特质性自我构念与内外群体疼痛共情的关系: 来自事件相关电位的证据

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00629

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以往研究发现暂时的自我构念启动会调节对他人的疼痛共情。本研究旨在探究稳定的特质性自我构念与内、外群体疼痛共情的关系。实验采用启动范式对内、外群体进行区分, 被试的任务是认真观看并判断图片的人物是否感到了疼痛, 同时记录他们的EEG数据。结果显示：在N2成分上出现了明显的内群体效应, 即观看内群体疼痛图片比内群体非疼痛图片会诱发更大的N2波幅, 而观看外群体疼痛和外群体非疼痛图片诱发的N2波幅没有显著差异, 这表明内、外群体因素会影响疼痛共情中的早期情绪分享过程。在P3成分上, 在内、外群体启动条件下, 疼痛图片比非疼痛图片都要诱发更大的P3波幅。更重要的是, 自我构念分数(互依型减独立型分数)与内、外群体疼痛共情(疼痛减非疼痛条件)诱发的P3波幅都呈正相关关系, 但两者的相关系数没有显著差异, 这表明特质性自我构念与疼痛共情中的晚期认知评价过程密切相关, 而且这种相关程度在内、外群体条件间是相似的。

关键词: 疼痛共情, 特质性自我构念, 内群体, 事件相关电位, N2, P3

Abstract:

Empathy to others' pain is key to human social interaction and development. Previous studies suggest that pain empathy is influenced by numerous factors, including different characteristics of the observed target and the observer. Moreover, the relationship between an observer and the target also plays an important role. Self-construal, a personality trait, reflects the extent to which people consider themselves as connected to or separated from others. Recently, researchers have found temporal self-construal priming could modulate empathic neural responses to pain and change racial in-group bias measured in the neural response to pain. Unlike temporary, situational self-construal, the dispositional self-construal is a stable trait, the formation of which is influenced by long-term cultural experience. Previous ERP studies have found dispositional self-construal to modulate self-relevant processing more rapidly than temporal self-construal. Thus, the present study explores whether dispositional self-construal is related to empathic neural responses to others' pain and whether in-group bias mediates such modulation. It has been shown that the temporal processing of empathy for pain consists of an early emotional sharing stage and a late cognitive evaluation stage. Accordingly, we assumed dispositional self-construal would correlate with either automatic emotional sharing or top-down controlled processes of empathy for pain.

In sum, the present study demonstrated a significant ingroup bias in the early N2 stage, but not in the late P3 stage. Moreover, dispositional self-construal correlated with both ingroup and outgroup empathy for pain, and high interdependence was associated with enhanced P3 response to other's pain regardless of group membership.

Twenty-seven Chinese participants took part in the present study. Before the formal experiment, participants were informed that the models in the pictures were selected from their fellow-townsman WeChat groups (ingroup) and other WeChat groups (outgroup). Next, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while participants took part in a word-priming paradigm, in which a word cue (“ingroup” or “outgroup”) was presented for 500 ms, indicating the identity of the model, followed by a picture of the model's face touched either by painful or non-painful stimulation. Participants were instructed to judge whether the model in the picture was feeling pain by pressing a button using the left or right index fingers. After the EEG recording, participants rated the intensity of pain supposedly felt by the model as well as the degree of unpleasantness they felt when they saw each picture. Participants also completed the 24-item SCS on a seven-point scale to evaluate their interdependence and independence of self-construal.

The ERP results showed a significant ingroup bias in the early N2 component. Painful stimuli elicited a greater negative shift relative to non-painful stimuli in response to ingroup faces. No such effect was observed on outgroup faces. The N2 component has previously been associated with automatic emotion sharing. A long latency empathic response was also observed at P3 over parietal electrodes. Painful stimuli elicited larger P3 amplitudes than the non-painful stimuli in both ingroup and outgroup face conditions. The P3 component is related to the cognitively controlled process of pain empathy. Importantly, correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between dispositional self-construal score (interdependence minus independence scores) and the amplitude difference (painful minus no-painful stimulus conditions) of P3 in both ingroup and outgroup face conditions. Furthermore, correlation coefficients were similar between ingroup and outgroup face conditions. In addition, we observed a positive relationship between the level of the interdependent self-construal and subjective rating of perceived pain and self-unpleasantness.

Key words: pain empathy, dispositional self-construal, ingroup, event-related potentials, N2, P3

中图分类号:

B842

陈杰, 伍可, 史宇鹏, 艾小青. (2021). 特质性自我构念与内外群体疼痛共情的关系: 来自事件相关电位的证据. 心理学报, 53(6), 629-638.

CHEN Jie, WU Ke, SHI Yupeng, AI Xiaoqing. (2021). The relationship between dispositional self-construal and empathy for ingroup and outgroup members' pain: evidence from ERPs. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(6), 629-638.

图/表 6

图1 实验流程图

表1 被试在不同条件下疼痛判断的反应时和正确率(M ± SE)

刺激类型	正确率(%)	反应时(ms)
疼痛
内群体	88.33 ± 3.55	555.82 ± 13.96
外群体	88.89 ± 3.26	565.02 ± 9.74
非疼痛
内群体	93.15 ± 1.87	578.20 ± 8.20
外群体	93.15 ± 1.86	575.00 ± 8.12

表2 被试在不同条件下的疼痛强度和难受度评定(M ± SE)

刺激类型	疼痛强度评定	难受度评定
疼痛
内群体	3.18 ± 1.13	3.23 ± 1.23
外群体	3.15 ± 1.14	3.23 ± 1.32
非疼痛
内群体	1.65 ± 0.62	1.55 ± 0.58
外群体	1.59 ± 0.55	1.51 ± 0.54

图2 (a-b)自我构念分数与内、外群体疼痛强度的相关散点图; (c-d)自我构念分数与内、外群体难受度的相关散点图。

图3 疼痛刺激和非疼痛刺激诱发的脑电波及疼痛刺激和非疼痛刺激的差异地形图

图4 (a-b)自我构念分数与内、外群体疼痛共情的N2差异波的相关散点图; (c-d)自我构念分数与内、外群体疼痛共情的P3差异波的相关散点图。

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