	2010		横断研究	15.08			4131		51.50%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	OMDS	6
Prince	2010		横断研究	13			58		0	英国	西方文化	89	PSSM	BYI-II	6
Shochet	2011		纵向研究	14.19			504		45.04%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	10
Kelly	2012		横断研究	12.00			7372		53.66%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	其他	CES-D	7
Millings	2012		横断研究	13.43			5022		49.10%	英国	西方文化	89	PSSM	SMFQ	7
杜渐	2012		横断研究	20.65			513		74.85%	中国	中国文化	20	其他	SCL-90	6
Maurizi	2013		横向研究	14.50			202		61.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
Loukas	2013		纵向研究	12.33			490		53.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	10
Ernestus	2014		横断研究	11.09			260		61.70%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	6
Gonzalez	2014		横断研究	14.10			179		53.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	5
Joyce	2014		纵向研究	未报告			11852		51.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Cupito	2015		横断研究	14.02			191		52.88%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Zhao	2015		横断研究	16.68			504		62.70%	中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	CES-D	7
Gerard	2015		纵向研究	未报告			675		51.00%	美国	西方文化	91	其他	CES-D	8
Pachucki	2015		纵向研究	12.30			40		62.50%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	10
McLaren	2015		横断研究	16.54			82		51.22%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	SQSS	CES-D	6
Thomson	2015		横断研究	11.72			1250		48.00%	加拿大	西方文化	80	PSCS	SPQ	7
Pang	2015		纵向研究	15.67			4460		53.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Gummadam	2016		横断研究	19.33			311		56.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Mrug	2016		横断研究	13.20			594		48.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	MDD	6
Cole-Lewis	2016		横断研究	13.50			161		65.84%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	6
Wright	2017		横断研究	未报告			93		67%	美国	西方文化	91	CSCI	DASS	7
Zhang	2018		横断研究	19.29			468		58.30%	中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DASS	6
Hatchel	2018		纵向研究	15.27			404		45.30%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	OMDS	11
Lätsch	2018		纵向研究	14.91			1088		54.67%	德国	西方文化	67	PISA	PHQ	9
Lardier	2019	横断研究			16.55	401		54.70%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	其他	6
Wright	2019	纵向研究			13.89	416		46.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	10
Arango	2019	纵向研究			13.41	142		74.60%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	10
Davis	2019	纵向研究			11.23	2718		48.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	OMDS	11
Burns	2019	横断研究			10.30	200		47.00%		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	其他	CES-D	6
He	2019	横断研究			13.37	6576		42.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	DSRSC	7
Kuo	2019	横断研究			未报告	211		59.60%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	CES-D	7
Marksteiner	2019	纵向研究			19.8	86		69.80%		德国	西方文化	67	SBS	其他	11
Fernandez	2019	横断研究			12.10	192		63.40%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	7
Forbes	2019	横断研究			未报告	3678		未报告		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	SMFQ	6
Midgett	2019	纵向研究			16.68	42		61.90%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	BASC-3	11
陈小莉	2019	横断研究			15.70	834		44.96%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	SDS	7
Daley	2019	横断研究			19.93	69		62.32%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CCAPS-34	6
Hsieh	2019	横断研究			未报告	6445		52%		中国	中国文化	20	其他	CES-D	6
Thornton	2020	横断研究			16.7	40		32.5%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	6
方敏	2020	横断研究			10.8	806		38.00%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DSRSC	6
覃小琼	2020	横断研究			13.59	744		48.40%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	BDI	6
阿依孜巴	2020	横断研究			未报告	788		50.38%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	SDS	7
Parr	2020	横断研究			14.49	502		54.60%		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	6
Zhai	2020	横断研究			13.53	2758		54.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SBS	CDI	6
Bakhtiari	2020	横断研究			15.56	121		54.00%		美国	西方文化	91	ESB	CDI	7
Klinck	2020	纵向研究			12.73	1344		51.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PCS	CES-D	11
Dansby	2020	纵向研究			14.93	7106		50.50%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Pierre	2020	纵向研究			15.33	119		0		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	DASS	12
Lee	2021	横断研究			15.39	7333		50.80%		韩国	其他	18	其他	其他	6
