自我关注重评和情境关注重评情绪调节策略及对随后认知控制的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2020.01393

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

认知重评作为高度适应性的情绪调节策略, 是否消耗随后任务所需的认知资源仍存在争议。以往研究把重评作为单一策略研究, 并未区分重评亚型对这一问题进行探索。本研究采用情绪调节与认知控制结合的任务, 考察自我关注和情境关注两种重评亚型调节情绪的效果, 以及对随后认知控制的影响是否存在差异。结果发现两种重评策略都能有效调节情绪, 但调节效果存在差异。从行为角度看, 与中性刺激相比, 负性刺激会引发更高的负性情绪水平, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更差。进一步从神经机制水平来看, 增加负性情绪可能会进一步消耗随后任务可用的认知资源, 与自我关注重评相比, 采用情境关注重评降低负性情绪后, 对随后冲突任务的认知控制能力更强。说明两种重评亚型并不同质, 不仅在调节情绪的效果上存在差异, 而且会引发不同的认知控制后果; 同时, 负性情绪水平越高, 认知控制能力可能会越差。

关键词: 情绪调节策略, 自我关注重评, 情境关注重评, 认知控制, 事件相关电位

Abstract:

It is important to explore the relationship between emotional regulation and cognitive control for a better understanding of diseases involving emotional control failure. Cognitive reappraisal is the most effective and commonly used emotional regulation strategy to improve individual emotional state. Will it consume cognitive resources needed for subsequent cognitive control tasks? The results of previous studies on this issue are not consistent. The reason may be that previous studies treated reappraisal as a single strategy, and did not distinguish sub-types of reappraisal to explore this issue. Reappraisal can be divided into self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal. According to previous studies, this two reappraisal strategies may have different effects on subsequent cognitive control tasks. However, there is no direct experimental comparison of this issue has been explored.
In this study, self-focused reappraisal (n = 23) and situation-focused reappraisal (n = 26) were used to investigate whether attempts to increase or decrease negative emotions had different effects on subsequent cognitive control tasks. All participants completed a cross-combination paradigm of cognitive reappraisal and Stroop task. Event-related potential (ERP) was used to assess the effectiveness of the regulated emotion (late positive potential, LPP) during the reappraisal phase, as well as to assess the cognitive resource (P300) and cognitive control (sustained potential: SP) during the Stroop task.
The results showed that both reappraisal strategies could effectively regulate emotion at the level of subjective reporting. In addition, on the level of arousal, increase negative > view negative > decrease negative > watch neutral, as opposite to the valence rating. Furthermore, EEG results of the reappraisal stage showed that self-focused reappraisal will trigger larger LPP amplitude than situation-focused reappraisal whether it increases or decreases negative emotions. This proved that situation-focused reappraisal was more effective than self-focused reappraisal when negative emotions decreased. On the contrary, self-focused reappraisal Emotions was more effective than situation-focused reappraisal when negative emotions increased. Compared with the three emotional regulation conditions that appear in negative stimulus pictures, the interference scores of accuracy rate for viewing neutral picture conditions were significantly greater. While, compared with the other three emotional regulation conditions, the P300 interference score of increases negative emotional conditions was significantly smaller. The result of situation-focused reappraisal inconsistent condition SP amplitude minus the consistent condition difference was higher than the self-focused reappraisal. It could be considered the SP amplitude interference score of situation-focused reappraisal was more positive than that of self-focused reappraisal.
In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that (1) self-focused reappraisal and situation-focused reappraisal can effectively regulate emotions, while the regulate effects were different; (2) compared to neutral stimuli, negative stimuli trigger higher levels of negative emotions and subsequent poorer cognitive control of conflicting tasks from a behavioral perspective; (3) compared with watching and reducing negative emotions, increasing negative emotions may further deplete the available cognitive resources for subsequent tasks at the level of neural mechanisms. Furthermore, situational focus reappraisal had a greater impact on cognitive control of subsequent conflict tasks after decreasing negative emotions than self-focus reappraisal.

Key words: emotion regulation, self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal, cognitive control, event-related potential

中图分类号:

B842

孙岩, 吕娇娇, 兰帆, 张丽娜. (2020). 自我关注重评和情境关注重评情绪调节策略及对随后认知控制的影响. 心理学报, 52(12), 1393-1406.

