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The hierarchies of good and evil personality traits JIAO Liying, XU Yan, TIAN Yi, GUO Zhen, ZHAO Jinzhe Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (7): 850-866.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00850 Abstract （463）   HTML （33）    PDF （624KB）（122）       Knowledge map    The question of good and evil is an important topic in people's social life. What is the first information that people care about when they perceive others, and do they weigh different types of good and evil traits? Based on the perspective of personality psychology, this study explored the issue through four studies. Firstly, the paper explored the differences between good and evil when the moral concept of personality is activated, and then examined the differences in the core degree of different types of good and evil traits by using representativeness, desirability, the scope of trait, and importance as the measurement indicators. The results show that the hierarchies of good and evil personality traits are embodied in two aspects: (1) the hierarchy between good and evil personalities, in the moral category of personality, there exists the priority effect of the good personality; (2) the hierarchies within good and evil personalities, The core of good from the inside to out is: conscientiousness and integrity, benevolence and amicability, tolerance and magnanimity, altruism and dedication; the core of evil from the inside to out is: atrociousness and mercilessness, faithlessness and treacherousness, calumniation and circumvention, mendacity and hypocrisy. The study helps to further understand the Chinese view of good and evil, and provides a new way of thinking for the exploration of the field of good and evil. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of language and context on sensorimotor simulation of concrete concepts SHI Rubin, XIE Jiushu, YANG Mengqing, WANG Ruiming Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (6): 583-594.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00583 Abstract （413）   HTML （52）    PDF （229KB）（227）       Knowledge map    Sensorimotor simulation in concrete concept processing is the core process of concept representation. In our study, the influence of linguistic factors (language type: first language and second language) and situational factors (perceptual situation: spatial perceptual situation and semantic perceptual situation) on sensorimotor simulation in concrete concept processing were investigated. In Experiment 1, the semantic relevance judgment paradigm is used to test whether sensorimotor simulation is involved in the second language processing and whether there is any difference between the first language and second language processing. The results of Experiment 1 show that sensorimotor simulation has participated in the second language processing. However, there is an accuracy advantage in the sensorimotor simulation in the first language. In Experiment 2, two experiments are conducted to test the influence of the perceptual situation on sensorimotor simulation. Experiment 2a tests the influence of perceptual situations on sensorimotor simulation by changing the intensity of individual perception in the vertical spatial axis. The results show that the sensorimotor simulation was found in both strong and weak spatial perception. The effect of semantic processing level on perceptual motion simulation is tested in Experiment 2b. The experiment manipulates the level of semantic processing by using the semantic relevance judgment task and true-and-false word judgment task. The results show that sensorimotor simulation participates in the processing of concepts, while semantic situations did not modulate this effect. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that sensorimotor stimulation may be automatic in conceptual processing. The present study conducted two experiments to test the role of sensorimotor simulation in conceptual processing. Results found that sensorimotor simulation participates in the conceptual representation, supporting the perceptual symbol theory. Furthermore, sensorimotor simulation takes place in both Chinese and English. This finding extends the perceptual symbol theory. Finally, results found that sensorimotor stimulation may be automatic in conceptual representation and is not affected by spatial information and semantic processing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The essence of bounded rationality and debate over its value LIU Yongfang Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (11): 1293-1309.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01293 Abstract （371）   HTML （51）    PDF （257KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Bounded rationality is not the optimization under constraints, not to mention the irrationality. In essence, it is an objective description of the level of human rational evolution and development so far, that is, human beings are rational either in the attitude to reality or in the ability to recognize and transform reality. However, limits to human rationality are observed. Bounded rationalists question popular rationalism in contemporary social science and the reliability of the methodology and knowledge system derived from it, but they do not question rationality itself. They eliminate the dualism thinking mode of rationalism or irrationalism in history, which provides us with a new perspective to understand the nature of rationality from the resource-based, quantitative, and dynamic developmental views. Bounded rationality is defective in the sense of value rationality, but reasonable in the sense of instrumental rationality. Therefore, it is necessary to find a proper equilibrium point between them. The concept of bounded rationality in psychology and its extensive influence have led to another human rational revolution after the “probability revolution” of the Renaissance. It is one of the most important contributions made by this discipline to the treasure house of human thought and knowledge. It not only has far-reaching historical significance but also has interdisciplinary methodological significance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of emotion regulation flexibility on negative emotions: Evidence from experience sampling WANG Xiaoqin, TAN Yafei, MENG Jie, LIU Yuan, WEI Dongtao, YANG Wenjing, QIU Jiang Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (2): 192-209.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00192 Abstract （371）   HTML （18）    PDF （601KB）（170）       Knowledge map    In our complex social environments, life situations are ever-changing. When dealing with these changes, there is no one-size-fits-all response or regulatory strategy suitable for all situations. Emotion regulation flexibility (ERF)—a framework for understanding individual differences in adaptive responding to ever-changing life contexts—emphasizes that individuals can flexibly deploy and adjust emotion regulation strategies according to specific characteristics of stressful situations in daily life. To achieve regulatory efficacy, it is important that one can utilize a balanced profile of ER strategies and select strategies that fit well with particular stressful situations. Specifically, using multiple ER strategies in daily life, rather than relying on only single-strategies, would indicate higher ERF. Additionally, based on leading models of strategy-situation fit, certain ER strategies are more appropriate for high versus low intensity stressful events. For instance, distraction involves with shielding oneself from negative stimuli and replacing them with irrelevant things, which may have a greater regulatory effect in high-intensity negative situations. Conversely, strategies such as reappraisal, which involves the processing of negative situations through deep cognitive change, may be more effective in lower-intensity negative situations and as a cornerstone of longer-term ER. We used the experience-sampling method (ESM) to quantify individual’s ERF; more specifically we assess participants for 1) having more or less balanced ER strategy profiles and 2) showing greater strategy-situation fit, in regard to the use of distraction versus reappraisal in the regulation of high-intensity versus low-intensity negative life events. To test the adaptive value of ERF on negative emotions and mental health, we investigated the influence of ERF on depressive and anxiety symptoms in two samples. We hypothesized that individuals with a more balanced profile of ER strategy use and a great level of strategy-situation fit