编码如何预测提取?以相继记忆效应为证

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2018.01775

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在记忆领域, 编码与提取之间的关系始终备受关注。近37年(1980至今)的研究显示, 随后记住信息与随后遗忘信息在编码阶段关联的神经机制明显不同(该差异被称为相继记忆效应), 表明编码能够从神经机制角度预测提取。过去10年间(2008~2017), 研究者在顺承先前研究的基础上另辟蹊径, 重点从编码任务中加工水平及目标导向对相继记忆效应的影响、提取任务对相继记忆效应的影响、不同年龄群体之间的相继记忆效应异同、情绪项目和情绪背景对相继记忆效应的影响等角度展开研究。本文从上述四方面对相关研究进行了详细梳理, 并从整合研究成果、完善理论模型、挖掘潜在社会因素、探究个体差异和群体差异以及加强应用推广等方面对今后研究进行展望。

关键词: 相继记忆效应, 编码任务, 提取任务, 年龄, 情绪

Abstract:

Within memory research, the relation between encoding and retrieval has been under the spotlight. Research in the past 37 years (1980-present) has demonstrated that there are differences between the neural mechanisms activated by subsequently remembered information and subsequently forgotten information during encoding, which are labeled as subsequent memory effects. Such effects indicate that it’s possible to predict retrieval according to the neural activities during encoding. In the past decade (2008~2017), researchers have opened new paths on subsequent memory effects inspired by previous studies in this field, such as focusing on the influences of processing levels and orientating tasks during encoding, comparing the effects among different retrieval tasks, exploring the similarities and differences among different age groups, and examining the impacts of emotional items and emotional contexts. In this sense, detailed reviews were made from these aspects. Furthermore, we pointed out several possible directions for future studies: (a) integrating previous results, (b) improving theoretical models, (c) exploring more social factors, (d) focusing on individual and group differences, as well as (e) extending applications.

Key words: subsequent memory effects, encoding task, retrieval task, age, emotion

聂爱情, 李梦思, 潘如. (2018). 编码如何预测提取?以相继记忆效应为证. 心理科学进展 , 26(10), 1775-1786.

NIE Aiqing, LI Mengsi, PAN Ru. (2018). How does encoding predict retrieval? Evidence from subsequent memory effects. Advances in Psychological Science, 26(10), 1775-1786.