SUN Yan, LV Jiaojiao, LAN Fan, ZHANG Lina. (2020). Emotion regulation strategy of self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal and their impact on subsequent cognitive control. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 52(12), 1393-1406.

图/表 6

图1 实验流程图

表2 两组被试在4种情绪调节条件下的主观体验评级

组别	情绪调节条件
组别	观看中性	观看负性	增加负性	降低负性
自我关注组
效价	5.27 (0.74)	3.42 (0.57)	3.25 (0.68)	3.55 (0.62)
唤醒度	4.02 (1.57)	5.36 (1.16)	6.72 (1.22)	5.32 (1.04)
情境关注组
效价	5.25 (0.74)	3.65 (0.70)	3.36 (0.72)	4.27 (1.04)
唤醒度	3.83 (1.33)	5.24 (1.08)	5.73 (1.27)	5.17 (1.19)

图2 两组被试在4种情绪调节条件(观看中性、观看负性、增加负性、降低负性)下的主观体验评级, 纵轴表示对效价和唤醒度进行1~9级评价。**表示p < 0.01

图3 两组被试在300~1500 ms期间LPP的平均波幅。其中A表示自我关注组在4种情绪调节条件下的LPP波幅、B表示情境关注组在4种情绪调节条件下的LPP波幅、C表示增加负性情绪时自我关注组和情境关注组的LPP波幅、D表示降低负性情绪时自我关注组和情境关注组的LPP波幅。

图4 两组被试在4种情绪调节条件下数字Stroop期间P300和SP成分的波幅干扰分数(不一致条件的平均波幅–一致条件的平均波幅)。

图5 两组被试在增加和降低情绪调节条件下300~390 ms期间(黄色区域)的P300平均波幅与750~900 ms期间(灰色区域)的SP 平均波幅。其中A表示使用自我关注重评增加负性情绪之后Stroop呈现-反应的波幅, B表示使用情境关注重评增加负性情绪之后Stroop呈现-反应的波幅, C表示使用自我关注重评降低负性情绪之后Stroop呈现-反应的波幅, D表示使用情境关注重评降低负性情绪之后Stroop呈现-反应的波幅。