would have higher levels of mental health, indicated by low levels of anxiety and depressive feelings. In sample 1, two hundred eight college students finished the ESM procedure (2859 beeps). Intensity of negative situations was measured by self-reported negative feelings for the time points where participants reported an adverse event. Simultaneously, we assessed participants’ use of two ER strategies (i.e., distraction and reappraisal). Considering the negative impact of COVID-19 on people’s daily life, we collected another sample (sample 2, 3462 beeps) with one hundred people who lived in Hubei Province, where Wuhan was in lockdown during the severe phase of COVID-19 (March 7-13, 2020). We measured intensity of negative situations (by averaging individuals’ negative feelings), as well as the use of two ER strategies at corresponding time points. After completing the ESM procedure, the participants were asked to fill out a series of emotional health questionnaires, including Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Spielberger State Anxiety Scale. Multilevel models were used to fit the covariation between the use of distraction versus reappraisal ER strategies and the intensity of negative events. Additionally, we used multiple level regression models to test whether high level of strategy-situation fit would result in lower negative feelings. To test whether a single-strategy preference would lead to higher levels of anxiety and depressive feelings compared to a multiple-strategy preference, latent profile analyses (LPA) was used. Results from the LPA indicated that there were five emotion regulation profiles in sample 1 (AIC = 3597.30, BIC = 3751.48, Entropy = 0.84, BLRT_p = 0.009) and six profiles in sample2 (AIC = 1595.19, BIC = 1754.71, Entropy = 0.95, BLRT_p = 0.001). In sample 1, results from One-way ANOVA showed that there were significant difference between five profiles in both depression (F (4, 206) = 5.44, p < 0.001) and anxiety (F (4, 206) = 5.68, p < 0.001) (See Figure 1 a-b). In sample 2, results from One-way ANOVA also showed that there were significant difference between six profiles in both depression (F (5, 95) = 2.74, p = 0.024) and anxiety (F (5, 95) = 2.98, p = 0.015) (See Figure 1 c-d). Specifically, individuals with preferences for rumination and express suppression reported higher levels depression and anxiety than individuals with a multi-strategy preference in two independent samples. In the multilevel models, results of the two independent samples both suggested that there were significant association between strategy-situation fit and depression and anxiety (Depression: Sample 1 [B = −0.01, p = 0.047, f 2 =0.03]; Sample 2 [B = −0.01, p = 0.017, f 2 = 0.03], see Table 1; Anxiety: Sample 1 [B = −0.00, p = 0.591]; Sample 2 [B = −0.01, p < 0.001, f 2 = 0.05], see Table 3). Furthermore, simple slope tests showed that individuals who were more inclined to use a higher level of distraction in response to high-intensity negative situations (e.g., adverse events or during COVID-19) and of reappraisal during low-intensity situations (i.e., high level of ERF) reported lower levels of depression (Sample 1 [B = 0.14, p = 0.003]; Sample 2 [B = 0.13, p < 0.001], See Table 2, Figure 2 a-b and Figure 3 a-b) and anxiety (Sample 1 [B = 0.04, p = 0.356]; Sample 2 [B = 0.26, p < 0.001] See Table 4, Figure 2 c-d and Figure 3 c-d). On the converse, individuals who tended to use more distraction in low intensity situations and more reappraisal in high intensity situations, (i.e., those showing lower ERF) reported a higher level of negative feelings. Together, our findings revealed a negative relationship between ERF and mental health problems in two samples, suggesting that having balanced ER profiles and flexibly deploying strategies in specific life contexts may have adaptive value in facilitating positive mental health. This work deepens our understanding of the interaction between ER strategies and situational demands, paving the way for future intervention research to help alleviate negative emotions associated with affective disorders or the experience of major traumatic events (such as epidemics, earthquakes, etc.). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of the parent-child relationship and parental educational involvement on adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation: The roles of defeat and meaning in life HU Yiqiu, ZENG Zihao, PENG Liyi, WANG Hongcai, LIU Shuangjin, YANG Qin, FANG Xiaoyi Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (1): 129-141.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00129 Abstract （336）   HTML （33）    PDF （251KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Because of their high incidence as well as high risk, adolescent psychological problems have been a constant pressing topic of governmental, psychological, sociological, and medical interest for research. Adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation not only have serious impacts on an individual social functioning, the burden of disease and economic pressures caused by self-harming incidents also make it vital to explore the factors affecting these behaviors and their developmental mechanisms. Ecosystem theory emphasizes the role and significance of the environment in the process of individual development, believing that individual development is the result of one’s interactions with the surrounding environment. As the innermost structure in the ecosystem, family is the environment that is most relevant for individuals, having the greatest influence. In this study, two important components of the parent-child subsystem parent-child relationship (child) and educational involvement (parent) were introduced to explore their combined effects on adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation from a binary perspective. The roles of defeat and sense of meaning in life were also investigated from an integrated motivational-volitional model perspective. The current study built a moderated mediation model exploring the combined effects of the parent-child relationship on adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation. A total of 930 middle school students (501 boys, 429 girls; average age = 15.24 ± 1.66 years) and their parents participated in this investigation. After given their informed consent, both parents and students completed the Short Form of Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, the Four-item Depressive Symptom Index − Suicidality Subscale, the Parent-Child Intimacy Questionnaire, Parental Involvement in Primary School Children Education, the Defeat Scale, and the Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire. SPSS 26.0, AMOS 23.0, and Mplus 7.0 were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that: (1) Compared to individuals with a low parent-child relationship and low educational involvement, adolescents with a high parent-child relationship and high educational involvement had lower levels of defeat (S = −4.37, p< 0.001, 95% CI= [−5.57, −3.32]). Compared to adolescents with a low parent-child relationship and high educational involvement, individuals with a high parent-child relationship and low educational involvement showed lower levels of defeat (S = −3.40, p< 0.001, 95% CI = [−4.53, −2.21]); (2) Defeat partially mediated the relationship between the parent-child relationship and educational involvement and adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation (Direct effectsdepression = 0.22, 95% CI = [0.16, 0.27], indirect effectsdepression = 0.19, 95% CI = [0.14, 0.24]; Direct effectsself-injury = 0.14, 95% CI = [0.07, 0.20], indirect effectsself-injury = 0.10, 95% CI = [0.06, 0.14]; Direct effectssuicidal ideation = 0.21, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.28], indirect effectssuicidal ideation = 0.12, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.17]); (3) The second half of the mediation model was moderated by meaning in life, that is, with the increase of meaning in life, the effect of defeat on depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation gradually decreased. Based on ecosystem theory and integrated motivational-volitional model, and using innovative polynomial regression and response surface analysis, the current study investigated the influence of the parent-child relationship and parents' educational involvement on adolescent depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation, as well as the mediating and moderating effects of defeat and meaning in life. The results providing additional evidence for the relevant developmental theories of depression, self-injury, and suicidal ideation. This study also offers more insight into potential psychological crisis behavioral interventions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The forward testing effect in spatial route learning MA Xiaofeng, LI Tiantian, JIA Ruihong, WEI Jie Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (12): 1433-1442.