基于执行意图的认知重评对负性情绪的持续调节效应：纵向脑电证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1572

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于执行意图的认知重评(Implementation Intention-based Reappraisal, IIR)作为一种执行意图(即if-then计划)与适应性认知重评相结合的新自动化情绪调节策略, 可以在不增加认知负荷的情况下实现对负面情绪的调节, 且该调节效应可以从设定情境(If情境)泛化到非设定情境。然而, 以往研究未关注IIR的泛化效果是否具有可持续性。为解决这一问题, 本研究采用脑电技术结合图片观看任务, 以被试自我报告的效价、唤醒度和晚期正电位(late positive potential, LPP)为指标纵向考察IIR对被试当下及未来一周的情绪调节效果。结果显示, 在第0~7天, 相比控制组, IIR组对设定负性情境(血腥图片)的情绪体验及唤醒水平持续降低; 且该调节效应同样稳定出现在对非设定情境(非血腥图片)的唤醒度评价上。同时, 在第0天、第3天和第7天, IIR组相比控制组有更小的中央顶区LPP (400~1500 ms)波幅和额区LPP (400~1100 ms)波幅; 且中央顶区LPP波幅与唤醒度存在显著正相关。上述结果说明IIR不仅能长期调节负性情绪并产生泛化效应, 且其泛化效果存在一定的持续性。这一研究为IIR在情绪调节领域的有效性和稳定性提供了实证支持。

关键词: 情绪调节, 基于执行意图的认知重评, 持续效应, 泛化效应, 晚期正电位

Abstract:

Implementation Intention-based Reappraisal (IIR) is a novel automatic emotion regulation strategy that combines implementation intentions (if-then plans) with adaptive cognitive reappraisal to regulate negative emotions without increasing cognitive load. Moreover, this regulation effect can generalize from specified situations (if situations) to unspecified situations. However, previous studies have not focused on whether the generalization effect of IIR is sustainable.

To address this gap, this study utilized EEG technology in combination with a picture-viewing task to longitudinally investigate the emotion regulation effects of IIR in the present and over the following week, using participants' self-reported valence, arousal, and late positive potential (LPP) as indicators. Specifically, 51 valid participants were randomly assigned to the IIR group (25 individuals) and the control group (26 individuals). The two groups performed a picture-viewing task and all participants' valence and arousal for picture stimuli were simultaneously recorded at both the IIR acquisition phase (Day 0) and the post-IIR acquisition phase (Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, and Day 7), and their EEG activities for picture stimuli were recorded on Day 0, Day 3, Day 7. After data reduction and preprocessing, behavioral analysis included 49 participants (24 in the IIR group, 25 in the control group), and EEG analysis involved 44 participants (22 in each group).

Subjective self-reported results revealed that, compared to the control group, the IIR group sustainably decreased valence and arousal ratings for bloody pictures (specified situations) from Day 0 to Day 7. Furthermore, the diminishing effect of IIR on arousal also consistently appeared in unspecified situations (non-bloody pictures), suggesting that the generalization effect of IIR was somewhat persistent. The event-related potential (ERP) results showed that, compared to the control group, the IIR group had smaller amplitudes of centro-parietal LPP (in the time window of 400~1500 ms) and frontal LPP (in the time window of 400~1100 ms) on Day 0, Day 3, and Day 7, suggesting that the sustainable effect of IIR was stable on LPP indicators. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between centro-parietal LPP (in the time window of 400~2500 ms) amplitude and arousal. Together, these findings suggest that IIR exhibits sustainable regulation and generalization effects on negative emotions.

In conclusion, IIR could sustainably regulate negative emotions and produce generalization effects as evidenced by both behavioral and ERP indicators. This study provides additional evidence supporting the stability and effectiveness of IIR in emotion regulation. In addition, these findings contribute to advancing the theory of automatic emotion regulation. Specifically, the present study not only supports the auto-motive model of nonconscious goal pursuit and the temporal processing model of controlled-automatic emotion regulation, but also extends these theories by demonstrating the stability and generalization of IIR's effects on emotion regulation. Moreover, this study has certain clinical implications for interventions targeting emotional disorders. For example, IIR may be an effective approach for treating co-morbid symptoms of anxiety and depressive disorders.