参考文献 71

1	郭春彦, 朱滢, 丁锦红, 范思陆 . ( 2003). 不同加工与记忆编码关系的ERP研究. 心理学报, 35( 2), 150-156.
2	秦绍正, 韩布新, 罗劲 . ( 2007). 相继记忆模式: 展现情节记忆形成脑机制的窗口. 心理科学进展, 15( 3), 401-408. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-3710.2007.03.003 URL
3	Becker N., Kalpouzos G., Persson J., Laukka E. J., & Brehmer Y . ( 2017). Differential effects of encoding instructions on brain activity patterns of item and associative memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29( 3), 545-559. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01062 URL
4	Brehmer Y., Shing Y. L., Heekeren H. R., Lindenberger U., & Bäckman L . ( 2016). Training-induced changes in subsequent-memory effects: No major differences among children, younger adults, and older adults. NeuroImage, 131, 214-225. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.074 URL
5	Bridger E. K., & Wilding, E. L . ( 2010). Requirements at retrieval modulate subsequent memory effects: An event- related potential study. Cognitive Neuroscience, 1( 4), 254-260. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2010.484882 URL pmid: 24168378
6	Brocher A., & Graf, T. ( 2017). Decision-related factors in pupil old/new effects: Attention, response execution, and false memory. Neuropsychologia, 102, 124-134. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.011 URL
7	Cansino S., Estrada-Manilla C., Trejo-Morales P., Pasaye- Alcaraz E. H., Aguilar-Castañeda E., Salgado-Lujambio P., & Sosa-Ortiz A. L . ( 2015). fMRI subsequent source memory effects in young, middle-aged and old adults. Behavioural Brain Research, 280, 24-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.042 URL pmid: 25476566
8	Cansino S., Trejo-Morales P., Estrada-Manilla C., Pasaye- Alcaraz E. H., Aguilar-Castañeda E., Salgado-Lujambio P., & Sosa-Ortiz A. L . ( 2017). Effective connectivity during successful and unsuccessful recollection in young and old adults. Neuropsychologia, 103, 168-182. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.016 URL
9	Cassidy B. S., Hedden T., Yoon C., & Gutchess A. H . ( 2014). Age differences in medial prefrontal activity for subsequent memory of truth value. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 87. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00087 URL pmid: 3916770
10	Collier A. K., Wolf D. H., Valdez J. N., Gur R. E., & Gur R. C . ( 2014). Subsequent memory effects in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 224( 3), 211-217. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.012 URL pmid: 25453165
11	de Chastelaine M., Mattson J. T., Wang T. H., Donley B. E., & Rugg M. D . ( 2015). Sensitivity of negative subsequent memory and task-negative effects to age and associative memory performance. Brain Research, 1612, 16-29.
12	de Chastelaine M., Mattson J. T., Wang T. H., Donley B. E., & Rugg M. D . ( 2016). The relationships between age, associative memory performance, and the neural correlates of successful associative memory encoding. Neurobiology of Aging, 42, 163-176. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.015 URL
13	de Chastelaine, M., & Rugg, M. D . ( 2015). The effects of study task on prestimulus subsequent memory effects in the hippocampus. Hippocampus, 25( 11), 1217-1223. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22489 URL pmid: 26135908
14	de Chastelaine M., Wang T. H., Minton B., Muftuler L. T., & Rugg M. D . ( 2011). The effects of age, memory performance, and callosal integrity on the neural correlates of successful associative encoding. Cerebral Cortex, 21( 9), 2166-2176. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq294 URL
15	Doidge A. N., Evans L. H., Herron J. E., & Wilding E. L . ( 2017). Separating content-specific retrieval from post-retrieval processing. Cortex, 86, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.003 URL pmid: 5264396
16	Dolcos F., LaBar K. S., & Cabeza R . ( 2004). Dissociable effects of arousal and valence on prefrontal activity indexing emotional evaluation and subsequent memory: An event- related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 23, 64-74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.015 URL
17	Dulas M. R., & Duarte, A. ( 2013). The influence of directed attention at encoding on source memory retrieval in the young and old: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1500, 55-71.
18	Duverne S., Motamedinia S., & Rugg M. D . ( 2009). The relationship between aging, performance, and the neural correlates of successful memory encoding. Cerebral Cortex, 19( 3), 733-744. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn122 URL
19	Estrada-Manilla C., & Cansino, S. ( 2012). Event-related potential variations in the encoding and retrieval of different amounts of contextual information. Behavioural Brain Research, 232( 1), 190-201. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.012 URL
20	Fellner M. C., Bäuml K. T., & Hanslmayr S . ( 2013). Brain oscillatory subsequent memory effects differ in power and long-range synchronization between semantic and survival processing. NeuroImage, 79, 361-370. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.121 URL