参考文献 90

[1]	Aldao A., Nolen-Hoeksema S., & Schweizer S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 URL
[2]	An X. L., Chen S. G., & Shu L. (2015). Effects of instructed and spontaneous reappraisal on emotional arousal and memory. Journal of Psychological Science, 38(5), 1032-1038.
	[ 安献丽, 陈四光, 束丽. (2015). 诱发及个体自发认知重评对情绪唤醒反应及情绪记忆的影响. 心理科学, 38 (5), 1032-1038.]
[3]	Baumeister R. F., Bratslavsky E., Muraven M., & Tice D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-1265. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 URL pmid: 9599441
[4]	Beck A. T., Steer R. A., & Brown G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-second edition manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
[5]	Blackburn I. M., Roxborough H. M., Muir W. J., Glabus M., & Blackwood D. H. R. (1990). Perceptual and physiological dysfunction in depression. Psychological Medicine, 20(1), 95-103. doi: 10.1017/s003329170001326x URL pmid: 2320702
[6]	Brockmeyer T., Bents H., Holtforth M. G., Pfeiffer N., Herzog W., & Friederich H. C. (2012). Specific emotion regulation impairments in major depression and anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry research, 200(2-3), 550-553. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.009 URL pmid: 22910477
[7]	Bugg J. M., McDaniel M. A., Scullin M. K., & Braver T. S. (2011). Revealing list-level control in the Stroop task by uncovering its benefits and a cost. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(5), 1595-1606. doi: 10.1037/a0024670 URL pmid: 21767049
[8]	Buhle J. T., Silvers J. A., Wager T. D., Lopez R., Onyemekwu C., Kober H., ... Ochsner. K. N. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: A meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 24(11), 2981-2990. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht154 URL
[9]	Carter C. S., & Krug M. K. (2012). Dynamic cognitive control and frontal-cingulate interactions. In: Posner, MI., (Ed.). Cognitive neuroscience of attention. (Vol. 2. pp.88-98). New York: Guilford Press.
[10]	Castro A., & Díaz F. (2001). Effect of the relevance and position of the target stimuli on p300 and reaction time. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41(1), 43-52. doi: 10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00182-3 URL pmid: 11239696
[11]	Chen T. L., Kendrick K. M., Feng C. L., Yang S. Y., Wang X. G., Yang X., ... Luo Y. J. (2014). Opposite effect of conflict context modulation on neural mechanisms of cognitive and affective control. Psychophysiology, 51(5), 478-488. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12165 URL
[12]	Cheng L., Yuan J. J., He Y. Y., & Li H. (2009). Emotion regulation strategies: Cognitive reappraisal is more effective than expressive suppression. Advances in Psychological Science, 17(4), 730-735.
	[ 程利, 袁加锦, 何媛媛, 李红. (2009). 情绪调节策略:认知重评优于表达抑制. 心理科学进展, 17(4), 730-735.]
[13]	Chester D. S., Lynam D. R., Milich R., Powell D. K., Andersen A. H., & Dewall C. N. (2016). How do negative emotions impair self-control? A neural model of negative urgency. NeuroImage, 132, 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.024 URL pmid: 26892861
[14]	Cisler J. M., & Olatunji B. O. (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(3), 182-187. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0262-2 URL
[15]	Covey T. J., Shucard J. L., & Shucard D. W. (2016, July). Evaluation of cognitive control and distraction using event-related potentials in healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis. International Conference on Augmented Cognition. Springer, Cham.
[16]	Cuthbert B. N., Schupp H. T., Bradley M. M., Birbaumer N., & Lang P. J. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 95-111. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00044-7 URL pmid: 10699350
[17]	Dehaene S., Dehaene-Lambertz G., & Cohen L. (1998). Abstract representations of numbers in the animal and human brain. Trends in Neurosciences, 21(8), 355-361. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01263-6 URL pmid: 9720604
[18]	Deldin P. J., Keller J., Gergen J. A., & Miller G. A. (2000). Right-posterior face processing anomaly in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(1), 116-121. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.109.1.116 URL pmid: 10740942
[19]	Dennis T. A., & Hajcak G. (2009). The late positive potential: A neurophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(11), 1373-1383. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02168.x URL pmid: 19754501
[20]	Deveney C. M., & Pizzagalli D. A. (2008). The cognitive consequences of emotion regulation: An ERP investigation. Psychophysiology, 45(3), 435-444. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00641.x URL pmid: 18221443
[21]	Dietrich D. E., Emrich H. M., Waller C., Wieringa B. M., Johannes S., & Münte T. F. (2000). Emotion/cognition- coupling in word recognition memory of depressive patients: An event-related potential study. Psychiatry Research, 96(1), 15-29. doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00187-6 URL pmid: 10980323