Key words: emotion regulation, implementation intention-based reappraisal, sustainable effect, generalization effect, late positive potential

中图分类号:

B000

李亚琴, 代佳佳, 高伟, 袁加锦. (2025). 基于执行意图的认知重评对负性情绪的持续调节效应：纵向脑电证据. 心理学报, 57(9), 1572-1588.

LI Yaqin, DAI Jiajia, GAO Wei, YUAN Jiajin. (2025). Sustainable regulation effects of implementation intention-based reappraisal on negative emotions: Longitudinal EEG evidence. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(9), 1572-1588.

图/表 13

参考文献 75

[1]	Bai, L., Ma, H., Huang, Y. X., & Luo, Y. J. (2005). The development of native Chinese Affective Picture System-A pretest in 46 college students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 19(11), 719-722.
	[白露, 马慧, 黄宇霞, 罗跃嘉. (2005). 中国情绪图片系统的编制——在46名中国大学生中的试用. 中国心理卫生杂志, 19(11), 719-722.]
[2]	Bargh, J. A. (1990). Auto-motives:Preconscious determinants of social interaction. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and social cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 93-130). New York: Guilford Press.
[3]	Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1014-1027. pmid: 11761304
[4]	Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The nonconscious regulation of emotion. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 429-445). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
[5]	Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory: Manual (2nd ed.). Psychological Corporation.
[6]	Bieleke, M., Legrand, E., Mignon, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2018). More than planned: Implementation intention effects in non-planned situations. Acta Psychologica, 184, 64-74. doi: S0001-6918(16)30404-8 pmid: 28666568
[7]	Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 pmid: 7962581
[8]	Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., ... Ochsner, K. N. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 24(11), 2981-2990.
[9]	Chen, S. D. (2020). Cognitive-neural mechanisms of automatic emotion regulation and its applications in depression [Unpublished doctorial dissertation]. Southwest University, China.
	[陈圣栋. (2020). 自动化负性情绪调节的认知-神经机制以及在抑郁人群中的应用 (博士学位论文). 西南大学, 重庆.]
[10]	Chen, S., Ding, N., Wang, F., Li, Z., Qin, S., Biswal, B. B., & Yuan, J. (2021). Functional decoupling of emotion coping network subsides automatic emotion regulation by implementation intention. Neural Plasticity, 6639739, 12.
[11]	Chen, S., Yu, K., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2020). Automatic reappraisal-based implementation intention produces early and sustainable emotion regulation effects: Event-related potential evidence. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 89. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00089 pmid: 32765230
[12]	Chen, T., Liu, L. L., Cui, J. F., Li, Y., Qin, X. J., Tao, S. L., ... Chan, R. C. (2019). Implementation intention training for prospective memory in schizophrenia: A 3-month follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 206, 378-385. doi: S0920-9964(18)30617-0 pmid: 30366712
[13]	Christou-Champi, S., Farrow, T. F., & Webb, T. L. (2015). Automatic control of negative emotions: Evidence that structured practice increases the efficiency of emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 29(2), 319-331.
[14]	Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 95-111.
[15]	Daly, M. (2022). Prevalence of depression among adolescents in the U.S. from 2009 to 2019: Analysis of trends by sex, race/ethnicity, and income. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(3), 496-499.
[16]	Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009 pmid: 15102499
[17]	Delorme, A., Sejnowski, T., & Makeig, S. (2007). Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis. Neuroimage, 34(4), 1443-1449. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004 pmid: 17188898
[18]	Dennis, T. A., & Hajcak, G. (2009). The late positive potential: A neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(11), 1373-1383.
[19]	Denny, B. T., Inhoff, M. C., Zerubavel, N., Davachi, L., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015). Getting over it: Long-lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response. Psychological Science, 26(9), 1377-1388. doi: 10.1177/0956797615578863 pmid: 26231911
