时间压力对选择性注意的影响——注意范围的作用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2026.1919

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本研究旨在探讨长期和短期时间压力对个体选择性注意(包括客体与空间注意)的影响机制, 并检验注意范围在其中的潜在作用。实验1a采用《物质-时间充裕感知问卷》中的时间充裕感维度评估个体长期时间压力水平, 结合双框线索范式测量选择性注意, 结果未发现长期时间压力对客体或空间注意有显著影响。实验1b在双框线索范式中引入时间限制和行为反馈操纵短期时间压力, 发现短期时间压力显著减弱了客体优势效应, 但对空间注意无影响。基于此, 实验2在实验1b基础上增加注意范围的测量, 结果与注意范围的完全中介模型相一致。综上, 本研究系统揭示了短期时间压力(而非长期时间压力)特异性削弱客体注意的机制在于缩小注意范围。

关键词: 时间压力, 选择性注意, 客体注意, 认知过程, 中介作用

Abstract: Selective attention enables prioritization of task-relevant information in complex environments, with object-based and space-based attention representing distinct processing modes. While chronic and acute time pressure are established influencers of higher-order cognition (e.g., decision-making), their effects on early attentional selection remain unclear. Theoretical models propose that time pressure narrows attentional scope, potentially impairing holistic object processing while sparing spatial orienting. This study tested three hypotheses: acute time pressure selectively disrupts object-based attention advantages, attentional scope mediates this disruption, and chronic time pressure exhibits negligible effects on early attentional selection.
Three experiments examined these hypotheses across 275 university participants. Experiment 1a assessed chronic time pressure using a standardized scale, categorizing participants into high/low chronic pressure groups. All completed the two-rectangle cueing paradigm measuring object-based and space-based attention. Experiment 1b manipulated acute time pressure via response deadlines and performance feedback during the two-rectangle paradigm, with time thresholds derived from control-group reaction times. Experiment 2 integrated attentional scope measurement using the divided attention task before the two-rectangle paradigm under acute pressure. All experiments recorded reaction times and accuracy.
Experiment 1a revealed that chronic time pressure did not significantly affect either object-based or space-based attention. Experiment 1b demonstrated that acute time pressure substantially reduced the object-based attentional advantage while leaving space-based attention intact. Experiment 2 confirmed these results and identified a critical mediating mechanism: acute time pressure significantly narrowed participants' attentional scope, which served as a full mediator in the relationship between acute time pressure the and object-based attention. Correlational analyses further revealed a strong negative relationship between acute time pressure and attentional scope, and a positive linkage between attentional scope and object-based attention.
The results suggest that acute time pressure uniquely compromises object-based attention through narrowed attentional scope, whereas chronic time pressure and spatial attention remain resilient. These findings are consistent with attentional focus models in early visual processing and delineate pressure-type-specific pathways. Practically, optimizing performance in time-sensitive professions requires interventions mitigating attentional narrowing during acute time pressure. Training programs emphasizing holistic object processing under pressure may enhance real-world cognitive efficiency in high-stakes environments.

Key words: time pressure, selective attention, object-based attention, cognitive process, mediating effect

中图分类号:

B842

吴泽宇, 赵晶晶, 王璐瑶, 张怡, 张阳. (2026). 时间压力对选择性注意的影响——注意范围的作用. 心理学报, 58(10), 1919-1930.

WU Zeyu, ZHAO Jingjing, WANG Luyao, ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Yang. (2026). The impact of time pressure on selective attention: The role of attentional scope. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 58(10), 1919-1930.

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