21	Fernandes M. A., Moscovitch M., Ziegler M., & Grady C . ( 2005). Brain regions associated with successful and unsuccessful retrieval of verbal episodic memory as revealed by divided attention. Neuropsychologia, 43( 8), 1115-1127. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.026 URL
22	Friedman D., & Johnson, R. J . ( 2000). Event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review. Microscopy Research and Technique, 51( 1), 6-28. doi: 10.1002/1097-0029(20001001)51:13.0.CO;2-R URL pmid: 11002349
23	Galli G., Wolpe N., & Otten L. J . ( 2011). Sex differences in the use of anticipatory brain activity to encode emotional events. Journal of Neuroscience, 31( 34), 12364-12370. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1619-11.2011 URL pmid: 3173860
24	Gao C. J., Hermiller M. S., Voss J. L., & Guo C. Y . ( 2015). Basic perceptual changes that alter meaning and neural correlates of recognition memory. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 49. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00049 URL pmid: 4324141
25	Gärtner M., & Bajbouj, M. ( 2014). Encoding-related EEG oscillations during memory formation are modulated by mood state. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscence, 9( 12), 1934-1941. doi: 10.1093/scan/nst184 URL pmid: 24464848
26	Geng F., Canada K., & Riggins T . ( 2018). Age- and performance-related differences in encoding during early childhood: Insights from event-related potentials. Memory, 26( 4), 451-461. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1366526 URL
27	Ghetti S., DeMaster D. M., Yonelinas A. P., & Bunge S. A . ( 2010). Developmental differences in medial temporal lobe function during memory encoding. Journal of Neuroscience, 30( 28), 9548-9556. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3500-09.2010 URL pmid: 2937832
28	Guo C., Duan L., Li W., & Paller K. A . ( 2006). Distinguishing source memory and item memory: Brain potentials at encoding and retrieval. Brain Research, 1118( 1), 142-154. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.034 URL pmid: 16978588
29	Hanslmayr S., & Staudigl, T. ( 2014). How brain oscillations form memories — A processing based perspective on oscillatory subsequent memory effects. NeuroImage, 85, 648-655. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.121 URL
30	Hayes J. M., Tang L., Viviano R. P., Rooden V. S., Ofen N., & Damoiseaux J. S . ( 2017). Subjective memory complaints are associated with brain activation supporting successful memory encoding. Neurobiology of Aging, 60, 71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.015 URL
31	Hoppstädter M., Baeuchl C., Diener C., Flor H., & Meyer P . ( 2015). Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals brain networks underlying recognition memory ERP old/new effects. NeuroImage, 116, 112-122. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.026 URL
32	Hsieh L. T., Hung D. L., Tzeng O. J. L., Lee J. R., & Cheng S . ( 2009). An event-related potential investigation of the processing of remember/forget cues and item encoding in item-method directed forgetting. Brain Research, 1250, 190-201.
33	Kamp S. M., Bader R., & Mecklinger A . ( 2017). ERP subsequent memory effects differ between inter-item and unitization encoding tasks. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 30. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00030 URL pmid: 5403928
34	Kamp S. M., Potts G. F., & Donchin E . ( 2015). On the roles of distinctiveness and semantic expectancies in episodic encoding of emotional words. Psychophysiology, 52( 12), 1599-1609. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12537 URL
35	Kiefer M., Schuch S., Schenck W., & Fiedler K . ( 2007). Emotion and memory: Event-related potential indices predictive for subsequent successful memory depend on the emotional mood state. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 3( 3), 363-373. doi: 10.2478/v10053-008-0001-8 URL
36	Kim H., ( 2011). Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: A meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies. NeuroImage, 54, 2446-2461. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.045 URL
37	Kontaxopoulou D., Beratis I. N., Fragkiadaki S., Pavlou D., Yannis G., Economou A., .. Papageorgiou S. G . ( 2017). Incidental and intentional memory: Their relation with attention and executive functions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32( 5), 519-532. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acx027 URL pmid: 28383645
38	Kuo M. C. C., Liu K. P. Y., Ting K. H ., & Chan, C. C. H. ( 2012). Differentiation of perceptual and semantic subsequent memory effects using an orthographic paradigm. Brain Research, 1486, 82-91.
39	Leventon J. S., & Bauer, P. J . ( 2016). Emotion regulation during the encoding of emotional stimuli: Effects on subsequent memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 142, 312-333. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.024 URL pmid: 26597138
40	Liang J. C., & Preston, A. R . ( 2017). Medial temporal lobe reinstatement of content-specific details predicts source memory. Cortex, 91, 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.09.011 URL pmid: 28029355
41	Liu Y., Rosburg T., Gao C., Weber C., & Guo C . ( 2017). Differentiation of subsequent memory effects between retrieval practice and elaborative study. Biological Psychology, 127, 134-147. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.010 URL pmid: 28552619