[20]	Ding, N., Yang, J., Liu, Y., & Yuan, J. (2015). Paying less but harvesting more: The effect of unconscious acceptance in regulating frustrating emotion. Science China Life Sciences, 58(8), 799-809.
[21]	Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., ... Herpertz, S. C. (2010). The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Human Brain Mapping, 31(5), 758-769. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20903 pmid: 19957268
[22]	Foti, D., & Hajcak, G. (2008). Deconstructing reappraisal: Descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(6), 977-988. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20066 pmid: 18211235
[23]	Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009). Strategic automation of emotion regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 11-31. doi: 10.1037/a0013460 pmid: 19210061
[24]	Gallo, I. S., McCulloch, K. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012). Differential effects of various types of implementation intentions on the regulation of disgust. Social Cognition, 30(1), 1-17.
[25]	Gao, W., Chen, S. D., Long, Q. S., Yang, J. M., & Yuan, J. J. (2018). The progress of emotion regulation methods and paradigms: From voluntary emotion regulation to automatic emotion regulation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 63(4), 415-424.
	[高伟, 陈圣栋, 龙泉杉, 杨洁敏, 袁加锦. (2018). 情绪调节研究方法的蜕变: 从有意情绪调节到自动化情绪调节. 科学通报, 63(4), 415-424.]
[26]	Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 186-199.
[27]	Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 pmid: 12916575
[28]	Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event- related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 129-155. doi: 10.1080/87565640903526504 pmid: 20390599
[29]	Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Attending to affect: Appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion, 6(3), 517-522. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.517 pmid: 16938092
[30]	Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., & Zimerman, S. (2009). Automatic and flexible: The case of nonconscious goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 27(1), 20-36. doi: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.1.20 pmid: 19325712
[31]	Horan, W. P., Hajcak, G., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2013). Impaired emotion regulation in schizophrenia: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychological Medicine, 43(11), 2377-2391. doi: 10.1017/S0033291713000019 pmid: 23360592
[32]	Horne, S. J., Topp, T. E., & Quigley, L. (2021). Depression and the willingness to expend cognitive and physical effort for rewards: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 88, 102065.
[33]	Huang, L., Yang, Y. Z., & Ji, Z. M. (2003). Applicability of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale in Chinese. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 17(1), 54-56.
	[黄丽, 杨廷忠, 季忠民. (2003). 正性负性情绪量表的中国人群适用性研究. 中国心理卫生杂志, 17(1), 54-56.]
[34]	Huang, X., Chen, S., Gao, W., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2020). Emotion regulation by implementation intention is generalizable to unspecified situations: The nature of the underlying goal matters. Acta Psychologica, 210, 103144.
[35]	Ito, T. A., Cacioppo, J. T., & Lang, P. J. (1998). Eliciting affect using the International Affective Picture System: Trajectories through evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(8), 855-879.
[36]	Kessel, E. M., Kujawa, A., Goldstein, B., Hajcak, G., Bufferd, S. J., Dyson, M., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Behavioral observations of positive and negative valence systems in early childhood predict physiological measures of emotional processing three years later. Journal of Affective Disorders, 216, 70-77. doi: S0165-0327(16)30571-7 pmid: 27829516
[37]	Key, A. P., Jones, D., & Corbett, B. A. (2022). Sex differences in automatic emotion regulation in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 15(4), 712-728. doi: 10.1002/aur.2678 pmid: 35103402
[38]	Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 934-949. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.5.934 pmid: 8014836
[39]	Kron, A., Pilkiw, M., Banaei, J., Goldstein, A., & Anderson, A. K. (2015). Are valence and arousal separable in emotional experience? Emotion, 15(1), 35-44. doi: 10.1037/a0038474 pmid: 25664950
