中国人社会善念的心理结构

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.01003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究中国人社会善念的心理结构, 研究采用人格词汇法, 在开放调查收集的词汇中选取代表社会善念的心理词语, 确立了社会善念词库。通过两次探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析, 得到包含18个人格特质词的社会善念词汇评定量表和包含17项描述的社会善念自陈量表。研究表明, 中国人的社会善念是一种具有二阶四因素结构的人际特质, 二阶是指宜人特质和外倾特质, 四因素分别是善良尊重、谦和恭逊、包容理解和积极开放。

关键词: 社会善念, 心理结构, 词汇学方法, 中国文化

Abstract:

Social mindfulness refers to the ability of an individual to sense others’ states during interpersonal interactions, his or her willingness to respect others’ choices, and his or her ability to transfer rights. Exploring the psychological structure of social mindfulness against the background of Chinese culture is important for cultivating a friendly and harmonious society.

This study explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness with a lexical method. In Study 1, 59 high- and 24 low-social mindfulness words were selected by word frequency analysis and multiple rounds of discussions. After being evaluated by 43 professionals and 232 nonprofessionals, 40 social mindfulness words were selected. In Study 2, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Sample 1 (n = 351) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Sample 2 (n = 307) were conducted to obtain a three-factor structure for social mindfulness; these structures include kindness and respect, tolerance and understanding, and optimism and open-mindedness. Additionally, a social mindfulness lexical rating scale (SMLRS) with 18 words was formed. In Study 3, we used the same method as in Study 2 to explore the structure of social mindfulness (EFA: Sample 1, n = 377; CFA: Sample 2, n = 220) through scenario descriptions. Then, a new 17-item social mindfulness self-report scale (SMSRS) and a model with two second-order factors and four first-order factors for the internalization of social mindfulness were generated. Both the SMLRS and SMSRS have good reliability and validity and can be used as measurement tools in follow-up research.

Through lexical analysis and psychometric analysis, we explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness, which contains two second-order factors and four first-order factors, in Chinese culture. In this model, the two second-order factors were agreeableness and extraversion, and the four first-order factors were kindness and respect, humility, optimism and open-mindedness, and tolerance and understanding.

From a theoretical point of view, we established a vocabulary of social mindfulness, verified social mindfulness’s second-order four-factor psychological structure, provided a new empirical basis for the higher- order factor theory of personality, and enriched our knowledge of personality and social behavior against the background of Chinese culture. From a practical point of view, the definition of social mindfulness plays a positive role in moral education in the field of education, in the training of employees in the field of organization and in the construction of mentality in the sociology field.

Key words: social mindfulness, psychological structure, lexical method, Chinese culture

中图分类号:

B848

田一, 王莉, 许燕, 焦丽颖. (2021). 中国人社会善念的心理结构. 心理学报, 53(9), 1003-1017.

TIAN Yi, WANG Li, XU Yan, JIAO Liying. (2021). Psychological structure of social mindfulness in Chinese culture. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(9), 1003-1017.

图/表 11

参考文献 67

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项目	因素1	因素2	因素3	共同度
有礼貌的	0.90			0.75
尊重的	0.86			0.70
有责任感的	0.86			0.70
诚信的	0.85			0.59
通情达理的	0.69			0.63
善良的	0.66			0.61
谦恭的	0.55			0.55
包容的		0.71		0.50
共情的		0.67		0.43
换位思考的		0.58		0.50
乐于助人的		0.60		0.65
礼让的		0.75		0.67
利他的		0.79		0.48
外向的			0.89	0.60
信心的			0.79	0.66
积极主动的			0.65	0.63
乐观开朗的			0.62	0.61
胸襟开阔的			0.61	0.61
特征值	8.27	1.38	1.22
贡献率%	45.94	7.64	6.78
累积贡献率%	45.94	53.58	60.36

项目	因素1	因素2	因素3	共同度
有礼貌的	0.90			0.75
尊重的	0.86			0.70
有责任感的	0.86			0.70
诚信的	0.85			0.59
通情达理的	0.69			0.63
善良的	0.66			0.61
谦恭的	0.55			0.55
包容的		0.71		0.50
共情的		0.67		0.43
换位思考的		0.58		0.50
乐于助人的		0.60		0.65
礼让的		0.75		0.67
利他的		0.79		0.48
外向的			0.89	0.60
信心的			0.79	0.66
积极主动的			0.65	0.63
乐观开朗的			0.62	0.61
胸襟开阔的			0.61	0.61
特征值	8.27	1.38	1.22
贡献率%	45.94	7.64	6.78
累积贡献率%	45.94	53.58	60.36

模型	χ²	df	χ²/df	RMR	GFI	IFI	TLI	CFI	RMSEA
单因素模型	593.04	135	4.39	0.06	0.80	0.82	0.79	0.81	0.11
双因素模型1	394.04	134	2.94	0.04	0.87	0.89	0.88	0.89	0.08
双因素模型2	541.37	134	4.04	0.05	0.81	0.83	0.81	0.83	0.10
三因素模型	379.08	132	2.87	0.04	0.90	0.93	0.91	0.93	0.06

模型	χ²	df	χ²/df	RMR	GFI	IFI	TLI	CFI	RMSEA
单因素模型	593.04	135	4.39	0.06	0.80	0.82	0.79	0.81	0.11
双因素模型1	394.04	134	2.94	0.04	0.87	0.89	0.88	0.89	0.08
双因素模型2	541.37	134	4.04	0.05	0.81	0.83	0.81	0.83	0.10
三因素模型	379.08	132	2.87	0.04	0.90	0.93	0.91	0.93	0.06

变量	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1. 社会善念	-
2. 善良尊重	0.90^**	-
3. 包容理解	0.89^**	0.77^**	-
4. 积极开放	0.82^**	0.57^**	0.56^**	-
5. 诚实-谦恭	0.22^**	0.24^**	0.21^**	0.12^*	-
6. 宜人性	0.41^**	0.30^**	0.36^**	0.41^**	0.37^**	-
7. 信任	0.60^**	0.52^**	0.53^**	0.52^**	0.24^**	0.36^**	-
8. 移情关怀	0.30^**	0.33^**	0.33^**	0.13^*	0.23^**	0.24^**	0.27^**	-
9. 观点采择	0.53^**	0.46^**	0.53^**	0.38^**	0.23^**	0.39^**	0.38^**	0.17^**	-