ISSN 0439-755X
CN 11-1911/B
主办:中国心理学会
   中国科学院心理研究所
出版:科学出版社

心理学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (6): 706-715.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.00706

• 研究报告 • 上一篇    下一篇

目标探测对记忆提取的影响

黄晏清1,2, 孟迎芳1()   

  1. 1 福建师范大学心理学院, 福州 350117
    2 三明学院教育与音乐学院, 福建 三明 365004
  • 收稿日期:2019-05-17 发布日期:2020-04-22 出版日期:2020-06-25
  • 通讯作者: 孟迎芳 E-mail:175695016@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    * 国家自然科学基金青年项目(31800906);2018年福建省自然科学基金面上项目(2018J01719)

Effects of target detection on memory retrieval

HUANG Yanqing1,2, MENG Yingfang1()   

  1. 1 School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
    2 School of Education and Music, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China
  • Received:2019-05-17 Online:2020-04-22 Published:2020-06-25
  • Contact: MENG Yingfang E-mail:175695016@qq.com

摘要:

采用经典的“学习-再认”范式, 在测验阶段设置了目标探测的干扰任务, 通过比较目标探测和分心拒绝是否会对记忆提取产生不同的影响, 以进一步探讨提取干扰与再认记忆之间的关系。结果发现, 无论对目标进行显性(实验1)还是隐性(实验2)的探测反应, 目标探测下旧词的再认反应均要比分心拒绝下更优, 表明外显记忆的提取也会受到注意资源的调节。但更为重要的是, 在辨别力指数(d′)及判断标准(C)上的差异分析发现, 目标探测并没有提高被试的再认水平, 而是降低了被试的判断标准, 使得被试在目标探测条件下更容易对词做出“旧”反应。这种反应倾向与目标探测的动作反应方式无关, 也不受词汇的编码加工水平深浅的调节。由此可见, 外显记忆提取并非完全的“自动化加工”, 仍会受到注意资源的调节。

关键词: 注意促进效应, 目标探测, 记忆提取, 双任务

Abstract:

Many previous studies have explored the relationship between retrieval interference and explicit memory by comparing memory performance in the divided-attention condition with that in the full-attention condition. However, relatively few studies have discussed the effect of target detection on explicit memory during retrieval in dual-task situations by comparing a target detection condition, in which participants carry out a recognition task and press the spacebar simultaneously when a target appears, with a distractor rejection condition, in which participants perform the same recognition task and do not respond when they see a distractor. Because the detection of a target requires more attention than the rejection of a distractor, an interesting question remains as to whether target detection and distractor rejection have different influences on recognition memory.

Sixty undergraduate students (30 students in experiment 1 and 30 students in experiment 2) participated in this study. A study-test (encoding/recognition) paradigm was adopted, and the participants were required to perform a shallow/deep encoding task with two-character Chinese words as stimuli. They were then asked to conduct a target detection task and an old/new recognition task simultaneously in the retrieval phase. For the target detection task, in experiment 1, the participants were instructed to press the spacebar (overt detection); in experiment 2, the participants were instructed to perform a counting operation (covert detection) when they detected the target (a “+”) rather than the distractor (a “-”). The participants were told that the recognition task and the target detection task were equally important. They were asked to perform both tasks as quickly and as accurately as possible. The reaction time (RT) and accuracy data in the retrieval phase were recorded and analyzed by analysis of variance.

The results showed that in experiment 1 (the keypress response task) and experiment 2(the counting response task), regardless of the kind of processing was required (i.e., shallow or deep processing), the reaction times for the old words were significantly shorter in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the accuracy scores for recognizing the old words were significantly higher in the target condition than in the distractor condition, indicating that explicit memory retrieval was regulated by the participants' available attention resources. However, for the new words, we found the exactly opposite phenomenon: the reaction times were significantly longer in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the accuracy scores were also significantly lower in the target condition than in the distractor condition. More importantly, we calculated the sensitivity index (d′) and decision criterion (C) established by signal detection theory. The participants' sensitivity indexes showed no significant variations between the target condition and the distractor condition, but the mean values of the decision criteria decreased in the target condition when compared to those in the distractor condition.

The results revealed that detecting a target in the explicit memory retrieval phase did not boost the retrieval of words but decrease participants' decision criteria. Participants responded in a more liberal way in the target condition than in the distractor condition, and the effects of target detection on explicit memory retrieval may not be affected by the depth of processing and different reaction modes. Thus, explicit memory retrieval was also modulated by the available attention resources and, therefore, was not wholly automatic.

Key words: attentional boost effect, target detection, memory retrieval, dual task

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