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01433 Abstract （333）   HTML （49）    PDF （196KB）（119）       Knowledge map    The forward testing effect describes how testing previously learned material could improve participants long-term memory for later learning of new material when continuously exposed to various information. This has been verified using different language materials. However, the effect of forward testing on spatial path learning requires further study. This study selected 112 participants randomly and conducted two experiments to explore the forward test effect of visuospatial route learning in different directions in the same scene (Experiment 1). Further, it investigated the forward test effect of visuospatial route learning in various settings (Experiment 2). The spatial route information memory method was adopted based on the extensive experimental procedure formed by the forward test effect. Through a sequence of sites in a virtual route setting, participants were required to comprehend and recollect the structures that passed on the route. Furthermore, the exercise ended with a sequential recall test. A total of 52 participants were randomly assigned to the test and repeated study groups in Experiment 1. Eight common landmark buildings, such as hospitals and schools, were selected to form four different route information. After learning approximately 1~3 pieces of route information, the repeated study group re-learned the route information. Further, the test group recalled the order of the buildings passing through the route information as required. When learning about Route 4 regarding either the test condition or the re-learn condition, it was necessary to recall the order in which the route passed through buildings. The forward test effect of memorizing route information in different scenarios was explored in Experiment 2 with 60 participants. Unlike Experiment 1, the participants in Experiment 2 learned four different routes, each containing a different building. The experimental procedure was the same as that used in Experiment 1. The results of experiment 1 using a 2 (group: test group, repetitive learning group) × 2 (test results: correct rate, interference rate) analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed a significant interaction between groups and test results [F(1, 50) = 32.157, p < 0.001, η2= 0.39, see Figure 4]. Further simple effect analysis found that, the recall accuracy of spatial path information in the test group was significantly higher than in that the repeated-learning group (0.74 vs 0.32, t (50) = 5.95, p < 0.001, d = 0.64). Moreover, the active interference generated when recalling the fourth path information was considerably lower than that in the repeated-learning group (0.07 vs 0.16, t (50) = 2.831, p = 0.007, d = 0.37). The results of Experiment 2 showed that there was a positive test effect for different scene background information. 2 (groups: test group, repetitive learning group) × 2 (test results: correct rate, interference rate) analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant interaction between groups and test results. The interaction between group and test results was significant [F(1, 58) = 45.483, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.44, see Figure 7], the recall accuracy of spatial path information in the test group was significantly higher than in that the repeated-learning group (0.53 vs 0.24, t (58) = 5.40, p < 0.001, d = 0.57). The proactive interference in route information 4 under test condition was significantly lower than that repeated-learning condition (0.07 vs 0.27, t (58) = 5.612, p < 0.001, d = 0.59). This further proves that the application background of the forward test effect in route-information learning was extensive. More importantly, by comparing the two experimental results horizontally, it was found that different interference levels of previous information have different effects on learning following new information (Experiment 1: Figure 3 reports changes in the correct recall rate as well as the interference rate of the test group after each test in routes1-4.The recall accuracy of route 1~4 was 0.62, 0.38, 0.56, 0.74. F(3, 75) = 9.41, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.27. The proactive interference rate of route 2~4 was 0.14, 0.13, 0.07. F(2, 50) = 3.28, p = 0.046, η2 = 0.12. Experiment 2: The recall accuracy of route 1~4 was 0.70, 0.59, 0.73, 0.53. F (3, 87) = 4.57, p = 0.005, η2 = 0.14. And the proactive interference rate of route 2~4 was 0.02, 0.04, 0.07. F(2, 58) = 4.32, p = 0.018, η2 = 0.13, see Figure 6). This is manifested in the difference in the interference rate caused by the difficulty of “isolation” among materials, including the trend that the correct rate decreases when the interference rate increases and the correct rate increases when the interference rate decreases. All of these directly reveal the forward direction−the importance of counteracting proactive interference in testing the effects. In summary, this study verified the existence of the forward test effect in the path learning of different directions in the same scene and the path learning in various settings. Extending the study of the forward testing effect on learning visuospatial path information will enrich the exploration of the forward testing effect in spatial memory. Additionally, this study found that different levels of interference from previously learned information affect the subsequent learning of new information. The findings provide direct experimental evidence for proactive interference reduction theory. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of auditory stimulus on distance compression in virtual reality HU Xiaofei, WANG Jiawei, LIU Hanyu, SONG Xiaolei Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (1): 1-8.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00001 Abstract （314）   HTML （54）    PDF （326KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Distance compression in virtual reality (VR), which will lead to a distortion of fine manipulation in practical application, depicts that people tend to underestimate the spatial distance of visual stimuli in virtual environments. The apparent perceived differences between virtual and real environments break the immersive experiences and lower users' acceptance. Therefore, it is crucial to ameliorate the distance compression to increase the fidelity and ultimately promote the wider application of VR. Capitalizing on the fact that distance compression is a multiple modality phenomenon and occurs for auditory and visual stimuli, researchers reported that the distance judgment in VR would get more accurate when the positions of auditory and visual stimuli were incongruent. However, it is unclear to what extent the incongruency is to get effective amelioration. In this study, we aimed to completely examine the effect of the auditory stimulus on distance compression in VR. We presumed that the larger the incongruency was, the better amelioration obtained. We used the HTC Vive Pro to render the virtual environment and the build-in headphone to present auditory stimulus. A total of 30 participants were recruited to perform a distance judgment task. In Experiment 1, we first controlled the presence or absence of the auditory stimulus. We also varied the egocentric distance of visual stimulus (3 m, 4 m, 5 m). Then, in Experiment 2, we controlled the incongruency of the audio-visual condition, that is, the exocentric distance between auditory and visual stimuli (0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m). Each block consisted of 30 consecutive trials, wherein the reference visual stimulus was presented at the beginning 5 s. Participants were asked to judge whether the following adjust stimulus was nearer or farther than the reference stimulus. The egocentric distance would be adjusted according to the response of the prior trial. The egocentric distance of the adjust stimulus in the last trial was referred to as the ultimate distance judgment for the initial reference stimulus. For Experiment 1, we performed a two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the distance compression rate, which was calculated by subtracting the perceived