Eugene	2021	横断研究			15.50	2467		50.00%		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	7
Eugene	2021	横断研究			15.60	2590		49.00%		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	7
Choi	2021	横断研究			未报告	3437		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	6
Jin	2021	横断研究			20.09	847		77.60%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DASS	6
Raymond-Flesch	2021	横断研究			未报告	599		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	PHQ	6
Zhang	2022	纵向研究			12.17	867		46.25%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	11
Yang	2022	横断研究			16.30	1607		46.90%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	7
Arango	2022	纵向研究			13.50	163		66.50%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	11
Baker	2023	横断研究			未报告	4115		50.86%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	8
Truong	2022	横断研究			16.00	11164		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Goering	2022	纵向研究			15.40	704		48.00%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	MDD	10
覃小琼	2022	横断研究			14.51	402		52.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	BDI	6
Bouchard	2022	纵向研究			15.22	638		59.00%		加拿大	西方文化	80	SAS	PSI	11
Zhou	2022	横断研究			23.64	219		未报告		韩国	其他	18	SCS	CES-D	8
赵子薇	2022	横断研究			未报告	692		45.50%		中国	中国文化	20	SBS-C	CDI	6
孙亚东	2022	纵向研究			14.53	1194		54.69%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	DSRSC	12
赵姒	2022	纵向研究			16.17	905		54.70%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	7
Datu	2023	横断研究			14.30	1287		53.00%		菲律宾	其他	32	PSSM	CES-D	6
Choi	2023	横断研究			15.39	654		50.46%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	CES-D	8
温丽影	2023	横断研究			19.47	2378		55.13%		中国	中国文化	20	其他	DASS	6
Hayre	2023	横断研究			13.98	480		60.41%		加拿大	西方文化	80	SCS	BCFPI	8
Liu	2023	横断研究			13.16	1006		51.78%		中国	中国文化	20	SES	CES-D	6
邢强	2023	横断研究			13.59	2102		52.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SES	DASS	6

第一作者	发表年份		研究设计	平均年龄			被试人数		女性比例	国家	文化类型	个人主义文化指数	学校联结测量	抑郁测量	文献质量
Jacobson	1999		横断研究	16.10			4604		49.63%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	8
Anderman	2002		横断研究	未报告			20745		未报告	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	其他	6
Loukas	2006		纵向研究	12.24			489		51.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	9
Ream	2006		纵向研究	15.75			10873		52.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	SOR	12
Gilman	2006		横断研究	14.78			654		55.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	RADS	7
Shochet	2006		纵向研究	未报告			2022		50.59%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	10
Kia-Keating	2007		横断研究	15.60			76		46.05%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	其他	8
Sun	2007		横断研究	未报告			1358		49.92%	中国	中国文化	20	其他	BDI	6
Shochet	2008		横断研究	15.20			153		50.33%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	6
Mcmahon	2008		横断研究	17.00			136		39.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
LaRusso	2008		横断研究	未报告			476		48.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	YRBSS	5
Mcgraw	2008		纵向研究	17.85			941		60.68%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	DASS	8
Tang	2009		横断研究	未报告			10082		未报告	中国	中国文化	20	其他	CSE-D	6
Ross	2010		横断研究	11.42			127		66.14%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
Kaminski	2010		横断研究	15.08			4131		51.50%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	OMDS	6
Prince	2010		横断研究	13			58		0	英国	西方文化	89	PSSM	BYI-II	6
Shochet	2011		纵向研究	14.19			504		45.04%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	10
Kelly	2012		横断研究	12.00			7372		53.66%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	其他	CES-D	7
Millings	2012		横断研究	13.43			5022		49.10%	英国	西方文化	89	PSSM	SMFQ	7
杜渐	2012		横断研究	20.65			513		74.85%	中国	中国文化	20	其他	SCL-90	6
Maurizi	2013		横向研究	14.50			202		61.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CDI	6
Loukas	2013		纵向研究	12.33			490		53.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	10
Ernestus	2014		横断研究	11.09			260		61.70%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	6
Gonzalez	2014		横断研究	14.10			179		53.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	5
Joyce	2014		纵向研究	未报告			11852		51.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Cupito	2015		横断研究	14.02			191		52.88%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Zhao	2015		横断研究	16.68			504		62.70%	中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	CES-D	7