[40]	Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1999). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings (Tech. Rep. No. A-4). University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.
[41]	Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261-273. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x pmid: 8497555
[42]	Li, S., Xie, H., Zheng, Z., Chen, W., Xu, F., Hu, X., & Zhang, D. (2022). The causal role of the bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices on emotion regulation of social feedback. Human Brain Mapping, 43(9), 2898-2910. doi: 10.1002/hbm.25824 pmid: 35261115
[43]	Liang, J., & Lin, H. (2023). Current and lasting effects of affect labeling on late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes elicited by negative events. Brain and Behavior, 13(7), e3065.
[44]	Ma, B., Meng, X. X., Long, Q., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Yang, J., ... Yuan, J. (2019). Automatic self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal of disgusting emotion by implementation intention: An ERP study. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 13(6), 567-577. doi: 10.1007/s11571-019-09542-z pmid: 31741693
[45]	Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623-626.
[46]	Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during anger provocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(5), 698-711.
[47]	Moser, J. S., Hartwig, R., Moran, T. P., Jendrusina, A. A., & Kross, E. (2014). Neural markers of positive reappraisal and their associations with trait reappraisal and worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 91-105. doi: 10.1037/a0035817 pmid: 24661162
[48]	Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 161-187.
[49]	O'connor, D. B., Armitage, C. J., & Ferguson, E. (2015). Randomized test of an implementation intention-based tool to reduce stress-induced eating. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(3), 331-343. doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9668-x pmid: 25504143
[50]	Qi, B., Zhao, B., Wang, K., & Liu, H. H. (2013). Revision and preliminary application of Cognitive Flexibility Scale for college students. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 11(1), 120-123.
	[齐冰, 赵兵, 王琨, 刘欢欢. (2013). 大学生认知灵活性问卷的修订及初步使用. 心理与行为研究, 11(1), 120-123.]
[51]	Righart, R., & De Gelder, B. (2008). Rapid influence of emotional scenes on encoding of facial expressions: An ERP study. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(3), 270-278. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsn021 pmid: 19015119
[52]	Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1999). Disgust:The body and soul emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M.J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 429-445). Chichester, England: Wiley.
[53]	Schönfelder, S., Kanske, P., Heissler, J., & Wessa, M. (2014). Time course of emotion-related responding during distraction and reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(9), 1310-1319. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst116 pmid: 23988760
[54]	Schubring, D., & Schupp, H. T. (2019). Affective picture processing: Alpha‐and lower beta‐band desynchronization reflects emotional arousal. Psychophysiology, 56(8), e13386.
[55]	Shafir, R., Schwartz, N., Blechert, J., & Sheppes, G. (2015). Emotional intensity influences pre-implementation and implementation of distraction and reappraisal. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(10), 1329-1337. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsv022 pmid: 25700568
[56]	Shafir, R., Thiruchselvam, R., Suri, G., Gross, J. J., & Sheppes, G. (2016). Neural processing of emotional-intensity predicts emotion regulation choice. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(12), 1863-1871. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw114 pmid: 27522091
[57]	Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., Lushene, R. E., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Consulting Psychologists Press.
[58]	Stern, C., & West, T. V. (2014). Circumventing anxiety during interpersonal encounters to promote interest in contact: An implementation intention approach. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 82-93.