egocentric distance from the physical egocentric distance and then dividing it by the physical egocentric distance. The within-subject factors included the egocentric distance of reference stimulus (3 m, 4 m, and 5 m) and the presence of the auditory stimulus (audio-visual condition and visual-only condition). The result of Experiment 1 is shown in Figure 1. We found that the distance compression rate under the audio-visual condition was marginal significantly smaller than that under the visual-only condition, F(1,29) = 4.05, p = 0.054, ηp2 = 0.12. In contrast, the main effect for the egocentric distance of reference stimulus and the interaction were not significant (p > 0.05). Then, we performed a paired one-sided t-test to compare the distance compression rates for audio-visual and visual-only conditions at different levels of the egocentric distance of reference stimulus. We found that the distance compression rate for the audio-visual condition was smaller than that for the visual-only condition at egocentric distances of 4 m (difference = 1.8%, t = −1.587, p = 0.062) and 5 m (difference = 1.6%, t = −1.85, p = 0.037), but not at an egocentric distance of 3 m (p = 0.307). For Experiment 2, we performed a two-way repeated ANOVA on the distance compression rate. Since the same participants were recruited for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, the results of the audio-visual condition in Experiment 1, that is, an exocentric distance of 0 m, were included in the current analysis. The within-subject factors included the egocentric distance of reference stimulus (3 m, 4 m, and 5 m) and the exocentric distance between auditory and visual stimuli (0 m, 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m, and 2 m). The result of the distance compression rate is shown in Figure 2. We found that the main effect for the exocentric distance between auditory and visual stimuli was significant, F(4,116) = 8.29, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.22. In contrast, the main effects for the egocentric distance of reference stimulus and the interaction were not significant (p > 0.05). Then, a Tukey multiple comparison test was performed after pooling the results of the three egocentric distances of the reference stimulus. We found that the distance compression rate decreased with the increment of the exocentric distance. Furthermore, it could reach a marginally significant or significant difference when comparing any two exocentric distances at least 1 m apart. Finally, we fitted a linear curve for the relationship between the exocentric distance between auditory and visual stimuli and the distance compression rate: distance compression rate = −0.024 × exocentric distance + 0.056. The slope was significant (p = 0.008), indicating the distance compression rate was negatively correlated with the exocentric distance and could be ameliorated at a pace of 2.4% for every 1 m. The adjusted R2 was 90.7%. We reported the effect of auditory stimulus on the distance compression in VR. Based on our results, we highly recommended presenting the auditory and visual stimuli simultaneously in the time domain and a minimum of 1 m apart in the space domain to ameliorate the distance compression in VR. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhong-yong action self as a contributing factor to COVID-19 crisis management YANG Chung Fang Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (3): 355-373.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00355 Abstract （299）            Knowledge map    This paper adopts an indigenous approach to explain why China can contain the COVID-19 Crisis swiftly and efficiently. For this purpose, it proposes a new conceptualization for studying the Chinese self—the Zhong- yong action self. The action self refers to the self, activated by the situation an individual is facing, based on which the actor thinks about and decides the proper action to take. During the COVID-19 Crisis, beside the individuated self (the small self), many other more inclusive selves (the large selves), such as the family self, the community self, and the country self, are being mobilized at the same time, all of which demand the actor to exercise self-control and to help others to achieve the common goal—defeating the virus. This concerted effort thereby creates strength and flexibility in managing the crisis. In every-day life situation, the many selves activated may demand conflicting actions from the actor. An adoption of the Zhong-yong deliberation process negotiate the most appropriate action, to help maintain inner peace and outer harmony with others and the flux environment. The author hopes that this new formulation will lead to new directions to the study of “the Chinese self.” Related Articles | Metrics

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Neural correlates of consciousness of emotional faces and the unconscious automatic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs) SUN Bo, ZENG Xianqing, XU Kaiyu, XIE Yunting, FU Shimin Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (8): 867-880.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00867 Abstract （279）   HTML （29）    PDF （98KB）（121）       Knowledge map    The neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) are debatable due to the confounding effects of subjective reports. In addition, although previous studies have suggested that vMMN is relatively insensitive to the manipulation of visual attention, the relationship between vMMN and visual consciousness remains unclear. The inattentional blindness paradigm can not only effectively manipulate visual consciousness, but also explore the conscious processing without relying on subjective reports. Therefore, we used this paradigm to manipulate visual consciousness. Moreover, we introduced emotional (happy and fearful) faces, which are biologically and socially significant visual stimuli, to explore NCCs and the relationship between automatic detection of changes and visual consciousness. Fifty-six Chinese participants took part in the present study. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) in three phases. In phase A, the participants needed to detect changes of the red dots. However, because they were not informed of the existence of emotional faces, 26 participants were unconscious of the task-irrelevant emotional faces. In phase B and C, all participants were informed about the emotional faces. Thus, they were conscious of the emotional faces. Specifically, in phase B, the participants still needed to detect changes of the red dots, and the emotional faces are task-irrelevant. However, in phase C, the participants were asked to detect changes of emotional faces, and thus emotional faces were task-relevant. To check the conscious state of emotional faces, participants were required to fill out an awareness questionnaire after completing phases A and B. Then the participants were divided into unconscious group and conscious group according to their conscious state of emotional faces in phase A. For NCCs, two analyses of ERP amplitude of standard stimuli in Phase A and B of the unconscious group were performed. First, for the ERPs at PO7 and PO8 electrodes, a three-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) of Phase (A, B) × Emotion (Fear, Happy) × Hemisphere (PO7, PO8) was used. Second, for the ERPs at the three electrodes of FCZ, CZ and CPZ, a three-factor rANOVA of Phase (A, B) × Emotion (Fearful, Happy) × Electrodes (FCZ, CZ and CPZ) was adopted. Similarly, two three-factor rANOVA were used for the effect of task relevance. However, exploring the effect of task relevance requires an analysis of the ERPs of standard stimuli in phase B and C of all participants. For vMMN, we analyzed the ERPs at PO7 and PO8 electrodes during the 250~350 ms window of time. Results can be summarized as following. (1) For NCCs, the ERPs at PO7 and PO8 during the 200~300ms window of time were analyzed, which yielded a significant main effect of Phase [F(1, 25) = 16.385, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.396]. This showed that the emotional faces in phase B evoked stronger negativity than in phase A for the unconscious group, suggesting that the conscious processing of emotional faces evoked visual awareness negativity (VAN). The ERPs at PO7 and PO8 during the 400~600 ms window of time were analyzed, which yielded a significant main effect of Phase [F(1, 25) = 15.79, p = 0.001, η2p = 0.39]. This showed that the emotional faces in phase B evoked stronger positivity than in phase A for the unconscious group, suggesting that the conscious processing