Gerard	2015		纵向研究	未报告			675		51.00%	美国	西方文化	91	其他	CES-D	8
Pachucki	2015		纵向研究	12.30			40		62.50%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CDI	10
McLaren	2015		横断研究	16.54			82		51.22%	澳大利亚	西方文化	90	SQSS	CES-D	6
Thomson	2015		横断研究	11.72			1250		48.00%	加拿大	西方文化	80	PSCS	SPQ	7
Pang	2015		纵向研究	15.67			4460		53.80%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Gummadam	2016		横断研究	19.33			311		56.00%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Mrug	2016		横断研究	13.20			594		48.00%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	MDD	6
Cole-Lewis	2016		横断研究	13.50			161		65.84%	美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	6
Wright	2017		横断研究	未报告			93		67%	美国	西方文化	91	CSCI	DASS	7
Zhang	2018		横断研究	19.29			468		58.30%	中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DASS	6
Hatchel	2018		纵向研究	15.27			404		45.30%	美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	OMDS	11
Lätsch	2018		纵向研究	14.91			1088		54.67%	德国	西方文化	67	PISA	PHQ	9
Lardier	2019	横断研究			16.55	401		54.70%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	其他	6
Wright	2019	纵向研究			13.89	416		46.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	10
Arango	2019	纵向研究			13.41	142		74.60%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	10
Davis	2019	纵向研究			11.23	2718		48.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	OMDS	11
Burns	2019	横断研究			10.30	200		47.00%		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	其他	CES-D	6
He	2019	横断研究			13.37	6576		42.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	DSRSC	7
Kuo	2019	横断研究			未报告	211		59.60%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	CES-D	7
Marksteiner	2019	纵向研究			19.8	86		69.80%		德国	西方文化	67	SBS	其他	11
Fernandez	2019	横断研究			12.10	192		63.40%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	7
Forbes	2019	横断研究			未报告	3678		未报告		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	SMFQ	6
Midgett	2019	纵向研究			16.68	42		61.90%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	BASC-3	11
陈小莉	2019	横断研究			15.70	834		44.96%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	SDS	7
Daley	2019	横断研究			19.93	69		62.32%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CCAPS-34	6
Hsieh	2019	横断研究			未报告	6445		52%		中国	中国文化	20	其他	CES-D	6
Thornton	2020	横断研究			16.7	40		32.5%		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	6
方敏	2020	横断研究			10.8	806		38.00%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DSRSC	6
覃小琼	2020	横断研究			13.59	744		48.40%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	BDI	6
阿依孜巴	2020	横断研究			未报告	788		50.38%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	SDS	7
Parr	2020	横断研究			14.49	502		54.60%		澳大利亚	西方文化	90	PSSM	CDI	6
Zhai	2020	横断研究			13.53	2758		54.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SBS	CDI	6
Bakhtiari	2020	横断研究			15.56	121		54.00%		美国	西方文化	91	ESB	CDI	7
Klinck	2020	纵向研究			12.73	1344		51.00%		美国	西方文化	91	PCS	CES-D	11
Dansby	2020	纵向研究			14.93	7106		50.50%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	CES-D	10
Pierre	2020	纵向研究			15.33	119		0		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	DASS	12
Lee	2021	横断研究			15.39	7333		50.80%		韩国	其他	18	其他	其他	6
Eugene	2021	横断研究			15.50	2467		50.00%		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	7
Eugene	2021	横断研究			15.60	2590		49.00%		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	7
Choi	2021	横断研究			未报告	3437		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	CDS	CES-D	6
Jin	2021	横断研究			20.09	847		77.60%		中国	中国文化	20	PSSM	DASS	6
Raymond-Flesch	2021	横断研究			未报告	599		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	PHQ	6
Zhang	2022	纵向研究			12.17	867		46.25%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	11
Yang	2022	横断研究			16.30	1607		46.90%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	7
Arango	2022	纵向研究			13.50	163		66.50%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	11
Baker	2023	横断研究			未报告	4115		50.86%		美国	西方文化	91	SCS	RADS	8
Truong	2022	横断研究			16.00	11164		未报告		美国	西方文化	91	PSSM	CES-D	7
Goering	2022	纵向研究			15.40	704		48.00%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	MDD	10
覃小琼	2022	横断研究			14.51	402		52.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	BDI	6
Bouchard	2022	纵向研究			15.22	638		59.00%		加拿大	西方文化	80	SAS	PSI	11
Zhou	2022	横断研究			23.64	219		未报告		韩国	其他	18	SCS	CES-D	8
赵子薇	2022	横断研究			未报告	692		45.50%		中国	中国文化	20	SBS-C	CDI	6
