过去20年城乡高中生的教育效用与教育志向：基于三个出生队列的历史比较研究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00926

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究采用时间滞后设计, 考察过去20年我国高中生教育效用和教育志向水平的年代和城乡差异, 以及二者与个体学业成绩、父母学历之间关系的年代和城乡差异。分别在1999年、2010年、2018年对来自相同的三个地区(包括城市和农村)、相同学校的高中生进行问卷调查, 使用协方差分析和回归分析进行数据分析。结果发现：(1)自1999年至2018年, 城乡高中生的教育效用都遵循先下降、后回升的变化趋势; 在教育志向上, 城市高中生无明显变化, 而农村高中生教育志向上升并超越城市高中生; (2)高中生教育效用、教育志向受父母学历和学业成绩等微观因素影响, 且受年代和城乡宏观社会历史因素调节。相比于其他年份, 2010年时成绩较差学生的教育效用更低、2018年时成绩较差学生的教育志向更高; 自1999年至2018年, 低父母学历对农村高中生教育志向的影响方式由“枷锁效应”转变为“鞭策效应”。我国过去20年的社会变迁使城乡高中生对教育的价值认同发生系统性变化, 且宏观社会历史因素的演变改变了教育的价值认同形成的微观机制。

关键词: 社会变迁, 城乡差异, 青少年, 教育效用, 教育志向

Abstract:

In the past 20 years, China has witnessed tremendous socio-economic development at an unprecedented pace in human history. As a macro factor, a dramatic social change leads to differences in the psychological and behavioral characteristics across different times. The endorsement of values of educational is important for both individual development and the nation’s human capital stock. Considering the social and economic changes occurring in China for the past two decades, Chinese high school students’ endorsement in educational values could fluctuate along with social changes. This study examined the time differences in the educational values of high school students in China over the past 20 years and the potential differences between urban and rural areas. Additionally, given that developmental outcomes are the results of the interactions between factors of various levels, the current study also examined the interaction between macro factors, i.e., time and region, and micro factors, i.e., parental educational experience and academic achievement.

Using a time-lagged research design, questionnaires were administered to high school students from the same three regions (including urban and rural areas) and the same schools in 1999, 2010, and 2018. Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), the main effects of time and region, as well as the interactive effects between them, was tested for utility of education and educational aspiration, respectively. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the main effects and interactive effects between time, region, and parental educational experience and academic achievement on educational value outcomes.

The results showed that: (1) on utility of education, urban and rural high school students followed a trend of decreasing and then rising up, and the level of educational values of rural students was not lower than that of urban students; on educational aspirations, the trend was different across regions: there was no significant change for urban high school students, while the educational expectations of rural high school students increased and surpassed those of rural high school students. (2) Utility of education and educational aspiration were influenced by academic achievement and parental educational experience, and were further moderated by time and region. Specifically, utility of educational of lower-achieving students was lower in 2010 and educational aspiration of lower-achieving students was higher in 2018; and from 1999 to 2018, the pattern low parental education influenced educational aspiration among rural high school students has evolved from a shackle effect to a spur effect.

Based on the empirical findings, this study provided preliminary knowledge about the changes in educational values along with social change in China. The education values of Chinese high school students have fluctuated over the past 20 years, which can be explained by the change in economic structures and educational policies in the context of China’s social change and the urban-rural structure. Besides the changes at levels of variables, changing sociohistorical factors on a macro level also alter certain mechanisms underlying psychology on the micro level.

Key words: social change, urban-rural differences, adolescent, utility of education, educational aspiration

中图分类号:

B844.2

张良, 张文新. (2024). 过去20年城乡高中生的教育效用与教育志向：基于三个出生队列的历史比较研究. 心理学报, 56(7), 926-937.

ZHANG Liang, ZHANG Wenxin. (2024). Utility of education and educational aspiration of urban and rural high school students over the past 20 years: A historical comparative study based on three birth cohorts. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 926-937.

图/表 9

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年代	城乡	性别		年级		是否独生
年代	城乡	男	女	高一	高三	独生	非独生
1999年	城市	163	181	172	172	285	59
	农村	212	152	196	168	83	281
2010年	城市	238	247	248	237	376	109
	农村	254	301	297	258	200	355
2018年	城市	340	344	319	365	365	319
	农村	257	360	311	306	183	434

年代	城乡	性别		年级		是否独生
年代	城乡	男	女	高一	高三	独生	非独生
1999年	城市	163	181	172	172	285	59
	农村	212	152	196	168	83	281
2010年	城市	238	247	248	237	376	109
	农村	254	301	297	258	200	355
2018年	城市	340	344	319	365	365	319
	农村	257	360	311	306	183	434

变量	第一层			第二层			第三层			第四层
变量	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
性别	−0.08	−4.45	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.17	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.11	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.10	0.000
是否独生	−0.02	−0.82	0.411	−0.01	−0.46	0.645	−0.01	−0.47	0.637	−0.01	−0.45	0.653
年级	−0.10	−5.38	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.38	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.37	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.35	< 0.001
年代(2010)	−0.13	−6.88	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.87	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.88	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.87	< 0.001
年代(2018)	−0.02	−1.28	0.200	−0.03	−1.33	0.183	−0.03	−1.33	0.183	−0.03	−1.33	0.182
城乡	−0.01	−0.71	0.480	−0.02	−0.86	0.392	−0.02	−0.85	0.396	−0.02	−0.86	0.391
年代(2010)×城乡	−0.01	−0.42	0.675	−0.01	−0.41	0.682	−0.01	−0.41	0.684	−0.01	−0.41	0.685
年代(2018)×城乡	0.04	2.13	0.033	0.04	2.22	0.026	0.04	2.22	0.027	0.04	2.22	0.026
学业成绩				0.11	6.46	< 0.001	0.11	5.95	< 0.001	0.11	5.97	< 0.001
父母学历				0.01	0.82	0.412	0.01	0.61	0.539	0.01	0.59	0.557
年代(2010)×学业成绩							0.04	2.28	0.023	0.04	2.25	0.025
年代(2018)×学业成绩							−0.01	−0.40	0.693	−0.01	−0.42	0.676
年代(2010)×父母学历							0.02	0.86	0.388	0.02	0.87	0.382
年代(2018)×父母学历							0.01	0.35	0.723	0.01	0.35	0.730
城乡×学业成绩							0.02	1.17	0.241	0.02	1.15	0.248
城乡×父母学历							−0.03	−1.62	0.105	−0.03	−1.37	0.172
年代(2010)×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	0.03	0.979
年代(2018)×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	0.00	0.999
年代(2010)×城乡×父母学历										0.00	0.00	0.997
年代(2018)×城乡×父母学历										−0.02	−0.78	0.433
R²	0.037^***			0.050^***			0.053^***			0.054^***
ΔR²	0.037^***			0.013^***			0.003^†			0.001

变量	第一层			第二层			第三层			第四层
变量	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
性别	−0.08	−4.45	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.17	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.11	< 0.001	−0.08	−4.10	0.000
是否独生	−0.02	−0.82	0.411	−0.01	−0.46	0.645	−0.01	−0.47	0.637	−0.01	−0.45	0.653
年级	−0.10	−5.38	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.38	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.37	< 0.001	−0.10	−5.35	< 0.001
年代(2010)	−0.13	−6.88	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.87	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.88	< 0.001	−0.13	−6.87	< 0.001
年代(2018)	−0.02	−1.28	0.200	−0.03	−1.33	0.183	−0.03	−1.33	0.183	−0.03	−1.33	0.182
城乡	−0.01	−0.71	0.480	−0.02	−0.86	0.392	−0.02	−0.85	0.396	−0.02	−0.86	0.391
年代(2010)×城乡	−0.01	−0.42	0.675	−0.01	−0.41	0.682	−0.01	−0.41	0.684	−0.01	−0.41	0.685
年代(2018)×城乡	0.04	2.13	0.033	0.04	2.22	0.026	0.04	2.22	0.027	0.04	2.22	0.026
学业成绩				0.11	6.46	< 0.001	0.11	5.95	< 0.001	0.11	5.97	< 0.001
父母学历				0.01	0.82	0.412	0.01	0.61	0.539	0.01	0.59	0.557
年代(2010)×学业成绩							0.04	2.28	0.023	0.04	2.25	0.025
年代(2018)×学业成绩							−0.01	−0.40	0.693	−0.01	−0.42	0.676
年代(2010)×父母学历							0.02	0.86	0.388	0.02	0.87	0.382
年代(2018)×父母学历							0.01	0.35	0.723	0.01	0.35	0.730
城乡×学业成绩							0.02	1.17	0.241	0.02	1.15	0.248
城乡×父母学历							−0.03	−1.62	0.105	−0.03	−1.37	0.172
年代(2010)×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	0.03	0.979
年代(2018)×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	0.00	0.999
年代(2010)×城乡×父母学历										0.00	0.00	0.997
年代(2018)×城乡×父母学历										−0.02	−0.78	0.433
R²	0.037^***			0.050^***			0.053^***			0.054^***
ΔR²	0.037^***			0.013^***			0.003^†			0.001

变量	第一层			第二层			第三层			第四层
变量	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p
性别	−0.14	−7.42	0.000	−0.13	−6.94	0.000	−0.12	−6.54	0.000	−0.12	−6.53	0.000
独生	−0.04	−1.74	0.082	−0.01	−0.72	0.473	−0.01	−0.68	0.495	−0.01	−0.49	0.623
年级	0.04	1.98	0.048	0.04	2.15	0.032	0.04	2.09	0.037	0.04	2.06	0.039
年代(2010)	−0.04	−1.98	0.048	−0.04	−1.91	0.056	−0.04	−1.91	0.057	−0.04	−1.89	0.059
年代(2018)	0.11	5.55	0.000	0.10	5.56	0.000	0.10	5.59	0.000	0.10	5.58	0.000
城乡	−0.05	−2.33	0.020	−0.06	−2.81	0.005	−0.06	−2.84	0.005	−0.06	−2.93	0.003
年代(2010)×城乡	0.01	0.46	0.647	0.01	0.48	0.632	0.01	0.49	0.624	0.01	0.49	0.624
年代(2018)×城乡	0.11	5.37	0.000	0.11	5.70	0.000	0.11	5.74	0.000	0.11	5.78	0.000
学业成绩				0.20	11.74	0.000	0.21	11.80	0.000	0.21	11.99	0.000
父母学历				0.06	3.30	0.001	0.07	3.75	0.000	0.07	3.73	0.000
年代(2010) ×学业成绩							0.02	1.10	0.270	0.02	0.90	0.369
年代(2018) ×学业成绩							−0.04	−2.32	0.021	−0.05	−2.45	0.015
年代(2010) ×父母学历							0.00	0.13	0.895	0.01	0.30	0.767
年代(2018) ×父母学历							−0.04	−1.86	0.063	−0.04	−1.91	0.056
城乡×学业成绩							0.00	0.25	0.800	0.01	0.35	0.724
城乡×父母学历							−0.06	−3.37	0.001	−0.04	−2.24	0.025
年代(2010) ×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	0.22	0.830
年代(2018) ×城乡×学业成绩										0.00	−0.16	0.870
年代(2010) ×城乡×父母学历										−0.04	−2.38	0.017
年代(2018) ×城乡×父母学历										−0.05	−2.66	0.008
R²	0.045^***			0.091^***			0.097^***			0.103^***
ΔR²	0.045^***			0.046^***			0.006^**			0.006^***