关键词: 家庭-同伴双系统, 教养模式, 友谊稳定性, 青少年, 心理健康

Abstract: In the context of China’s “Healthy China” initiative, this study adopted a home-school collaborative perspective to investigate the developmental mechanisms underlying adolescent mental health through an integrated multi-system ecological framework and a dynamic developmental approach. This research makes three major theoretical and methodological contributions. First, against the backdrop of shifting societal structures and evolving family roles, we employed a person-centered analytical approach to identify heterogeneous parenting patterns that reflect a blend of modern parenting philosophies (e.g., autonomy support, warm) and traditional values (e.g., emphasis on authority and obedience). Second, although developmental theories suggest that family and peer systems influence child development through independent, mediating, and interactive mechanisms, empirical comparisons of these models remain limited. Addressing this gap, our study systematically evaluates these competing frameworks to clarify how parenting and peer relationships jointly shape mental health outcomes across developmental stages. Third, recognizing adolescent mental health as both stage-specific and continuous, we adopt a three-wave longitudinal design spanning from middle childhood to early adolescence. This allows for a nuanced examination of whether early environmental factors contribute to adolescent mental health problems through gradual accumulation (dynamic progressive model) or emerge abruptly during sensitive transitional periods (sensitive burst-effect model). Participants were third- and fourth-grade students and their parents (N = 479 families; Mfather_age = 39.46; Mmother_age = 38.03) from a public elementary school in Jinan, Shandong Province. At Time 1 (T1; June 2021), parental corporal punishment, psychological aggression, warmth, and autonomy support, as well as children’s dyadic friendships, were assessed. At Time 2 (T2; June 2022), children’s (Mage = 11.84; 51.57% girls; 49.89% only children) internalizing and externalizing problems and friendship status were measured. At Time 3 (T3; December 2024), once participants had transitioned into junior high school, adolescents’ anxiety, depression, loneliness, and digital addiction were evaluated. Missing data were handled using full information maximum likelihood estimation. The final number of participating families was 479. Latent profile analysis revealed three distinct parenting patterns: (1) controlling–alienating (39.25%), characterized by moderate levels of corporal punishment and psychological aggression with low levels of warmth and autonomy support; (2) caring–supportive (54.91%), marked by low corporal punishment and psychological aggression but high warmth and autonomy support; and (3) harsh–punitive (5.85%), involving high corporal punishment and psychological aggression alongside low warmth and autonomy support；Subsequent mediation and interaction model testing yielded three key findings: (1) Parenting patterns and friendship stability were associated with adolescent mental health via both indirect and interaction pathways; (2) Externalizing problems in middle childhood mediated the effects of parenting and friendship stability on adolescent digital addiction; (3) Internalizing problems mediated the effects of early parenting and friendships on later symptoms of anxiety, depression, loneliness, and digital addiction. These findings provide robust empirical support for a sequential, interactive framework linking family and peer contexts to adolescent mental health outcomes. Specifically, early parenting practices shape subsequent social interactions, while the peer system modulates the enduring influence of family environments. Moreover, the results demonstrate that psychological difficulties in adolescence often originate from earlier internalizing and externalizing problems, reinforcing the developmental continuity of mental health issues. Warm and supportive parenting, along with stable peer relationships, function as protective factors, underscoring their value as critical intervention targets in efforts to prevent and mitigate adolescent psychological distress.

Key words: family and peer systems, parenting patterns, friendship stability, adolescent, mental health