China has entered a new stage of consolidating its achievements in poverty alleviation. It is crucial to stimulate the development of endogenous power among those who have emerged out of poverty. This study explores the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior, as well as the moderating role of urban-rural differences. This study followed 847 adolescents (M_age 11.38 ± 2.30 years old, 57% girls) from out-of-poverty families, with two follow-up surveys administered during the following two years. The findings are as follows: (1) social mobility belief exhibited a linear increase in development trajectory, whereas prosocial behavior showed a linear decrease in development trajectory among adolescents from out-of-poverty families. (2) the initial level of social mobility belief positively predicted the initial level of prosocial behavior and negatively predicted the decline in prosocial behavior. Moreover, the increasing trajectory of social mobility belief negatively predicts a decline in prosocial behavior. (3) rural?urban differences served as a moderating factor in the longitudinal relationship between social mobility belief and prosocial behavior. Specifically, for rural adolescents in out-of-poverty families, a higher initial level of social mobility belief was associated with a higher initial level of prosocial behavior. Research findings indicate that China’s poverty alleviation policies have not only increased social mobility belief but also significantly mitigated the decreased development of prosocial behavior in rural adolescents from out-of-poverty families.

This study explores how third-party judges weigh the importance of prosociality and fairness when making judgments on complex moral decisions that encompass both elements, and the role of social distance between the judge and the decision-maker in this process. In the experiments, participants acted as third-party observers, watching decisions made by decision-makers in complex moral tasks and evaluating their moral levels. The tasks completed by the decision-makers involved distributing tokens between themselves and others (prosociality) and allocating tokens given to others between two recipients (fairness). The results showed that: 1) the effects of prosociality and fairness on moral judgments are not independent but interactive. Under high prosocial conditions, the difference in moral ratings between fair and unfair decisions is significantly greater than that under low prosocial conditions; at the neural level, the amplitudes of EEG components FRN and P3 exhibit patterns consistent with behavior; 2) when judging highly prosocial but unfair decisions, as the social distance between the decision-maker and the participant decreases, the participant's moral rating of the decision decreases, but their willingness to cooperate increases, demonstrating a dissociation between moral rating and willingness to cooperate. This study suggests that in judging complex moral decisions with multiple components, prosociality and fairness are not independent but interactively influence judgments together. The study reveals the flexibility of moral judgments and the interactions between various moral factors, providing new insights into the psychological mechanisms of complex moral judgments in different social contexts.

Pun, a common rhetorical device, is widely used in advertising. This paper categorizes pun slogans into semantic puns and homophonic puns and selects two key brand personalities, sophistication, and sincerity, to discuss their matching relationship and effects. Two pilot studies reveal that semantic puns are more difficult to understand compared to homophonic puns; sophisticated (vs. sincere) brands give a more complex (vs. simple) perception. Thus, it is hypothesized that semantic puns match better with sophisticated brands, while homophonic puns match better with sincere brands. This matching relationship can enhance consumers' purchase intention, product attitude, and actual clicks. Six experiments (four laboratory experiments and two field experiments) were conducted to provide evidence for the hypotheses. The conclusions provide practical insights for brands and advertisers.

The identifiability of cognitive diagnosis models relies heavily on the completeness of the Q matrix. However, existing test designs primarily focus on dichotomously-scored items, neglecting the importance of polytomous cognitive diagnostic test design. Moreover, this limitation poses a significant obstacle to the advancement of cognitive diagnosis. To bridge this gap, this paper aimed to introduce novel designs for the construction of polytomous structured and unstructured simplest complete Q matrices (SSCQM/USCQM). Our proposed approach considered all ideal response patterns (IRPs) of knowledge states (KSs) on the reachability matrix as research objects, with the objective of minimizing the number of columns selected from the reachability matrix. This ensured one-to-one correspondence between the set of KSs and the set of IRPs, thereby enhancing the completeness of the SSCQM. Additionally, we derived a polytomous USCQM by considering the relationship between the SSCQM and the sub-matrix of the corresponding identity matrix while ensuring that each row contains at least one “1”. Interestingly, the construction process revealed that there were more USCQMs than SSCQMs. This innovative approach expanded the possibilities for polytomous cognitive diagnostic test design.

In the English literature of the 1840s-1860s, “mental philosophy” and “psychology” were used interchangeably, gradually transitioning to the term “psychology” after 1860. In Chinese, “mental philosophy” is generally translated as Xin Ling Xue心灵学, which later came to be considered psychology. In the process of examining the proposition that the first mental philosophy course in the history of Chinese psychology, analysis of Dengchow College diplomas from 1885 and 1889, the 1891 diploma style, and other historical data, supplemented by biographical information on C. W. Mateer about the early courses offered at the Dengchow College, revealed no evidence of a psychology program at Dengchow College in 1877. A curriculum from 1891 showing a course in Xin Ling Xue心灵学 in the sixth year suggests that Dengchow College may have offered psychology classes in 1896 or after 1897. The curriculum noted that “Several desirable branches, e.g., Mental Science and Physical Geography have been omitted for want of suitable textbooks.” There remains a lack of information about who taught these courses and what materials were used. Dengchow College offered psychology courses significantly later than Y. K. Yen at St. John’s College in 1880 and D. Z. Sheffield at Luhe Academy in Tungchow around 1892. Relevant information supports the teachers and teaching materials in these two schools.
Mateer’s contribution to the spread of Western psychology during the late Qing dynasty is notable for his efforts in unifying psychological terminology and his attention to W. A. P. Martin's plan to write a textbook on Mental Philosophy, and his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅. Among these efforts, his recognition of the term Xing Xue性学 as a translation for psychology were particularly significant. Mateer began his term on the School and Textbook Series Committee in May 1877, during which the Committee planned to develop a Chinese textbook on Mental Philosophy, with Martin taking responsibility. Both Mateer and Martin were members of the commission and maintained a close association. In October 1877, Mateer used the term “psychology” in an English article, providing commentary on its Chinese translation. Mateer’s interest in psychology was evident in his role as chair of the Publication Committee, established in 1890 to organize terminology. The responsibility for mental science terminology fell to Sheffield. Progress in the harmonization of terminology was slow until the establishment of the Scientific Terminology Committee in 1896, which significantly advanced this work. In his 1896 diary, Mateer noted that he had collected terminological work in fifteen disciplines, including psychology. In 1898, Martin published his monograph, Xing Xue Ju Yu性学举隅, which was followed by a critical essay from Mateer. Mateer highly praised the monograph, particularly its use of the term Xing Xue性学. Mateer’s involvement in the publication of Technical Terms, English and Chinese in 1904, where he served as editor, further highlights his contribution to the development of psychological terminology in China. Many of the psychological terms included in the book were derived from Sheffield’s unpublished teaching material on mental philosophy (around 1892), Yen’s book Xin Ling Xue (1889), and Martin’s monograph Xing Xue Ju Yu (1898).
Mateer’s transition from opposing the original meaning of psychology in Chinese translation to adopting the term Xing Xue性学 illustrates his recognition of the contributions of traditional Chinese culture in creating Chinese terminology for psychology. This shift underscores his effort to draw nourishment from Chinese culture to facilitate the translation of Western studies.