孙亚东	2022	纵向研究			14.53	1194		54.69%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	DSRSC	12
赵姒	2022	纵向研究			16.17	905		54.70%		中国	中国文化	20	SCS	CES-D	7
Datu	2023	横断研究			14.30	1287		53.00%		菲律宾	其他	32	PSSM	CES-D	6
Choi	2023	横断研究			15.39	654		50.46%		美国	西方文化	91	其他	CES-D	8
温丽影	2023	横断研究			19.47	2378		55.13%		中国	中国文化	20	其他	DASS	6
Hayre	2023	横断研究			13.98	480		60.41%		加拿大	西方文化	80	SCS	BCFPI	8
Liu	2023	横断研究			13.16	1006		51.78%		中国	中国文化	20	SES	CES-D	6
邢强	2023	横断研究			13.59	2102		52.00%		中国	中国文化	20	SES	DASS	6

调节变量	k	Intercept/mean z (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	Mean r	F	p	水平2方差	水平3方差
研究对象特征
女性比例	199	−0.33 (−0.39, −0.28)^***	−0.00 (−0.00, −0.00)^*	−	4.84	0.029	0.01^***	0.02^***
平均年龄	177	−0.37 (−0.42, −0.33)^***	0.01 (−0.00, 0.02)	−	3.83	0.052	0.01^***	0.03^***
研究背景特征
发表年份	206	−0.38 (−0.41, −0.34)^***	0.00 (−0.00, 0.01)	−	1.67	0.198	0.01^***	0.02^***
文化类型
中国文化	31	−0.40 (−0.48, −0.32)^***		−0.42	0.44	0.509	0.01^***	0.02^***
西方文化	172	−0.37 (−0.42, −0.32)^***	0.03 (−0.06, 0.13)	−0.39
研究的测量因素
数据收集点类型
横断数据	121	−0.40 (−0.44, −0.36) ^***		−0.42	58.75	<0.001	0.01^***	0.02^***
纵向数据	85	−0.27 (−0.31, −0.22) ^***	0.14 (0.10, 0.17)	−0.27
学校联结的测量
PSSM	94	−0.45 (−0.52, −0.38)^***		−0.48	2.09	0.13	0.01^***	0.03^***
SCS	56	−0.34 (−0.42, −0.27)^***	0.11 (0.00, 0.21)^*	−0.36
SBS	16	−0.39 (−0.73, −0.05)^*	0.06 (−0.29, 0.41)	−0.41
抑郁的测量
CES-D	48	−0.35 (−0.41, −0.29)^***		−0.37	6.83	<0.001	0.01^***	0.01^***
CDI	44	−0.55 (−0.64, −0.47)^***	−0.20 (−0.31, −0.10)^***	−0.62
RADS	8	−0.41 (−0.57, −0.24)^***	−0.06 (−0.24, 0.13)	−0.43
OMDS	35	−0.15 (−0.30, 0.00)^*	0.20 (0.04, 0.36)^*	−0.15
MFQ	7	−0.30 (−0.45, −0.16)^***	0.05 (−0.11, 0.20)	−0.31

调节变量	k	Intercept/mean z (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	Mean r	F	p	水平2方差	水平3方差
研究对象特征
女性比例	199	−0.33 (−0.39, −0.28)^***	−0.00 (−0.00, −0.00)^*	−	4.84	0.029	0.01^***	0.02^***
平均年龄	177	−0.37 (−0.42, −0.33)^***	0.01 (−0.00, 0.02)	−	3.83	0.052	0.01^***	0.03^***
研究背景特征
发表年份	206	−0.38 (−0.41, −0.34)^***	0.00 (−0.00, 0.01)	−	1.67	0.198	0.01^***	0.02^***
文化类型
中国文化	31	−0.40 (−0.48, −0.32)^***		−0.42	0.44	0.509	0.01^***	0.02^***
西方文化	172	−0.37 (−0.42, −0.32)^***	0.03 (−0.06, 0.13)	−0.39
研究的测量因素
数据收集点类型
横断数据	121	−0.40 (−0.44, −0.36) ^***		−0.42	58.75	<0.001	0.01^***	0.02^***
纵向数据	85	−0.27 (−0.31, −0.22) ^***	0.14 (0.10, 0.17)	−0.27
学校联结的测量
PSSM	94	−0.45 (−0.52, −0.38)^***		−0.48	2.09	0.13	0.01^***	0.03^***
SCS	56	−0.34 (−0.42, −0.27)^***	0.11 (0.00, 0.21)^*	−0.36
SBS	16	−0.39 (−0.73, −0.05)^*	0.06 (−0.29, 0.41)	−0.41
抑郁的测量
CES-D	48	−0.35 (−0.41, −0.29)^***		−0.37	6.83	<0.001	0.01^***	0.01^***
CDI	44	−0.55 (−0.64, −0.47)^***	−0.20 (−0.31, −0.10)^***	−0.62
RADS	8	−0.41 (−0.57, −0.24)^***	−0.06 (−0.24, 0.13)	−0.43
OMDS	35	−0.15 (−0.30, 0.00)^*	0.20 (0.04, 0.36)^*	−0.15
MFQ	7	−0.30 (−0.45, −0.16)^***	0.05 (−0.11, 0.20)	−0.31

第一作者	发表年份	标准1	标准2	标准3	标准4	标准5	标准6	标准7	标准8	标准9	标准10	标准11	标准12	标准13	标准14	质量得分
Jacobson	1999	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	Y	NA	8
Anderman	2002	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Loukas	2006	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	N	9
Ream	2006	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	12
Gilman	2006	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Shochet	2006	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	10
Kia-Keating	2007	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Sun	2007	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Shochet	2008	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Mcmahon	2008	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
LaRusso	2008	Y	N	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Mcgraw	2008	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	N	8
Prince	2010	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Ross	2010	Y	Y	N	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Shochet	2011	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	10
Kelly	2012	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Maurizi	2013	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Cupito	2015	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Ernestus	2014	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Gonzalez	2014	Y	Y	N	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	5
Joyce	2014	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	N	10
