Figure 1. The mediating role of internal responsibility attributions in Experiment 1.Notes: Unstandardized regression coefficients were used. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01.

Figure 2. The mediating role of internal responsibility attributions in Experiment 2a.Notes: Unstandardized regression coefficients were used., *** p < 0.001.

Figure 3. The mediating role of internal responsibility attributions in Experiment 2b.Notes: Unstandardized regression coefficients were used., *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01.

Figure 4. The mediating role of internal responsibility attributions in Experiment 2c.Notes: Unstandardized regression coefficients were used., *** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05.

Figure 5. Empathy responses towards homeless individuals and stray animals under different conditions in Experiments 3a.

Figure 6. Empathy responses (empathy concern and personal distress) in the high internal responsibility attribution/homeless individuals (HI), low internal responsibility attribution/homeless individuals (LI), and stray animals (SA) conditions in Experiments 3b.