[22]	Dillon D. G., Ritchey M., Johnson B. D., & LaBar K. S. (2007). Dissociable effects of conscious emotion regulation strategies on explicit and implicit memory. Emotion, 7(2), 354-365. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.354 URL pmid: 17516813
[23]	Ellis H. C., & Ashbrook P. W. (1988). Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. In K. Feidler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition and social behavior (pp. 25-43). Toronto: Hogrefe.
[24]	Entel O., Tzelgov J., Bereby-Meyer Y., & Shahar N. (2014). Exploring relations between task conflict and informational conflict in the Stroop task. Psychological Research, 79(6), 913-927. doi: 10.1007/s00426-014-0630-0 URL pmid: 25420632
[25]	Erk S., Mikschl A., Stier S., Ciaramidaro A., Gapp V., Weber B., & Walter H. (2010). Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(47), 15726-15734. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1856-10.2010 URL pmid: 21106812
[26]	Gaebler M., Daniels J. K., Lamke J. P., Fydrich T., & Walter H. (2014). Behavioural and neural correlates of self-focused emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 39(4), 249-258. doi: 10.1503/jpn.130080 URL pmid: 24690369
[27]	Gross J. J. (1998). The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 URL
[28]	Gross J. J., & John O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 URL
[29]	Gross J. J., Thompson R. A. (2007). Emotion Regulation: Conceptual Foundations In J J Gross (Ed), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp 3-24) New York: Guilford Press Conceptual Foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford Press.
[30]	Hajcak G., Dunning J. P., & Foti D. (2009). Motivated and controlled attention to emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(3), 505-510. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.028 URL pmid: 19157974
[31]	Hajcak G., MacNamara A., & Olvet D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(2), 129-155. doi: 10.1080/87565640903526504 URL pmid: 20390599
[32]	Hajcak G., & Nieuwenhuis S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(4), 291-297.
[33]	Huang Y. X., & Luo Y. J. (2004). Native assessment of international affective picture system. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 18(9), 631-634.
	[ 黄宇霞, 罗跃嘉. (2004). 国际情绪图片系统在中国的试用研究. 中国心理卫生杂志, 18(9), 631-634.]
[34]	Hubbard E. M., Piazza M., Pinel P., & Dehaene S. (2005). Interactions between number and space in parietal cortex. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(6), 435-448. doi: 10.1038/nrn1684 URL pmid: 15928716
[35]	Hutchison K. A. (2011). The interactive effects of listwide control, item-based control and working memory capacity on Stroop performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(4), 851-860. doi: 10.1037/a0023437 URL pmid: 21517220
[36]	Ilan A. B., & Polich J. (1999). P300 and response time from a manual stroop task. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(2), 367-373. doi: 10.1016/s0168-5597(98)00053-7 URL pmid: 10210626
[37]	Isreal J. B., Chesney G. L., Wickens C. D., & Donchin E. (1980). P300 and tracking difficulty: Evidence for multiple resources in dual-task performance. Psychophysiology, 17(3), 259-273. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00146.x URL pmid: 7384376
[38]	Kalanthroff E., Avnit A., Henik A., Davelaar E. J., & Usher M. (2014). Stroop proactive control and task conflict are modulated by concurrent working memory load. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(3), 869-875. doi: 10.3758/s13423-014-0735-x URL pmid: 25257710
[39]	Katsanis J., Iacono W. G., Mcgue M. K., & Carlson S. R. (1997). P300 event-related potential heritability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Psychophysiology, 34(1), 47-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02415.x URL pmid: 9009808
[40]	Kaufmann L., Ischebeck A., Weiss E., Koppelstaetter F., Siedentopf C., Vogel S. E., ... Wood G. (2008). An fMRI study of the numerical stroop task in individuals with and without minimal cognitive impairment. Cortex, 44(9), 1248-1255. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.11.009 URL
[41]	Kaufmann L., Koppelstaetter F., Delazer M., Siedentopf C., Rhomberg P., Golaszewski S., ... Ischebeck A. (2005). Neural correlates of distance and congruity effects in a numerical stroop task: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage, 25(3), 888-898. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.041 URL pmid: 15808989
[42]	Kaya N., & Epps H. H. (2004). Relationship between color and emotion: A study of college students. College Student Journal, 38(3), 396-405.
[43]	Kim S. N., Kim M., Lee T. H., Lee J. Y., Park S., Park M., ... Choi J. S. (2018). Increased attentional bias toward visual cues in Internet gaming disorder and obsessive- compulsive disorder: An event-related potential study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 315. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00315 URL pmid: 30057559