of emotional faces evoked late occipital positivity (LOP). Moreover, the ERPs at FCZ, CZ and CPZ during the 300~400ms window of time were analyzed, which yielded a significant main effect of Phase [F(1, 25) = 11.481, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.32]. This showed that the emotional faces in phase B evoked stronger positivity than in phase A for the unconscious group, suggesting that the conscious processing of emotional faces evoked late positivity (LP). (2) For the effect of task relevance, the ERPs on PO7 and PO8 in the 180~250ms interval were analyzed, which yielded a significant main effect of Phase [F(1, 55) = 20.93, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.28]. This showed that compared with the task-irrelevant condition (phase B), the emotional faces under the task-relevant condition (phase C) evoked stronger negativity, suggesting that task relevance evoked selection negativity (SN). The ERPs on PO7 and PO8 in the 400~500ms interval were analyzed and the main effect of Phase is significant [F(1, 55) = 6.12, p = 0.02, η2p = 0.1]. This showed that compared with the task-irrelevant condition, the emotional faces under the task-relevant condition evoked stronger positivity, suggesting that task relevance evoked LOP. Moreover, the ERPs on FCZ, CZ and CPZ in the 300~400ms interval were analyzed and the main effect of Phase is significant [F(1, 55) = 29.77, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.35]. The results showed that compared with the task-irrelevant condition, the emotional faces under the task-relevant condition evoked stronger positivity, suggesting that task relevance evoked LP that may reflect the post-perceptual processing. Therefore, this study provides evidence that LP and LOP are NCCs without the confounding effects of task relevance. In short, VAN may reflect the early perceptual process of emotional faces, LP and LOP may reflect the further process of classifying and recognizing the representations of emotional faces, such as assessing the emotional valence of faces. (3) For the relationship between vMMN and consciousness, we analyzed the data of phase A with a four-factor rANOVA of Stimulus-type (standard, deviant) × Emotion (Fearful, Happy) × Hemisphere (PO7, PO8) × group (conscious, unconscious). The rANOVA revealed that the main effect of Stimulus-type was significant [F(1, 54) = 9.43, p = 0.003, η2p = 0.149], and the interaction between Stimulus-type and other factors was not significant [ps > 0.05]. This showed that compared to standard emotional faces, deviant ones evoked stronger negativity in phase A. Importantly, the vMMN effect was observed for both the conscious and unconscious group in the phase A. Furthermore, no amplitude difference of vMMN was observed between the aware (phase B) and the unaware (phase A) conditions among unconscious group [t(25) = 0.14, p = 0.88], suggesting that the automatic processing of emotional faces is independent of visual consciousness. Compared with Chen (2020), this study provides evidence that the automatic processing of emotional faces is independent of visual consciousness under the condition that the unconsciousness level is manipulated more effectively. (4) In addition, we analyzed the vMMN effect with a ANOVA of Phase (A, B and C), which yielded a significant main effect of Phase [F(2, 110) = 5.24, p = 0.007, η2p = 0.087]. And compared with the task-irrelevant condition (phase B), the vMMN amplitude under the task-relevant condition (phase C) was larger (p = 0.003), suggesting that task relevance modulates the amplitude of vMMN and the attentional effect of task relevance promotes the automatic processing of emotional faces. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as following. (1) VAN is a NCC under the condition of avoiding confounding effects of visual attention, and LP and LOP are NCCs without the confounding effects of task relevance. (2) The visual awareness of emotional faces has different ERP indicators at different time stages. Specifically, VAN reflects the early perceptual experience, LP and LOP reflect the late conscious experience of non-perceptual information. (3) The automatic processing of emotional faces is independent of visual consciousness but is modulated by visual attention. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of endogenous spatial cue validity on audiovisual integration in older adults GAO Yulin, TANG Xiaoyu, LIU Siyu, WANG Aijun, ZHANG Ming Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (5): 671-684.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00671 Abstract （266）   HTML （43）    PDF （176KB）（141）       Knowledge map    Audiovisual integration is the integration of visual and auditory information into a unified, coherent and stable perceptual process. Although endogenous spatial attention can promote audiovisual integration in youth, studies have found differences in endogenous spatial attention between older adults and youth. It is unclear how endogenous spatial attention affects audiovisual integration in older adults and how audiovisual integration differs between older adults and young adults under endogenous spatial attention conditions. In this study, using the endogenous cue-target paradigm, three experiments investigated how endogenous spatial attention affects the audiovisual integration of elderly individuals under 50% (Experiment 1), 70% (Experiment 2), and 90% (Experiment 3) conditions. A mixed 2 (participant type: elderly vs. young) × 2 (cue type: valid cue vs. invalid cue) × 3 (target stimulus type: A vs. V vs. AV) experimental design was used. The visual stimulus was a 2° × 2° red (RGB: 234, 86, 97) and yellow (RGB: 247, 200, 125) intersecting meta−pattern, the auditory stimulus was a 1600 Hz, 60 dB sinusoidal tone presented by ear headphones, and the audiovisual stimulus was visual and auditory stimuli presented simultaneously on the same side. The gaze screen was presented for 500 ms, followed by a cue screen for 200 ms. The cue was an arrow pointing left or right. After a time interval of 600 ms, the target stimulus (A vs. V vs. AV) was presented in a box on the left or right side for 100 ms. Before the experiment, participants were informed that the cue validity was 50% for Experiment 1, 70% for Experiment 2, and 90% for Experiment 3 and were asked to judge the orientation of the target stimulus and to press the (N/M) key quickly and accurately. From the reaction time and accuracy results in all experiments (Table 1/2/3), it is clear that the reaction time of elderly people is significantly slower than that of younger people. From the relative amount of multisensory response enhancement (rMRE), we can see that (1) audiovisual integration was weaker in older adults than in younger adults regardless of cue validity (Figure 1); (2) at 50% cue validity (Experiment 1), audiovisual integration in the valid cue condition was not significantly different from that in the invalid cue condition for both older and younger adults (Fig. 1a); (3) at 70% cue validity (Experiment 2), audiovisual integration in the valid cue condition was not significantly different from that in the invalid cue condition for older adults, and audiovisual integration in the valid cue condition was significantly higher than that in the invalid cue condition for younger adults (Figure 1b); and (4) at 90% cue validity (Experiment 3), audiovisual integration in the valid cue condition was significantly higher than that in the invalid cue condition for both older and younger adults (Figure 1c). Endogenous spatial attention had different moderating effects on audiovisual integration in older adults under different cue validity conditions and could promote audiovisual integration in older adults under high cue validity conditions. The findings further support the spatial uncertainty hypothesis and deepen the understanding of the interaction between endogenous attention and audiovisual integration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The enhancing effect of tracking gesture on visuo-spatial learning JIA Xiaoqian, SONG Xiaolei Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (9): 1009-1020.