ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办：中国心理学会
　　　中国科学院心理研究所
出版：科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (3): 238-247.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2016.00238

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

SPT效应的自动突显机制：来自输出监测的证据

李广政1,2;王丽娟1   

  1. (1吉林大学心理学系, 长春 130012) (2江苏师范大学教育科学学院, 徐州 221116)
  • 收稿日期:2015-01-30 发布日期:2016-03-25 出版日期:2016-03-25
  • 通讯作者: 王丽娟, E-mail: wlj99@jlu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金项目(31371022)资助。

The automatic pop-out mechanism of subject performed tasks effect: Evidence from output monitoring

LI Guangzheng1,2; WANG Lijuan1   

  1. (1 Psychology Department, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China)
    (2 School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China)
  • Received:2015-01-30 Online:2016-03-25 Published:2016-03-25
  • Contact: WANG Lijuan, E-mail: wlj99@jlu.edu.cn

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摘要：

研究采用“对回忆的再认”范式, 从输出监测的角度考察了操作效应的提取机制。实验1结果显示, 被试操作任务条件下的自由回忆的系列位置成绩缺乏首因效应, 却拥有扩展的近因效应; 被试操作任务条件下的“对回忆的再认”成绩显著差于语词任务下的成绩, 差异具体表现在组块2~9、10、11和12上, 表明在上述组块, 被试操作任务条件下的提取存在自动突显, 即操作效应得益于这些组块在提取时的自动突显。实验2结果显示, 在类别测验下, 被试操作任务和语词任务的自由回忆成绩拥有相似的系列位置曲线, 而“对回忆的再认”结果同实验1。研究认为自由回忆的系列位置效应与自动突显机制之间不存在直接的因果关系, 而“对回忆的再认”范式则能敏感地测量出操作效应的提取机制。

关键词: SPT效应, “对回忆的再认”范式, 提取, 自动突显

Abstract:

It is commonly established that simple action phrases are retained better when participants were instructed to perform the actions than they learned the phrases by reading. The superior memory performance after motor learning has been called the Subject Performed Tasks effect (SPT effect). Although a great many of researches have tried to account for the SPT effect and four theories had been proposed, none of them was sufficient to explain the enactment effect. However, the processing theories are contradictory with each other. The main contradiction is whether the SPT effect benefited from the automatic retrieval. So the current research applied the “recall-recognition” paradigm to clarify the mentioned divergence.
We recruited 80 college students to take part in two experiments and used between-subject design to explore the automatic retrieval mechanism by recall - recognition test. The participants were told to memorize the items for later recall by just reading them silently (VTs) or enacting them symbolically after reading (SPTs). An example of an item was given to the participants, which ensured that they were familiar with the task. After presenting the last item, a free recall test was administered which was audio recorded for later examination directly. Then the subjects were given the instructions for the recall-recognition test. Thirty-six words just learned were presented to the subjects on the computer screen. Subjects were instructed to judge whether the words had been recalled or not. The data were analyzed in terms of the serial position of items, by comparing the performance of free recall test and the recall-recognition test.
With regard to the free recall performance, it displayed that the participants recalled more phrases after finishing the SPTs than the VTs. However, the effects were only appeared in triplets 10, 11 and 12. A primacy and recency effect were observed after learning of a series of items in the VT condition. Whereas, for the SPT condition, no primacy effect but an extended recency effect could be found. In terms of recall-recognition test, the performance was significant worse under the SPTs condition than that under the VTs condition. However, such differences were observed only in blocks of 2~9, 10, 11 and 12. With regard to the category recall performance, there were similar serial position curves for VTs and SPTs, however the performance of recall-recognition was the same with the results of experiment 1.
The performance of free recall indicated that the SPT effect benefited from the extended recency effect which stems from an automatic pop-out mechanism. However, the recall-recognition test results demonstrated that the retrieval is automatically pop-out under the SPTs condition in blocks of 2~9, 10, 11 and 12. In conclusion, the SPT effects seem to be the result of a significant enhancement of middle and last blocks. The recall-recognition test results were different from the free recall results. It may be that "recall- recognition" paradigm is more sensitive to measure retrieval mechanism of SPT effect.

Key words: SPT effect, "recall- recognition", paradigm, retrieval, automatic pop-out