[44]	Koenigsberg H. W., Fan J., Ochsner K. N., Liu X., Guise K., Pizzarello S., ... Siever L. J. (2010). Neural correlates of using distancing to regulate emotional responses to social situations. Neuropsychologia, 48(6), 1813-1822. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.002 URL pmid: 20226799
[45]	Kudinova A. Y., Owens M., Burkhouse K. L., Barretto K. M., Bonanno G. A., & Gibb B. E. (2016). Differences in emotion modulation using cognitive reappraisal in individuals with and without suicidal ideation: An ERP study. Cognition and Emotion, 30(5), 999-1007. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1036841 URL pmid: 25978547
[46]	Lang P. J., Bradley M. M., & Cuthbert B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8.
[47]	Lansbergen M. M., van Hell E., & Kenemans J. L. (2007). Impulsivity and conflict in the Stroop task: An ERP study. Journal of Psychophysiology, 21(1), 33-50. doi: 10.1027/0269-8803.21.1.33 URL
[48]	Larson M. J., Clayson P. E., & Baldwin S. A. (2012). Performance monitoring following conflict: Internal adjustments in cognitive control?. Neuropsychologia, 50(3), 426-433. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.021 URL
[49]	Larson M. J., Kaufman D. A. S., & Perlstein W. M. (2009). Neural time course of conflict adaptation effects on the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 47(3), 663-670. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.013 URL
[50]	Levine L. J., Schmidt S., Kang H. S., & Tinti C. (2012). Remembering the silver lining: Reappraisal and positive bias in memory for emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 26(5), 871-884. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.625403 URL pmid: 22292731
[51]	Littel M., & Franken I. H. A. (2011). Intentional modulation of the late positive potential in response to smoking cues by cognitive strategies in smokers. PLOS ONE, 6(11), e27519. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027519 URL pmid: 22087333
[52]	Luo P., Hu X. P., Wang X. Y., Wang T., & Chen A. T. (2016). Negative emotional processing and feeling influence conflict adaptation with opposite ways. Scientia Sinica, 46(3), 330-338.
	[ 罗培, 胡学平, 王小影, 王婷, 陈安涛. (2016). 负性情绪加工与体验以相反方式影响冲突适应. 中国科学:生命科学, 46(3), 330-338.]
[53]	MacNamara A., Foti D., & Hajcak G. (2009). Tell me about it: Neural activity elicited by emotional pictures and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 9(4), 531-543. doi: 10.1037/a0016251 URL pmid: 19653776
[54]	Matsumoto K., & Tanaka K. (2004). Conflict and cognitive control. Science, 303(5660), 969-970. doi: 10.1126/science.1094733 URL pmid: 14963319
[55]	McRae K., Jacobs S. E., Ray R. D., John O. P., & Gross J. J. (2012). Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 2-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003 URL
[56]	Moser J. S., Hajcak G., & Simons R. F. (2005). The effects of fear on performance monitoring and attentional allocation. Psychophysiology, 42(3), 261-268. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00290.x URL pmid: 15943679
[57]	Moser J. S., Most S. B., & Simons R. F. (2010). Increasing negative emotions by reappraisal enhances subsequent cognitive control: A combined behavioral and electrophysiological study. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(2), 195-207.
[58]	Muraven M., & Baumeister R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247-259. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247 URL pmid: 10748642
[59]	Ochsner K. N., & Gross J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242-249. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 URL pmid: 15866151
[60]	Ochsner K. N., Ray R. D., Cooper J. C., Robertson E. R., Chopra S., Gabrieli J. D. E., & Gross J. J. (2004). For better or for worse: Neural systems supporting the cognitive down-and up-regulation of negative emotion. NeuroImage, 23(2), 483-499. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 URL
[61]	Pastor M. C., Bradley M. M., Löw A., Versace F., Moltó J., & Lang P. J. (2008). Affective picture perception: Emotion, context, and the late positive potential. Brain Research, 1189, 145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.072 URL pmid: 18068150
[62]	Pessoa L. (2009). How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(4), 160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.006 URL
[63]	Qi S. Q., Li Y. P., Tang X. M., Zeng Q. H., Diao L. T., Li X. Y., ... Hu W. P. (2017). The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 17(3), 516-527.
[64]	Quaedflieg C. W. E. M., Schwabe L., Meyer T., & Smeets T. (2013). Time dependent effects of stress prior to encoding on event-related potentials and 24h delayed retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(12), 3057-3069. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.002 URL
[65]	Richards J. M., Butler E. A., & Gross J. J. (2003). Emotion regulation in romantic relationships: The cognitive consequences of concealing feelings. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 20(5), 599-620.
[66]	Richards J. M., & Gross J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Personality Processes & Individual Differences, 79(3), 410-424.