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01009 Abstract （253）   HTML （36）    PDF （583KB）（108）       Knowledge map    Visuo-spatial ability is the main component of spatial cognitive ability, which forms the spatial model of the external world in the human brain and thinks in mind through transformation of model paradigm. However, when there are few landmarks or reference objects in an unfamiliar environment, individuals with low visuo-spatial ability are often prone to get lost. So, for these individuals with low visuo-spatial ability, how to solve this problem is worth exploring. Previous researches have proved that gestures help individuals to learn. However, most studies focused on improving the ability of route learning by observing tracking gestures, while there were few studies exploring the effect of generating tracking gestures, and there was no research exploring the role of generating tracking gestures in route learning on 3D maps. The route learning task (Figure 1) was adopted as the main paradigm in the present study to explore the enhancing effect of generating tracking gestures in the route learning process of 3D map.A total of 53 participants were recruited in Experiment 1 to explore the improving effect of generating tracking gestures on visuo-spatial learning of 2D map and 3D map. 2 (map type: 2D vs. 3D) × 3 (gesture: no gesture vs. generating tracking gesture) × 2 (gender: male vs. female) mixed ANOVA was adopted and results (as in Figure 2) showed that main effect of gesture was significant, F(1, 52) = 58.73, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.53, and so as the main effect of map type, F(1, 52) = 14.46, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.22. There’s a significant interaction between gesture and map type, F(1, 52) = 4.55, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.08. However, main effect of gender was not significant, p > 0.05, which is inconsistent with previous studies. And the other interactions between factors was not significant as well, ps > 0.05. The results mean that generating tracking gestures significantly improve the performance of visuo-spatial learning in both 2D map and 3D map, and the enhancing effect of generating tracking gesture on route learning of 3D map was higher than that of 2D map.In Experiment 2, another 49 participants were recruited to investigate the enhancing mechanism of generating tracking gestures in route learning using the occlusion paradigm. A one-way ANOVA was adopted, and Figure 3 presents the results as follow: main effect of gesture was significant, F(2, 47) = 24.05, p < 0.001, and the best performance happened under the condition of generating and not covering tracking gesture. Experiment 2 revealed that visuo-spatial learning was enhanced by the visual information and sensorimotor information provided by tracking gestures.Experiment 3 recruited another 53 participants to explore the methods of enhancement of visuo-spatial learning based on tracking gesture. The results (as in Figure 4) showed a significant main effect of gesture, F(2, 49) = 26.65, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.658, and the enhancing effect of generating self-referential tracking gestures was significantly higher than that of observing others' tracking gestures, p < 0.001. It also proved that enhancing physical presence can improve the effect of visuo-spatial learning. In summary, these results suggest that (1) generating tracking gestures can enhance visuo-spatial learning; (2) visual information and sensorimotor information provided by tracking gestures play important roles in visuo-spatial learning, which confirms image maintenance theory and further complements the embodied embodied-external cognitive perspective of gesture; (3) increasing physical presence can enhance visuo-spatial learning, which validates the embodied-external cognitive perspective of gesture; (4) compared with observing other's tracking gestures, generating self-referential tracking gestures leads to a better performance, that is, generating self-referential tracking gestures is a more effective way to improve visuo-spatial learning. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Toddlers' anxiety predicts their creativity at the age of five: The chain mediation effects of general cognition and mastery motivation CHENG Tong, CHENG Nanhua, WANG Meifang, WANG Zhengyan Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (7): 799-812.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00799 Abstract （237）   HTML （18）    PDF （254KB）（152）       Knowledge map    Early childhood anxiety is a common mental health problem that affects the development of the individual central executive function, which reflects the process of creative problem-solving. In this study, a longitudinal study was designed to explore the long-term effect of preschool children's anxiety on their creativity as well as the potential mechanism. Ninety-six families (42 boys and 54 Girls) from BEIJING participated in the study. At the age of 1 and 2, the mother filled in the Social Assessment Scale for children aged 12-36 months of Chinese version and the family Basic Information Questionnaire. The Bayley Scale for Infant and Child Development was used to assess children's general cognitive abilities at age 2; at age 3, mothers reported their children's mastery of motivation; and at age 5, the Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement was used to assess children's creativity. The results show that: (1) toddlers' anxiety (general anxiety and separation anxiety) can negatively predict their creativity at the age of 5; (2) general cognition and mastery motivation play an important role in linking toddlers' anxiety (general anxiety and separation anxiety) and preschoolers' creativity; (3) toddlers' general anxiety in early childhood can also have a negative effect on their creativity at 5 years old indirectly through their motivation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dialectical leadership behavior and its impact on firm innovation capability and performance: An exploration based on the Chinese culture WANG Hui, WANG Ying, JI Xiaode, JI Ming Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (3): 374-389.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00374 Abstract （237）   HTML （30）    PDF （265KB）（188）       Knowledge map    Under the framework of exploring the psychological and behavioral characteristics of Chinese people in coping with crises, this paper explores the conceptualization, structure, measurement, and uniqueness of dialectical leadership behavior, as well as discuss its influence on firm innovation capability and performance. This study found that dialectical leadership behavior, which stemmed from the traditional Chinese and Eastern Asia culture, has six dimensions: 1) timely adjusting, 2) individualized mentoring, 3) balancing between kindness and strictness, 4) weighing contradictions, 5) promoting coordination, and 6) holistically managing. Results from multiple studies show that: 1) dialectical leadership behavior is different from other existing leadership behavior concepts; 2) the mean level of Chinese top managers' dialectical leadership behavior is higher than the United States top managers' dialectical leadership behavior; 3) dialectical leadership behavior is positively related to firm innovation capability and performance. Moreover, we also identified firm strategic flexibility as the underlining mechanism in the above relationships. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications and future research direction. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The developmental cascades of prosocial behavior tendency, internalizing and externalizing problems for early adolescence in China: A within-person analysis DUAN Wenting, SUN Qiwu, WANG Ming, WU Caizhi, CHEN Zhenzhen Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (7): 813-827.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00813 Abstract （229）   HTML （12）    PDF （393KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Understanding the developmental cascades of prosocial behavior, internalizing and externalizing problems is of great value in promoting adolescent mental health. The 3-year longitudinal data of 894 junior school students were analyzed at the within-person level, and compared with the traditional cross-lagged panel model. The results showed that: (1) at the within-person level, prosocial behavior tendency had moderate or weak co-variation with internalizing and externalizing problems, and T1 prosocial behavior tendency negatively predicted T2 internalizing problems, T2 prosocial behavior tendency negatively predicted T3 externalizing problems, which has a weak effect. (2) for girls, T2 internalizing problems positively predicted T3 externalizing problems, while for boys, internalizing problems and externalizing problems did not predict each other; (3) four factors of prosocial behavior tendency (public, compliant, emotional and altruistic) negatively predicted internalizing problems in T2, which have a weak effect. (4) the results obtained by within-person analysis are different from those by traditional cross-lagged analysis, and different models have different results. Conclusion: the development of prosocial behavior tendency in early adolescence reduces internalizing and externalizing problems, which has gender difference. The analysis at the within-person level has great value in the research of adolescent psychopathology development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A method for studying unconscious motion processing based on the camouflage principle ZHAO Jiaxu, BAO Min Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (7): 725-735.