Zhao	2015	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Gerard	2015	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	N	N	8
Pachucki	2015	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	10
Gummadam	2016	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
McLaren	2015	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Mrug	2016	Y	N	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Cole-Lewis	2016	Y	N	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Wright	2017	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Daley	2019	Y	Y	N	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Hsieh	2019	Y	Y	N	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Thornton	2020	Y	Y	N	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Zhang	2018	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Lardier	2019	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Hatchel	2018	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Lätsch	2018	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	9
Davis	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Kuo	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Marksteiner	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Parr	2020	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Zhai	2020	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Jin	2021	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Truong	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Datu	2023	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Wright	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	N	10
Bakhtiari	2020	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Arango	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	10
Klinck	2020	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Dansby	2020	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	Y	N	10
Eugene	2021	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Eugene	2021	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Choi	2021	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Zhang	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Yang	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Arango	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
Baker	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Pierre	2020	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	12
Kaminski	2010	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Loukas	2013	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	10
Fernandez	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Choi	2023	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Millings	2012	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Goering	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	10
Thomson	2015	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
温丽影	2023	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
覃小琼	2022	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Lee	2021	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Burns	2019	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
He	2019	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Bouchard	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	11
杜渐	2012	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Zhou	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Forbes	2019	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Midgett	2019	Y	Y	Y	N	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	11
Raymond‐Flesch	2021	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Tang	2009	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
Hayre	2023	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	8
Liu	2023	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
邢强	2023	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
赵子薇	2022	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
方敏	2020	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
陈小莉	2019	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7	Y	Y
孙亚东	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	N	12	Y	Y
赵姒	2022	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
覃小琼	2020	Y	Y	Y	N	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	6
阿依孜巴	2020	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	NA	NA	Y	Y	NA	Y	NA	NA	NA	7
Pang	2015	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	N	N	10