[59]	Tanis, J., Vroling, M. S., Martijn, C., van Heijningen, L. A., Maas, J., & Keijsers, G. P. (2022). Effects of implementation intentions on subthreshold binge eating. Eating Disorders, 30(4), 370-384.
[60]	Tran, T., Hagen, A. E., Hollenstein, T., & Bowie, C. R. (2021). Physical-and cognitive-effort-based decision-making in depression: Relationships to symptoms and functioning. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(1), 53-67.
[61]	Wang, J., Long, Q., Gu, Y., Zhang, M., Li, Q., Stonier, F., & Chen, A. (2022). Timing characteristics of reactive and proactive emotion regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 181, 104-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.08.010 pmid: 36049633
[62]	Wang, L., Liu, H. C., Li, Z. Q., & Du, W. (2007). Reliability and validity of Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Chinese revised version. China Journal of Health Psychology, 15(6), 503-505.
	[王力, 柳恒超, 李中权, 杜卫. (2007). 情绪调节问卷中文版的信效度研究. 中国健康心理学杂志, 15(6), 503-505.]
[63]	Wang, T., Zhao, L. F., Yang, J. P., Zhang, D. D., & Lei, Z. (2024). Intention and upstream indirect reciprocity: Insights from behavioral and ERP evidence. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(12), 1788-1799. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.01788
	[王婷, 赵梁佛, 杨金朋, 张丹丹, 雷震. (2024). 分配意图与上行间接互惠:来自行为与ERP的证据. 心理学报, 56(12), 1788-1799.]
[64]	Wang, X. D., Wang, X. L., & Ma, H. (1999). Rating scales for mental health. Bei Jing: Chinese Mental Health Journal Publisher.
	[汪向东, 王希林, 马弘. (1999). 心理卫生评定量表手册. 北京: 中国心理卫生杂志社.]
[65]	Wang, Z., Yuan, C. M., Huang, J., Li, Z. Z., Chen, J., Zhang, H. Y., Fang, Y. R., & Xiao, Z. P. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II among depression patients. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 25(6), 476-480.
	[王振, 苑成梅, 黄佳, 李则挚, 陈珏, 张海音, 方贻儒, 肖泽萍. (2011). 贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版在抑郁症患者中的信效度. 中国心理卫生杂志, 25(6), 476-480.]
[66]	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063 pmid: 3397865
[67]	Webb, T. L., Ononaiye, M. S., Sheeran, P., Reidy, J. G., & Lavda, A. (2010). Using implementation intentions to overcome the effects of social anxiety on attention and appraisals of performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(5), 612-627. doi: 10.1177/0146167210367785 pmid: 20371796
[68]	Weinberg, A., & Hajcak, G. (2010). Beyond good and evil: The time-course of neural activity elicited by specific picture content. Emotion, 10(6), 767-782. doi: 10.1037/a0020242 pmid: 21058848
[69]	Yang, J., Yan, X., Chen, S., Liu, W., Zhang, X., & Yuan, J. (2022). Increased motivational intensity leads to preference for distraction over reappraisal during emotion regulation: Mediated by attentional breadth. Emotion, 22(7), 1595-1603.
[70]	Yang, Q., Tang, P., Gu, R., Luo, W., & Luo, Y. J. (2015). Implicit emotion regulation affects outcome evaluation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(6), 824-831. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsu124 pmid: 25332404
[71]	Yen, N. S., Chen, K. H., & Liu, E. H. (2010). Emotional modulation of the late positive potential (LPP) generalizes to Chinese individuals. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75(3), 319-325.
[72]	Yuan, J., Luo, Y., Yan, J. H., Meng, X., Yu, F., & Li, H. (2009). Neural correlates of the females' susceptibility to negative emotions: An insight into gender‐related prevalence of affective disturbances. Human Brain Mapping, 30(11), 3676-3686.
[73]	Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Gao, K., Tan, S., & Zhang, D. (2023). The emotion-regulation benefits of implicit reappraisal in clinical depression: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Neuroscience Bulletin, 39(6), 973-983.
[74]	Zhang, R., Peng, X., Song, X., Long, J., Wang, C., Zhang, C., ... Lee, T. M. (2023). The prevalence and risk of developing major depression among individuals with subthreshold depression in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 53(8), 3611-3620.
[75]	Zhang, Y., Li, S., Gao, K., Li, Y., Yuan, J., & Zhang, D. (2023). Implicit, But Not Explicit, Emotion Regulation Relieves Unpleasant Neural Response0s Evoked by High-Intensity Negative Images. Neuroscience Bulletin, 39(8), 1278-1288.