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.00725 Abstract （221）   HTML （30）    PDF （796KB）（106）       Knowledge map    The present study introduces a new continuous flash suppression (CFS) paradigm. We used the principle of alpha blending to keep the color of the target stimuli always consistent with that of the masking stimuli. We randomly recruited eight participants. Their dominant eyes were presented with the regular CFS masks. Meanwhile the non-dominant eyes were presented with ten spatially non-overlapping squares moving at a constant velocity. The results showed that the CFS masks in this new paradigm could efficiently block the conscious processing of the multiple moving targets. Furthermore, the breakthrough rate was the lowest when the colors of the targets were fully consistent with the colors of the CFS masks. This suggests that the new paradigm is more powerful than the traditional CFS paradigm in masking dynamic stimuli. Compared with the prevalent idea of modifying CFS masks, our method is believed to have broader applicability. Therefore, we recommend the new paradigm a useful tool for future investigations of unconscious visual motion information processing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of text familiarity in Chinese word segmentation and Chinese vocabulary recognition CHEN Mingjing, WANG Yongsheng, ZHAO Bingjie, LI Xin, BAI Xuejun Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (10): 1151-1166.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01151 Abstract （221）   HTML （47）    PDF （321KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of positive co-experience on teacher-student relationship: The mediating role of emotional bonding DING Yuting, ZHANG Chang, LI Ranran, DING Wenyu, ZHU Jing, LIU Wei, CHEN Ning Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (5): 726-739.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00726 Abstract （214）   HTML （24）    PDF （332KB）（117）       Knowledge map    Based on questionnaire survey, field experiment and laboratory experiment, this paper investigates the influence and mechanism of positive co-experience on adolescent teacher-student relationship. The results show that: (1) positive co-experiences positively affect teacher-student relationship, and different types of experiences (recall, imagination, example) are prominent promoting effect; (2) Positive emotional bonding plays a stable mediating role in the influence of positive co-experiences on teacher-student relationship. This study preliminarily proposed the “co-experience relationship effect model”, which promotes the research on the influence mechanism of teacher-student relationship, and has good ecological validity and practical educational value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of suicide ideation classification based on pain avoidance and the EEG characteristics under self-referential punishment SUN Fang, SONG Wei, WEN Xiaotong, LI Huanhuan, OUYANG Lisheng, WEI Shijie Acta Psychologica Sinica    2022, 54 (9): 1031-1047.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2022.01031 Abstract （213）   HTML （16）    PDF （122KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Depressed students are at high-risk for suicide. Psychological pain, especially pain avoidance, was a more robust predictor for suicide ideation than depression at the behavioral level. Due to suicide as a complex classification model, machine learning algorisms applied to integrate behavioral data and neural characteristic can advance suicide prediction, and the accuracy of multimodality features is superior than clinical interview. The present study aimed to integrate data-driven machine learning algorisms and the three-dimensional psychological pain model to figure out the optimal features in the prediction of suicide ideation. Seventy-seven college students were recruited by advertisement and divided into three groups: depressed group with high levels of suicide ideation (HSI, n = 25), depressed group with low levels of suicide ideation (LSI, n = 20), and healthy controls (HC, n = 32). All participants completed the three-dimensional psychological pain scale (TDPPS), Beck depression inventory-I (BDI), Beck suicide ideation inventory (BSI), and the self-referential affective incentive delay task (SAID). The value of support vector based on machine-recursive feature elimination (RFE-SVM) algorithm applied to combine the scale scores, resting state and punitive-related EEG components for feature ranking in a nonlinear way. Firstly, in order to explore the importance and specificity of pain avoidance and pain processing related EEG characteristics in the classification model of suicidal ideation, the classification models of painful feeling and pain avoidance were established, which helped to understand the importance of EEG features under the self-referential punitive condition in above two models. Secondly, in order to differentiate the important prediction features of classification models of depression and suicide ideation, depression classification models with single- and multimodal features as input variables were established separately. Thirdly, the single- and multimodal classification models of suicidal ideation were established. Further, the important features of the classification model of suicide ideation, depression and pain avoidance would be compared with each other. Results showed that: (1) Scores of pain avoidance in the HSI was higher than the LSI group (p < 0.001, Table 1). (2) The multimodal psychological pain-based model for suicide ideation classification (Accuracy = 85.66%, Precision = 0.82, Recall = 0.73, AUC = 0.92) was sufficient and superior than the EEG single-modal model (Accuracy = 65.43%, Precision = 0.40, Recall = 0.21, AUC = 0.57, Table 2). Importantly, the pain avoidance and BDI scores ranked the top two features in the classification model of suicide ideation, whereas painful feeling and pain arousal subscale scores ranked the top two features in the multimodal classification model of depression (Accuracy = 73.83%, Precision = 0.76, Recall = 0.83, AUC = 0.80, Table 2 and Table 3). The top four EEG features in the multimodal classification model of suicidal ideation are CNV, LPP, target-P3 and feedback-P3 under the self-referential punitive conditions, while the top four EEG features in the multimodal classification model of depression are FRN, LPP under self-referential reward condition and FRN, target-delta under self-referential punitive conditions. The EEG optimal features of overlap in the pain avoidance and suicide ideation classification models were the LPP and target-P3 under self-referential punitive conditions. (3) The powers of delta and beta band were negatively correlated with the BSI-W (rdelta = -0.26, pdelta < 0.05; rbeta = -0.24, pbeta < 0.05) and pain avoidance subscale scores (rdelta = -0.26, pdelta < 0.05; rbeta = -0.23, pbeta < 0.1). The FRN amplitude under other- and self-referential punitive conditions were negatively corelated with the pain avoidance subscale scores (rother = -0.28, pother < 0.05; rself = -0.19, pself < 0.05). In the HSI group, power of delta elicited by positive feedback under self-referential conditions was lower than those under other-referential conditions (p = 0.084). In the HSI group, the amplitude of LPP in other-referential punitive conditions was higher than those under reward (p = 0.003) and neutral conditions (p < 0.001), whereas in the LSI group, the amplitude of LPP under self-referential punitive conditions was higher than that under neutral conditions (p = 0.006). As a pilot study, the current study provided a support for the prominent role of pain avoidance and its related neuroelectrophysiological correlates in the prediction of suicide. The clinical significance of this results will be discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of anxiety on weight perception CHEN Xuyan, LI Peng, YAN Zhiying Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (1): 66-78.