心理科学进展 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 2570-2585.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1042.2022.02570
收稿日期:
2022-02-14
出版日期:
2022-11-15
发布日期:
2022-11-09
通讯作者:
李小兵
E-mail:edslxb@mail.sysu.edu.cn
Received:
2022-02-14
Online:
2022-11-15
Published:
2022-11-09
Contact:
LI Xiaobing
E-mail:edslxb@mail.sysu.edu.cn
摘要:
大量研究表明冥想有助于身心健康的维持与幸福感的提升, 但与此同时, 飞速发展的研究与实践却严重忽略了对其安全性的考察。目前, 我们对冥想各群体(临床人群、修行人、正念冥想指导者、普通练习者及大学生等)不良反应的表现、影响因素及发生与转化机制等都知之甚少, 目前国内该领域的研究尚属空白, 这是迫切需要研究者和实践者重视和严肃对待的伦理问题。国外研究表明, 总体而言, 冥想不良反应率为8.3%, 表现在认知、感知觉、情感、躯体化、意志、自我意识与社会功能等7方面内容的不适或改变, 严重的甚至出现自杀意念与行为; 冥想不良反应的影响因素包括练习者、练习、关系及健康行为等4方面的内容。中国文化下本土化研究的开展以及冥想指导者胜任力等问题是未来研究的重要方向, 分解设计、纵向设计与个人中心取向是重要的研究方法。
中图分类号:
孙莎莎, 李小兵. (2022). 冥想的安全性. 心理科学进展 , 30(11), 2570-2585.
SUN Shasha, LI Xiaobing. (2022). The safety of meditation. Advances in Psychological Science, 30(11), 2570-2585.
研究描述 | 冥想类型 | 不良反应表现与分类 |
---|---|---|
Cebolla等人( | 身体扫描、聚焦注意、开放监控、念咒、瑜伽及其他 | 焦虑(包括惊恐发作)、疼痛(胃疼、头疼、肌肉痛、晕眩等)、人格解离或现实感丧失、轻躁狂或抑郁症状、情绪不稳定、视觉聚焦问题、意识丧失或昏沉及其他 |
Lindahl等人( | 身体扫描、聚焦注意、开放监控、念咒、数息、坐禅、观想、大圆满或大手印、慈心禅、四加行及其他 | 7大类59小类, (1)认知类, 包括世界观改变、非理性信念、心理活动暂停等11小类; (2)感知觉类, 包括出现幻觉、看到光、感知觉变得更为敏感等7小类; (3)情感类, 包括焦虑、抑郁、惊恐、大哭大笑、自杀意念等13小类; (4)躯体化类, 包括身体能量、睡眠、食欲或体重、呼吸等方面的变化, 共计15小类; (5)意志(Conative)类, 包括动机或目标的改变、心力的变化或丧失目标与动力等3小类; (6)自我意识类, 包括自他边界的变化、自主意识的缺失等6小类; 以及(7)社会功能类, 包括社会交往障碍、闭关或密集训练后难以重新融入、与冥想团体关系发生变化等5小类。 |
Wong等人( | MBSR, MBCT | 疲劳、愤怒、焦虑、忧虑、嗜睡、睡眠崩解、头痛、肌肉酸痛、昏沉、气短、年轻人之间发生争斗等 |
Anderson等人( | 正念、内观、坐禅、观呼吸、各类个性化冥想方法及其他 | 时间成本、学习曲线(进步缓慢, 看不到成效)、负性情绪及心理状态、社会与人际退缩、造成压力的个人变化、健康状况恶化、严重不良反应(包括自杀意念、幻觉或其他精神病性症状) |
Farias等人( | MBIs, 基督教、印度教、日本禅宗等冥想法, 慈心禅, 观想, 数息, 身体扫描, 念咒……不包括瑜伽 | 3大类:认知神经类、精神病性表现与躯体类; 12小类:自杀行为、胃肠问题、人格解离、恐惧与惊恐、创伤体验复现、疼痛、妄想、幻觉、压力或紧张、认知异常、抑郁、焦虑等 |
Lambert等人 ( | 搜索关键词为“正念”“冥想”与“禅宗” | 情绪或情感困难, 包括抑郁、焦虑、恐惧、情绪或情感迟钝、情绪不稳定等; 时间压力; 创伤体验复现; 能量在指导者与练习者之间或团体成员之间转移; 离体体验; 道德感变化; 错误记忆; 妄想、幻觉等 |
Pauly等人( | 注意类, 如观呼吸; 建构类, 如慈心禅; 解构类, 如内观等1 | 认知、知觉、情感、躯体感受、意志、自我感、社会等7类不愉快体验2 |
表1 近5年来国外研究中冥想不良反应的表现与分类
研究描述 | 冥想类型 | 不良反应表现与分类 |
---|---|---|
Cebolla等人( | 身体扫描、聚焦注意、开放监控、念咒、瑜伽及其他 | 焦虑(包括惊恐发作)、疼痛(胃疼、头疼、肌肉痛、晕眩等)、人格解离或现实感丧失、轻躁狂或抑郁症状、情绪不稳定、视觉聚焦问题、意识丧失或昏沉及其他 |
Lindahl等人( | 身体扫描、聚焦注意、开放监控、念咒、数息、坐禅、观想、大圆满或大手印、慈心禅、四加行及其他 | 7大类59小类, (1)认知类, 包括世界观改变、非理性信念、心理活动暂停等11小类; (2)感知觉类, 包括出现幻觉、看到光、感知觉变得更为敏感等7小类; (3)情感类, 包括焦虑、抑郁、惊恐、大哭大笑、自杀意念等13小类; (4)躯体化类, 包括身体能量、睡眠、食欲或体重、呼吸等方面的变化, 共计15小类; (5)意志(Conative)类, 包括动机或目标的改变、心力的变化或丧失目标与动力等3小类; (6)自我意识类, 包括自他边界的变化、自主意识的缺失等6小类; 以及(7)社会功能类, 包括社会交往障碍、闭关或密集训练后难以重新融入、与冥想团体关系发生变化等5小类。 |
Wong等人( | MBSR, MBCT | 疲劳、愤怒、焦虑、忧虑、嗜睡、睡眠崩解、头痛、肌肉酸痛、昏沉、气短、年轻人之间发生争斗等 |
Anderson等人( | 正念、内观、坐禅、观呼吸、各类个性化冥想方法及其他 | 时间成本、学习曲线(进步缓慢, 看不到成效)、负性情绪及心理状态、社会与人际退缩、造成压力的个人变化、健康状况恶化、严重不良反应(包括自杀意念、幻觉或其他精神病性症状) |
Farias等人( | MBIs, 基督教、印度教、日本禅宗等冥想法, 慈心禅, 观想, 数息, 身体扫描, 念咒……不包括瑜伽 | 3大类:认知神经类、精神病性表现与躯体类; 12小类:自杀行为、胃肠问题、人格解离、恐惧与惊恐、创伤体验复现、疼痛、妄想、幻觉、压力或紧张、认知异常、抑郁、焦虑等 |
Lambert等人 ( | 搜索关键词为“正念”“冥想”与“禅宗” | 情绪或情感困难, 包括抑郁、焦虑、恐惧、情绪或情感迟钝、情绪不稳定等; 时间压力; 创伤体验复现; 能量在指导者与练习者之间或团体成员之间转移; 离体体验; 道德感变化; 错误记忆; 妄想、幻觉等 |
Pauly等人( | 注意类, 如观呼吸; 建构类, 如慈心禅; 解构类, 如内观等1 | 认知、知觉、情感、躯体感受、意志、自我感、社会等7类不愉快体验2 |
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