变量	血腥图片	非血腥图片	中性图片	p
效价	7.47(0.68)	7.43(0.67)	4.85(0.20)	0.999
唤醒度	6.33(1.66)	6.28(1.61)	1.46(0.68)	0.999
血腥度	6.18(1.53)	2.51(1.17)	1.01(0.03)	< 0.001
恶心度	6.19(1.70)	6.48(1.51)	1.10(0.20)	0.206
恐惧度	4.90(1.88)	5.09(1.77)	1.09(0.20)	0.800

变量	血腥图片	非血腥图片	中性图片	p
效价	7.47(0.68)	7.43(0.67)	4.85(0.20)	0.999
唤醒度	6.33(1.66)	6.28(1.61)	1.46(0.68)	0.999
血腥度	6.18(1.53)	2.51(1.17)	1.01(0.03)	< 0.001
恶心度	6.19(1.70)	6.48(1.51)	1.10(0.20)	0.206
恐惧度	4.90(1.88)	5.09(1.77)	1.09(0.20)	0.800

量表名称	Cronbach α	KMO值	Bartlett球形检验	公因子累积方差贡献率	所有题项的因子载荷
正负性情绪量表	PA = 0.92 NA = 0.92	0.80	p < 0.001	61.86%	> 0.50
特质焦虑问卷	0.89	0.80	p < 0.001	66.85%	> 0.50
状态焦虑问卷	0.90	0.76	p < 0.001	70.19%	> 0.50
贝克抑郁量表第二版	0.87	0.60	p < 0.001	75.80%	> 0.50
情绪表达量表	0.93	0.86	p < 0.001	68.51%	> 0.50
情绪调节问卷	ERQ-R = 0.89 ERQ-S = 0.81	0.75	p < 0.001	65.83%	> 0.50
认知灵活性问卷	0.87	0.84	p < 0.001	64.49%	> 0.50

量表名称	Cronbach α	KMO值	Bartlett球形检验	公因子累积方差贡献率	所有题项的因子载荷
正负性情绪量表	PA = 0.92 NA = 0.92	0.80	p < 0.001	61.86%	> 0.50
特质焦虑问卷	0.89	0.80	p < 0.001	66.85%	> 0.50
状态焦虑问卷	0.90	0.76	p < 0.001	70.19%	> 0.50
贝克抑郁量表第二版	0.87	0.60	p < 0.001	75.80%	> 0.50
情绪表达量表	0.93	0.86	p < 0.001	68.51%	> 0.50
情绪调节问卷	ERQ-R = 0.89 ERQ-S = 0.81	0.75	p < 0.001	65.83%	> 0.50
认知灵活性问卷	0.87	0.84	p < 0.001	64.49%	> 0.50

LPP时间窗 (ms)	IIR(n = 22)	CG(n = 22)	组别主效应	图片类型主效应	组别×图片类型交互效应
400~600	3.53(3.07)	8.08(4.96)	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.241	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.509	p = 0.161 η2 p = 0.044
600~1000	3.97(2.94)	8.35(4.85)	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.237	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.583	p = 0.114 η2 p = 0.053
1000~1500	2.70(3.16)	5.69(4.15)	p = 0.010 η2 p = 0.147	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.617	p = 0.023 η2 p = 0.090
1500~2000	2.38(3.44)	4.85(3.81)	p = 0.030 η2 p = 0.108	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.585	p = 0.043 η2 p = 0.074
2000~2500	2.18(3.26)	4.42(3.94)	p = 0.046 η2 p = 0.091	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.462	p = 0.173 η2 p = 0.041
2500~3000	2.10(3.17)	3.60(3.83)	p = 0.164 η2 p = 0.046	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.434	p = 0.086 η2 p = 0.058
3000~3500	1.50(2.93)	2.66(3.93)	p = 0.274 η2 p = 0.028	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.377	p = 0.124 η2 p = 0.049
3500~4000	0.90(3.06)	1.90(3.72)	p = 0.334 η2 p = 0.022	p < 0.001 η2 p = 0.336	p = 0.025 η2 p = 0.084