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00066 Abstract （208）   HTML （24）    PDF （177KB）（133）       Knowledge map    The economy of action argues that individuals’ perceptions of the physical environment are related to the resources they possess. Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often associated with threat or risk, that can be viewed as a manifestation of inadequate coping resources. Therefore, anxiety may affect individuals’ perceptions of the physical environment around them. Previous studies have shown that exercise influence perceptual judgments mostly based on vision-based perceptual indicators, and rarely involved stress anxiety and trait anxiety that are more common in the field of life. However, this study employed weight-based perception indicators rather than vision-based indicators to investigate the effects of two kinds of state anxiety in daily life with different mechanisms and the more stable trait anxiety on the perception of object weight, and proposed the following research hypothesis: individuals perceived objects as heavier in state or trait anxiety. In the present work, we conducted three studies to systematically investigate the effects of three types of anxiety with different attributes on the perception of weight: body posture-induced anxiety (Experiment 1), external task-induced anxiety (Experiment 2), and trait anxiety, which is stable at the personality level (Experiment 3). Participants in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 were asked to report their anxiety before and after the experimental task was manipulated and to judge the weight of the backpack they carried. In Experiment 1, 64 participants were randomly assigned to the anxious body posture group (n = 32) and the relaxed body posture group (n = 32) by being asked to do different body postures. In Experiment 2, 65 participants were randomly assigned to either the mental arithmetic task group (n =33) or the odd-even task group (n = 32). In Experiment 3, based on the scores of the Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-AI) Scale, high and low scorers were selected to constitute a high-level trait anxiety group (n = 64) and a low-level trait anxiety group (n = 64), and were asked to perceive the post-test weight of the three backpacks. The results of three experiments showed that the influence of anxiety on weight perception. In Experiment 1, we found that the anxious body posture induced anxiety. A 2 (group: anxious body posture group vs. relaxed body posture group) × 2 (order: before vs. after) mixed ANOVA was adopted and results showed that main effect of group was not significant, F(1, 62) = 1.84, p= 0.180, the main effect of order was significant, F(1, 62) = 21.27, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.26, 90% CI = [0.11, 0.39]. There’s a significant interaction between group and order, F(1, 62) = 10.89, p= 0.002, η2p = 0.15, 90% CI = [0.04, 0.28], participants in the anxious body posture group perceived the weight of the object as heavier than those in the relaxed body posture group (see Figure 1). The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the stressful mental arithmetic task induced anxiety. A 2 (group: mental arithmetic task group vs. odd-even judgment task group) × 2 (order: before vs. after) mixed ANOVA revealed that main effect of group was not significant, F(1, 63) = 2.49, p= 0.119, the main effect of order was significant, F(1, 63) = 21.17, p< 0.001, η2p = 0.25, 90% CI = [0.11, 0.38]. There’s a significant interaction between group and order, F(1, 63) = 7.36, p= 0.009, η2p = 0.11, 90% CI = [0.02, 0.23]. As illustrated in Figure 2, participants in the mental arithmetic task group perceived the weight of the object as heavier than those in the odd-even judgment task group. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that participants in the high-level trait anxiety group (M = 6.39, SD = 3.88) perceived the weight of the object as heavier than those in the low-level trait anxiety group (M = 4.63, SD = 1.93), t(126) = -3.25, p = 0.002, Cohen's d= 0.58, 95% CI = [0.69, 2.84] (see Figure 3). The results of the three experiments suggest that either the state anxiety induced by physical changes or cognitive evaluations, or the more stable trait anxiety at the personality level, affects individuals’ perceptions of physical properties of objects, leading them to perceive objects as heavier. This study extends the indicator of perception from the visual to the weight domain at the theoretical level, validates and extends the economy of action theory again; the revealed features of weight perception of anxious individuals provide a new physical perspective for anxiety intervention, and such findings can be applied to the design of human-computer interfaces in the future, which is of great practical significance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Personality subtypes of depressive disorders and their functional connectivity basis LI Yu, WEI Dongtao, QIU Jiang Acta Psychologica Sinica    2023, 55 (5): 740-751.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2023.00740 Abstract （202）   HTML （35）    PDF （403KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Heterogeneity among mental health issues has always attracted considerable attention, thereby restricting research on mental health and cognitive neuroscience. Additionally, the person-centred approach to personality research, which emphasizes population heterogeneity, has received more attention. On the other hand, the heterogeneity among depressive patients has been a problem that cannot be ignored (most studies ignored the actual situation and directly assumed sample homogeneity). A large number of empirical studies have provided evidence that isolated personality traits are often associated with depression. Only a few studies have considered the probable effect from a taxonomy perspective. Moreover, the neural mechanisms of personality types in depression remain unclear. This study aimed to reveal different personality subtypes of depressive disorders and elucidate subtypes from the perspective of resting-state functional connectivity. Personality and resting-state functional imaging data of 159 depressive patients and 156 controls were collected. Demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. First, combined with “depression diagnosis”, the personality types in depressive patients and controls were identified through functional random forest. Specifically, neuroticism and extraversion (input features) were fitted with the diagnosis of depression by a random forest model. The random seeds were set to 1234, and 500 decision trees were fitted. The performance of the model was evaluated by tenfold cross-validation. Subsequently, the random forest algorithm generated a proximity matrix that represented the similarity between paired participants. Then, based on the proximity matrix, community detection clustering analysis was conducted on depressive patients and controls, and personality types associated with depression diagnosis were obtained. Finally, we selected the amygdala, hippocampus, insula (AAL atlas) and limbic network, default network, and control network (Schaefer-Yeo template) as regions of interest and calculated the functional connectivity of the subcortical regions to the networks. ANOVA was used to compare resting-state functional connectivity between the personality types. The results showed the following. (1) Depression was more common among individuals with high neuroticism and low extraversion tendencies, but there were also individuals with low neuroticism and high extraversion tendencies. The controls were more likely to be individuals with low neuroticism and high extraversion (see Figure 1). (2) The results of resting-state functional connectivity showed no significant difference between depression and controls. (3) The functional connectivity strength of the left amygdala-limbic network (F(6, 214) = 4.273, p = 0.0004, threshold-controlling FDR at 0.05/6) and left insula-limbic network (F(6, 214) = 4.177, p = 0.0005, threshold-controlling FDR at 0.05/6) was significantly different across personality subtypes. The post-hoc tests are presented in Table 2, Figure 2 and Figure3. In summary, the personality subtypes of depression identified by person-centred perspectives are more in line with reality and individual cognitive patterns, and they have potential clinical adaptive value. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of heterogeneity among depressive disorders. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics