快乐型和实现型情感的习惯化 *

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00985

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为时间动态性表现形式之一, 积极情感习惯化对于心理健康和幸福感有着重要意义。积极情感可分为快乐型(追求快乐和避免痛苦)和实现型(追求意义和自我实现)。以往研究大多关注快乐型情感的习惯化, 而对实现型情感鲜有研究。并且, 实现型情感习惯化是否会受到多样化的影响及其与抑郁的关系也不清楚。因此, 采用习惯化范式, 对快乐型和实现型情感的动态变化过程进行了比较。结果发现：与快乐型情感相比, 实现型情感不容易发生习惯化; 多样性能降低两类积极情感的习惯化速度; 个体的抑郁水平与实现型情感习惯化速度有关, 且神经质在其中起调节作用。这表明, 实现型情感短期习惯化可能与个体的心理健康水平有着重要联系。

关键词: 实现型情感, 快乐型情感, 习惯化, 抑郁, 神经质

Abstract:

Affect unfolds over time. Thus, it is crucial to understand the temporal dynamics of affect. Affective habituation, a form of affective temporal dynamic, refers to the psychological process by which the affective response becomes weak for repeated or continuous stimulation. Although substantial interest has been directed at delineating the affective habituation, it is still unclear that how hedonic affect (pleasure attainment and pain avoidance) and eudaimonic affect (meaning and self-realization) habituate across time. Additionally, it is unknown whether variety affects the habituation and how individual differences in the two types of affective habituation relate to people’s depression. The current study examines the process of the eudaimonic and hedonic habituation in a short time and its relation to depression.
Two experiments were designed in the current study. Experiment 1 was designed to investigate the habituation of positive and neutral affect. It was a 2 (stimulus variability: 1-stimulus vs. 4-simuli) × 2 (positive vs neutral) within-subject design. Thirty-eight participants completed the habituation paradigm, in which people assessed the affective reactions to the repeated positive and neutral pictures using a visual analog scale and their depressive states were measured. We used hierarchical linear models to model the affective habituation and its relation with depression. The results showed that positive affect is more likely to habituate than neutral affect is; variety counteracted habituation; and there is no relationship between affective habituation and depression.
From the hedonism and eudaimonism perspective, we divided positive affect into hedonic and eudaimonic affect. Experiment 2 was a 2 (variety: 1-stimulus vs. 4-simuli) × 3 (affective types: eudaimonic vs. hedonic vs. neutral) within-subject design. The procedure was almost identical to Experiment 1. Hedonic affect was defined as high pleasure but low meaning, such as the scenes depicting a person enjoying delicious food; eudaimonic affect was defined as high pleasure and high meaning, such as the scenes depicting a person helping others in need and spending time with family. The images were standardized with another sample. Seventy-one participants completed this habituation paradigm and their depressive states and neuroticism were measured after the experiment. The results showed that the hedonic affect is more likely to habituate than are eudaimonic affect and neutral affect. Variety counteracted hedonic and eudaimonic affect habituation. Their depressions were associated with rapid habituation of eudaimonic affect, but there was no such association for hedonic affect. Moreover, neuroticism moderated the relationship between the eudaimonic affect habituation and depression.
In general, evidences from the current study found that eudaimonic affect is difficult to habituate relative to hedonic affect in a short time. Variety counteracted both types of affect habituation. Furthermore, depression was associated with rapid habituation of eudaimonic affect and neuroticism could moderate this relationship. The findings may provide insight into temporal dynamics of eudaimonic affect and its implications in mental health of human beings.

Key words: hedonic affect, eudaimonic affect, habituation, depression, neuroticism

中图分类号:

B842

罗扬眉, 莫凡, 陈煦海, 蒋宏达, 游旭群. (2018). 快乐型和实现型情感的习惯化 ^*. 心理学报, 50(9), 985-996.

LUO Yangmei, MO Fan, CHEN Xuhai, JIANG Hongda, YOU Xuqun. (2018). The habituation of hedonic and eudaimonic affect. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(9), 985-996.

图/表 12

参考文献 48

1	Bai L., Ma H., Huang Y. X., & Luo Y. J . ( 2005). The development of native Chinese affective picture system—A pretest in 46 college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19( 11), 719-722.
2	[ 白露, 马慧, 黄宇霞, 罗跃嘉 . ( 2005). 中国情绪图片系统的编制——在46名中国大学生中的试用. 中国心理卫生杂志, 19( 11), 719-722.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6729.2005.11.001 URL
3	Baumeister R. F., Vohs K. D., Aaker J. L., & Garbinsky E. N . ( 2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8( 6), 505-516. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2168436 URL
4	Boyce, C. J., & Wood, A. M . ( 2011). Personality prior to disability determines adaptation: Agreeable individuals recover lost life satisfaction faster and more completely. Psychological Science, 22( 11), 1397-1402. doi: 10.1177/0956797611421790 URL
5	Bradley M. M., Lang P. J., & Cuthbert B. N . ( 1993). Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107( 6), 970-980. doi: 10.1037//0735-7044.107.6.970 URL pmid: 8136072
6	Brickman P., & Campbell, D. T. ( 1971) . Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. In M. H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation level theory: A symposium (pp. 287-305). New York: Academic Press.
7	Brickman P., Coates D., & Janoff-Bulman R . ( 1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36( 8), 917-927. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917 URL pmid: 69080620
8	Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R . ( 1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources.
9	Diener E., Lucas R. E., & Scollon C. N . ( 2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61( 4), 305-314. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.305 URL pmid: 16719675
10	Ding N. X., Yang J. M., Liu Y. Y., & Yuan J. J . ( 2015). Paying less but harvesting more: The effect of unconscious acceptance in regulating frustrating emotion. Science China Life Sciences, 58( 8):799-809. doi: 10.1007/s11427-015-4875-7 URL
11	Dyck M. J., Jolly J. B., & Kramer T . ( 1994). An evaluation of positive affectivity, negative affectivity, and hyperarousal as markers for assessing between syndrome relationships. Personality and Individual Differences, 17( 5), 637-646. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90136-8 URL
12	Dyrdal, G. M., & Lucas, R. E . ( 2013). Reaction and adaptation to the birth of a child: A couple-level analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49( 4), 749-761. doi: 10.1037/a0028335 URL pmid: 22686177
13	Fan, F. X., & Lv, H. C . ( 2013). The psychological mechanism of affective adaptation: AREA model. Advances in Psychological Science, 21( 4), 653-663. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2013.00653 URL
14	[ 范富霞, 吕厚超 . ( 2013). 情感适应的心理机制: AREA模型. 心理科学进展, 21( 4), 653-663.]
15	Frederick S., & Loewenstein, G. ( 1999) . Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302-329). New York, USA: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
16	Galak, J., &Redden, J. P . ( 2018). The properties and antecedents of hedonic decline. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 1-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011542 URL pmid: 28854001
17	Hakulinen C., Elovainio M., Pulkki-Råback L., Virtanen M., Kivimäki M., & Jokela M . ( 2015). Personality and depressive symptoms: Individual participant meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies. Depression and Anxiety, 32( 7), 461-470. doi: 10.1002/da.22376 URL pmid: 4605994
18	Heller A. S., Johnstone T., Shackman A. J., Light S. N., Peterson M. J., Kolden G. G., … Davidson R. J . ( 2009). Reduced capacity to sustain positive emotion in major depression reflects diminished maintenance of fronto- striatal brain activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106( 52), 22445-22450. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910651106 URL
19	Hughes B. M., Howard S., James J. E., & Higgins N. M . ( 2011). Individual differences in adaptation of cardiovascular responses to stress. Biological Psychology, 86( 2), 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.015 URL pmid: 20347005
20	Huta, V., &Ryan, R. M . ( 2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11( 6), 735-762. doi: 10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4 URL
21	Huta, V., &Waterman, A. S . ( 2014). Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia: Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15( 6), 1425-1456. doi: 10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0 URL
22	Jolly J. B., Dyck M. J., Kramer T. A., & Wherry J. N . ( 1994). Integration of positive and negative affectivity and cognitive content-specificity: Improved discrimination of anxious and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103( 3), 544-552. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.103.3.544 URL
23	Leventhal A. M., Martin R. L., Seals R. W., Tapia E., & Rehm L. P . ( 2007). Investigating the dynamics of affect: Psychological mechanisms of affective habituation to pleasurable stimuli. Motivation and Emotion, 31( 2), 145-157. doi: 10.1007/s11031-007-9059-8 URL
24	Li A. M., Gao J. Y., Peng Y., Xia Y., & Chen X. X . ( 2015). The asymmetric adaptation to positive and negative emotions and its mechanism exploration. Advances in Psychological Science, 23( 4), 632-642. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00632 URL
25	[ 李爱梅, 高结怡, 彭元, 夏萤, 陈晓曦 . ( 2015). 积极情感和消极情感适应的不对称性及其机制探讨. 心理科学进展, 23( 4), 632-642.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2015.00632 URL
26	Long Q. S., Yang J. M., Lou Y. X., Cai A. Y., & Yuan J. J . ( 2015). Humans’ emotional habituation to pleasant stimuli: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Chinese Science Bulletin, 60( 36), 3594-3605.
27	[ 龙泉杉, 杨洁敏, 娄熠雪, 蔡阿燕, 袁加锦 . ( 2015). 情绪反应习惯化的正性优势: 行为与电生理证据. 科学通报, 60( 36), 3594-3605.]
28	Lucas R. E., Clark A. E., Georgellis Y., & Diener E . ( 2003). Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84( 3), 527-539. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.527 URL
29	Meng X. X., Yang J. M., Cai, A. Y, Ding, X. S., Liu W. W., Li H., & Yuan J. J . ( 2015). The neural mechanisms underlying the aging-related enhancement of positive affects: Electrophysiological evidences. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 143.
30	Moses-Kolko E. L., Fraser D., Wisner K. L., James J. A., Saul A. T., Fiez J. A., & Phillips M. L . ( 2011). Rapid habituation of ventral striatal response to reward receipt in postpartum depression. Biological Psychiatry, 70( 4), 395-399. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.021 URL
31	Pai, M., &Carr, D. ( 2010). Do personality traits moderate the effect of late-life spousal loss on psychological distress? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51( 2), 183-199. doi: 10.1177/0022146510368933 URL pmid: 20617758
32	Preacher K. J., Curran P. J., & Bauer D. J . ( 2006). Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31( 4), 437-448. doi: 10.3102/10769986031004437 URL
33	Radloff, L. S . ( 1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1( 3), 385-401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306 URL
34	Rafienia P., Azadfallah P., Fathi-Ashtiani A., & Rasoulzadeh- Tabatabaiei K . ( 2008). The role of extraversion, neuroticism and positive and negative mood in emotional information processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 44( 2), 392-402. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.018 URL
35	Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L . ( 2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 URL
36	Sheldon K. M., Boehm J., & Lyubomirsky, S. ( 2013). Variety is the spice of happiness: The hedonic adaptation prevention model In I Boniwell & S A David, & A C Ayers (Eds), Oxford handbook of happiness (pp 901-914) Oxford: Oxford University Press The hedonic adaptation prevention model. In I. Boniwell & S. A. David, & A. C. Ayers (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 901-914). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37	Sotgiu, I. ( 2016). How do we remember happy life events? A comparison between eudaimonic and hedonic autobiographical memories. Journal of Psychology, 150( 6), 685-703. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2016.1162764 URL
38	Steger M. F., Kashdan T. B., & Oishi S . ( 2008). Being good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42( 1), 22-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.03.004 URL
39	Telzer E. H., Fuligni A. J., Lieberman M. D., & Galván A . ( 2014). Neural sensitivity to eudaimonic and hedonic rewards differentially predict adolescent depressive symptoms over time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111( 18), 6600-6605. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323014111 URL
40	Uglanova, E. A., & Staudinger, U. M . ( 2013). Zooming in on life events: Is hedonic adaptation sensitive to the temporal distance from the event? Social Indicators Research, 111( 1), 265-286. doi: 10.1007/s11205-012-0004-1 URL
41	Verduyn P., Delaveau P., Rotgé J. Y., Fossati P., & van Mechelen I . ( 2015). Determinants of emotion duration and underlying psychological and neural mechanisms. Emotion Review, 7( 4), 330-335. doi: 10.1177/1754073915590618 URL
42	Vittengl, J. R . ( 2017). Who pays the price for high neuroticism? Moderators of longitudinal risks for depression and anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 47( 10), 1794-1805. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000253 URL
43	Waterman, A. S . ( 2007). On the importance of distinguishing hedonia and eudaimonia when contemplating the hedonic treadmill. American Psychologist, 62( 6), 612-613. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X62.6.612 URL
44	Waugh C. E., Shing E. Z., & Avery B. M . ( 2015). Temporal dynamics of emotional processing in the brain. Emotion Review, 7( 4), 323-329.
45	Yang J., McCrae R. R., Costa P. T., Jr., Dai X. Y., Yao S. Q., Cai T. S., & Gao B. L . ( 1999). Cross-cultural personality assessment in psychiatric populations: The NEO-PI—R in the People's Republic of China. Psychological Assessment, 11( 3), 359-368. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.359 URL
46	Yuan J. J., Ding N. X., Liu Y. Y., & Yang J. M . ( 2015). Emotion regulation effects of unconscious acceptance during a frustrating situation: Behavioral and physiological correlates. Scientia Sinica Vitae, 45( 1), 84-95. doi: 10.1360/N052014-00123 URL
47	[ 袁加锦, 丁南翔, 刘莹莹, 杨洁敏 . ( 2015). 无意识接受策略在挫折情景下的情绪调节效应: 行为与生理证据. 中国科学: 生命科学, 45( 1), 84-95.]
48	Yuan J. J., Zhang J. F., Zhou X. L., Yang J. M., Meng X. X., Zhang Q. L., & Li H . ( 2012). Neural mechanisms underlying the higher levels of subjective well-being in extraverts: Pleasant bias and unpleasant resistance. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12( 1), 175-192.

因变量	固定效应				随机效应
因变量		Coefficient	SE	t		V	χ²
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₀₀	67.93	2.63	25.81^***	γ₀	264.32	1657.52^***
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₁₀	-0.81	0.17	4.66^***	γ₁	1.14	898.38^***
刺激多样中的积极情感	β₀₀	76.03	2.27	33.57^***	γ₀	186.96	556.69^***
刺激多样中的积极情感	β₁₀	-0.40	0.16	-2.55^*	γ₁	0.86	330.77^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₀₀	50.91	3.37	15.12^***	γ₀	435.09	2260.11^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.49	0.17	-2.98^**	γ₁	1.01	673.93^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₀₀	62.59	1.99	31.46^***	γ₀	116.19	149.20^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.21	0.10	-2.04^*	γ₁	0.10	49.24

因变量	固定效应				随机效应
因变量		Coefficient	SE	t		V	χ²
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₀₀	67.93	2.63	25.81^***	γ₀	264.32	1657.52^***
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₁₀	-0.81	0.17	4.66^***	γ₁	1.14	898.38^***
刺激多样中的积极情感	β₀₀	76.03	2.27	33.57^***	γ₀	186.96	556.69^***
刺激多样中的积极情感	β₁₀	-0.40	0.16	-2.55^*	γ₁	0.86	330.77^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₀₀	50.91	3.37	15.12^***	γ₀	435.09	2260.11^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.49	0.17	-2.98^**	γ₁	1.01	673.93^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₀₀	62.59	1.99	31.46^***	γ₀	116.19	149.20^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.21	0.10	-2.04^*	γ₁	0.10	49.24

因变量	固定效应				随机效应
因变量		Coefficient	SE	t		V	χ²
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₀₁	-3.67	2.39	-1.53	γ₀	258.00	1575.03^***
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₁₁	0.18	0.17	1.02	γ₁	1.14	874.86^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₀₁	3.10	3.23	0.96	γ₀	437.48	2210.90^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₁₁	0.03	0.14	0.19	γ₁	1.04	673.50^***

因变量	固定效应				随机效应
因变量		Coefficient	SE	t		V	χ²
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₀₁	-3.67	2.39	-1.53	γ₀	258.00	1575.03^***
刺激单一中的积极情感	β₁₁	0.18	0.17	1.02	γ₁	1.14	874.86^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₀₁	3.10	3.23	0.96	γ₀	437.48	2210.90^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₁₁	0.03	0.14	0.19	γ₁	1.04	673.50^***

因变量	固定效应				随机效应
因变量		Coefficient	SE	t		V	χ²
刺激单一中的实现型情感	β₀₀	76.90	1.78	43.22^***	γ₀	222.13	2725.41^***
刺激单一中的实现型情感	β₁₀	-0.62	0.12	-5.07^***	γ₁	1.04	1611.92^***
刺激单一中的快乐型情感	β₀₀	65.89	2.44	26.99^***	γ₀	414.63	2045.34^***
刺激单一中的快乐型情感	β₁₀	-0.96	0.14	-6.62^***	γ₁	1.39	887.68^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₀₀	47.78	1.83	26.10^***	γ₀	229.67	1441.15^***
刺激单一中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.42	0.11	-3.80^***	γ₁	0.77	637.64^***
刺激多样中的实现型情感	β₀₀	77.63	1.38	56.06^***	γ₀	122.48	619.21^***
刺激多样中的实现型情感	β₁₀	-0.26	0.08	-3.31^**	γ₁	0.32	247.97^***
刺激多样中的快乐型情感	β₀₀	71.53	1.60	44.78^***	γ₀	142.25	309.99^***
刺激多样中的快乐型情感	β₁₀	-0.20	0.09	-2.24^*	γ₁	0.23	118.83^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₀₀	47.08	1.37	34.28^***	γ₀	107.44	334.33^***
刺激多样中的中性情感	β₁₀	-0.13	0.09	-1.43	γ₁	0.38	184.14^***