中华民族文化融合的心理学证据：基于汉族和纳西族的情境实验结果

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.2242

摘要/Abstract

摘要： “贵壮贱老”是我国古代北方游牧民族的共性, “尊老爱幼”是古代华夏民族的习俗。汉族“胡化”和少数民族“汉化”是我国历史上文化融合的表现。通过两个实验, 本研究考察了不同年龄的河北汉族人和云南纳西族人在不同情境中对不同年龄者的保障行为和助人行为意愿。结果发现, 云南纳西族中老年人对老年人的保障行为和助人行为意愿更强烈, 汉族中老年人对中年人的保障行为和助人行为意愿更强烈。这表明, 在长期的文化融合过程中, 受华夏民族“尊老爱幼”的文化影响, 纳西族人的尊老意识变强了; 受少数民族“贵壮贱老”的习俗影响, 河北汉族人也兼具“贵壮”的特征。两民族的中老年人无论在何种情境下均将儿童放在保障行为和助人行为的第一位, 既体现了国人重视子嗣的伦理观, 也受现代化带来的“少子化”影响。两民族的高中生在多数情境下都优先选择保障或帮助儿童或父亲, 表明在当代社会, 民族间的性格取向差异正在消弭。整个研究表明, “胡化”与“汉化”潜移默化地影响着河北汉族人和云南纳西族人的文化心理, 中国各民族的文化心理是文化融合的结果。中国各民族的心理体现出“你中有我, 我中有你”的特点, 这为中华民族多元一体格局理论和陈寅恪的“化认说”提供了坚实的心理学证据。

关键词: 文化融合, 纳西族, 汉族, 保障行为, 助人行为, 意愿

Abstract:

Throughout Chinese history, various ethnic groups in China, through long-term exchanges, interactions, and integration, ultimately formed the Chinese nation. The cultures of these groups, influenced by mutual interaction, collectively gave rise to Chinese culture, with each ethnic group’s traditions incorporating elements from others. This cultural integration resulted in a situation where “you are in me and I am in you.” The custom of “Esteeming the Robust While Neglecting the Elderly” was characteristic of the ancient nomads of northern China, whereas “Respecting the Elderly and Cherishing the Young” has been a long-standing tradition among the Huaxia people. The concepts of “Hu-hua” among the Han ethnic group and “Sinicization” of ethnic minorities have represented tangible manifestations of cultural integration throughout Chinese history. This study, however, seeks to explore the psychological dimensions of cultural integration within the Chinese nation. Specifically, two experiments were conducted to investigate the intentions behind behaviors that guarantee support and help for the elderly, middle-aged, and children in different contexts.
Experiment 1 involved middle-aged and elderly individuals, as well as high school students from Han and Naxi ethnic groups, with a single-factor experimental design. Three scenarios were created: food security, clothing security, and life security. The ethnic identities of the characters in the scenarios matched those of the participants. This experiment aimed to investigate the willingness of middle-aged and elderly individuals, as well as high school students from both Han and Naxi ethnic groups in the Hebei and Yunan regions, to provide security. Experiment 2 also involved middle-aged and elderly participants, as well as high school students from Han and Naxi ethnic groups, utilizing a three-factor mixed design. The scenarios in this experiment included: time companionship, financial assistance, and time-based intellectual support. Again, the ethnic identities of the characters in the scenarios were consistent with those of the subjects. The goal of this experiment was to assess the willingness of the participants from both Han and Naxi ethnic groups in the Hebei and Yunan regions to offer help in these contexts.
The results indicated that middle-aged and elderly individuals from the Naxi ethnic group exhibited a stronger willingness to assist the elderly, while the Han counterparts showed a greater willingness to help the middle-aged. This suggests that, in the context of long-term ethnic integration, the Naxi ethnic group has developed a stronger respect for the elderly after being sinicized, while the Han ethnic group has retained some Hu characteristics, such as “Respecting the Young.” Furthermore, middle-aged and elderly individuals from both ethnic groups prioritized children in all situations, reflecting the Chinese cultural value of placing the utmost importance on descendants. In most cases, high school students from both ethnic groups favored children or fathers and contributed more money and time to them, indicating that the differences in personality orientation among ethnicities are gradually diminishing.

Key words: cultural integration, Naxi ethnic group, Han ethnic group, security behaviors, helping willingness, intention

中图分类号:

B849: C91

龙娟, 王婷, 张积家. (2025). 中华民族文化融合的心理学证据：基于汉族和纳西族的情境实验结果. 心理学报, 57(12), 2242-2258.

LONG Juan, WANG Ting, ZHANG Jijia. (2025). Psychological evidence of cultural integration in the Chinese nation: Experimental findings based on Han and Naxi ethnic groups in scenario experiments. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(12), 2242-2258.

图/表 5

图1 在保障情境下汉族和纳西族中老年人对三种保障对象优先选择的人数(%)

注：*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, 下同。

图2 在保障情境下汉族和纳西族的高中生对三种保障对象优先选择的人数(%)

图3 被试对三种受助对象的陪伴时间分配(分钟)

图4 被试对三种受助对象的捐赠金钱(元)

图5 被试对三种受助对象的扶智时间分配(分钟)

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