[67]	Sang B., Sai L. Y., Pan T. T., Liu Y., Zhang S. H., & Ma M. W. (2018). Emotion Intensity Influence the Emotion Regulation Choice between Reappraisal and Distraction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(1), 52-55.
	[ 桑标, 赛李阳, 潘婷婷, 刘影, 张少华, 马明伟. (2018). 不同情绪刺激强度下的情绪调节策略选择. 中国临床心理学杂志, 26(1), 52-55.]
[68]	Schupp H. T., Cuthbert B. N., Bradley M. M., Cacioppo J. T., Ito T., & Lang P. J. (2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37(2), 257-261. URL pmid: 10731776
[69]	Schupp H. T., Junghöfer M., Weike A. I., & Hamm A. O. (2004). The selective processing of briefly presented affective pictures: An ERP analysis. Psychophysiology, 41(3), 441-449. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00174.x URL pmid: 15102130
[70]	Sheppes G., & Levin Z. (2013). Emotion regulation choice: Selecting between cognitive regulation strategies to control emotion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 179. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00179 URL pmid: 23658540
[71]	Sheppes G., & Meiran N. (2008). Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction. Emotion, 8(6), 870-874. doi: 10.1037/a0013711 URL pmid: 19102598
[72]	Shiota M. N., & Levenson R. W. (2009). Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 890-900. doi: 10.1037/a0017896 URL pmid: 20025404
[73]	Shiota M. N., & Levenson R. W. (2012). Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 416-429. doi: 10.1037/a0029208 URL
[74]	Srikanth P., Andrew B., & Luiz P. (2011). Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 192. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00192 URL pmid: 21886635
[75]	Stroop J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 18(6), 15-23.
[76]	Sullivan S. K., & Strauss G. P. (2017). Electrophysiological evidence for detrimental impact of a reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on subsequent cognitive control in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(5), 679-693. doi: 10.1037/abn0000285 URL pmid: 28691849
[77]	Thiruchselvam R., Blechert J., Sheppes G., Rydstrom A., & Gross J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and reappraisal. Biological Psychology, 87(1), 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.009 URL
[78]	van Dinteren R., Arns M., Jongsma M. L. A., & Kessels R. P. C. (2014). P300 development across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 9(2), e87347. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087347 URL pmid: 24551055
[79]	van Mourik R., Sergeant J. A., Heslenfeld D., Konig C., & Oosterlaan J. (2011). Auditory conflict processing in adhd. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(3), 265-274. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02339.x URL
[80]	Versace F., Minnix J. A., Robinson J. D., Lam C. Y., Brown V. L., & Cinciripini P. M. (2011). Brain reactivity to emotional, neutral and cigarette-related stimuli in smokers. Addiction Biology, 16(2), 296-307. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00273.x URL
[81]	Webb T. L., Miles E., & Sheeran P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775-808. doi: 10.1037/a0027600 URL pmid: 22582737
[82]	West R. (2003). Neural correlates of cognitive control and conflict detection in the Stroop and digit-location tasks. Neuropsychologia, 41(8), 1122-1135. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00297-x URL pmid: 12667546
[83]	West R., Jakubek K., Wymbs N., Perry M., & Moore K. (2005). Neural correlates of conflict processing. Experimental Brain Research, 167(1), 38-48. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-2366-y URL
[84]	Willroth E. C., & Hilimire M. R. (2016). Differential effects of self- and situation-focused reappraisal. Emotion, 16(4), 468-474. doi: 10.1037/emo0000139 URL pmid: 26641270
[85]	Xie J., Jiang Y., & Fang P. (2012). Neuroimaging study of cognitive reappraisal. Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition),(2), 131-134.
	[ 谢晶, 姜媛, 方平. (2012). 认知重评的神经影像学研究. 首都师范大学学报(社会科学版), (2), 131-134.]
[86]	Xin Y., Li H., Yuan J. J. (2010). Negative emotion interferes with behavioral inhibitory control: An ERP study. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42(3), 334-341.
	[ 辛勇, 李红, 袁加锦. (2010). 负性情绪干扰行为抑制控制:一项事件相关电位研究. 心理学报, 42(3), 334-341.]
[87]	Yang Q. W., Gu R. L., Tang P., & Luo Y. J. (2013). How does cognitive reappraisal affect the response to gains and losses? Psychophysiology, 50(11), 1094-1103. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12091 URL
[88]	Zhang B. W., Xu J., Chang Y., Wang H., Yao H., & Tang D. (2016). Impaired cognitive reappraisal in panic disorder revealed by the late positive potential. NeuroReport, 27(2), 99-103. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000504 URL pmid: 26656936
[89]	Zhuang J. Y. (2006). Factors which affect emotion congruent effects. Journal of Psychological Science, 29(5), 1104-1106.
	[ 庄锦英. (2006). 影响情绪一致性效应的因素. 心理科学, 29(5), 1104-1106.]
[90]	Zung W. W. K. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12(6), 371-379. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0 URL pmid: 5172928