42	Maillet D., & Rajah, M. N . ( 2014 a). Age-related differences in brain activity in the subsequent memory paradigm: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 45, 246-257. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.006 URL pmid: 24973756
43	Maillet D., & Rajah, M. N . ( 2014 b). Dissociable roles of default-mode regions during episodic encoding. NeuroImage, 89, 244-255. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.050 URL pmid: 24315838
44	Malejka S., & Bröder, A. ( 2016). No source memory for unrecognized items when implicit feedback is avoided. Memory & Cognition, 44, 63-72. doi: 10.3758/s13421-015-0549-8 URL
45	Martínez-Galindo J. G., & Cansino, S. ( 2015). Positive and negative emotional contexts unevenly predict episodic memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 291, 89-102. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.018 URL pmid: 26003944
46	Nie A., Guo C., Wu Y., Qu N., & Ding J . ( 2004). Picture encoding and retrieval: An event-related potential study. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49( 20), 2148-2154. doi: 10.1007/BF03185781 URL
47	Osipova D., Takashima A., Oostenveld R., Fernández G., Maris E., & Jensen O . ( 2006). Theta and gamma oscillations predict encoding and retrieval of declarative memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26( 28), 7523-7531. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1948-06.2006 URL pmid: 16837600
48	Ozubko J. D., & Sel, P. ( 2016). Forget all that nonsense: The role of meaning during the forgetting of recollective and familiarity-based memories. Neuropsychologia, 90, 136-147. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.026 URL
49	Paller K. A., Kutas M., & Mayes A. R . ( 1987). Neural correlates of encoding in an incidental learning paradigm. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 67( 4), 360-371. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(87)90124-6 URL pmid: 2441971
50	Park H., Kennedy K. M., Rodrigue K. M., Hebrank A., & Park D. C . ( 2013). An fMRI study of episodic encoding across the lifespan: Changes in subsequent memory effects are evident by middle-age. Neuropsychologia, 51( 3), 448-456. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.025 URL
51	Park H., Uncapher M. R ., & Rugg, A. M. D. ( 2008). Effects of study task on the neural correlates of source encoding. Learning & Memory, 15( 6), 417-425. doi: 10.1101/lm.878908 URL pmid: 2414252
52	Proberbio A. M., La Mastra F., & Zani A . ( 2016). How negative social bias affects memory for faces: An electrical neuroimaging study. PLoS One, 11( 9), e0162671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162671 URL
53	Righi S., Marzi T., Toscani M., Baldassi S., Ottonello S., & Viggiano M. P . ( 2012). Fearful expressions enhance recognition memory: Electrophysiological evidence. Acta Psychologica, 139( 1), 7-18. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.015 URL pmid: 22036588
54	Rollins L., & Riggins, T. ( 2013). Developmental changes in memory encoding: Insights from event-related potentials. Developmental Science, 16( 4), 599-609. doi: 10.1111/desc.12072 URL pmid: 23786477
55	Rollins L., & Riggins, T. ( 2018). Age-related differences in subjective recollection: ERP studies of encoding and retrieval. Developmental Science, 21( 3), e12583. doi: 10.1111/desc.12583 URL pmid: 28677331
56	Ross R. S., Medrano P., Boyle K., Smolen A., Curran T., & Nyhus E . ( 2015). Genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene influences ERP old/new effects during recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 78, 95-107. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.028 URL
57	Sanquist T. F., Rohrbaugh J. W., Syndulko K., & Lindsey D. B . ( 1980). Electrocortical signs of levels of processing: Perceptual analysis and recognition memory. Psychophysiology, 17( 6), 568-576. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02299.x URL pmid: 7443924
58	Schwarz N., ( 2010). Feelings-as-information theory. In P. Van Lange, A. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology( pp. 289-308). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
59	Shing Y. L., Brehmer Y., Heekeren H. R., Bäckman L., & Lindenberger U . ( 2016). Neural activation patterns of successful episodic encoding: Reorganization during childhood, maintenance in old age. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.06.003 URL
60	Shing Y. L., Werkle-Bergner M., Brehmer Y., Müller V., Li S. C., & Lindenberger U . ( 2010). Episodic memory across the lifespan: The contributions of associative and strategic components. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34( 7), 1080-1091. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.002 URL pmid: 19896974
61	Sliwa J., & Freiwald, W. A . ( 2017). A dedicated network for social interaction processing in the primate brain. Science, 356, 745-749. doi: 10.1126/science.aam6383 URL pmid: 5540642
62	Tsoi L., Dungan J., Waytz A., & Young L . ( 2016). Distinct neural patterns of social cognition for cooperation versus competition. NeuroImage, 137, 86-96. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.069 URL pmid: 27165762
63	Vogelsang D. A., Bonnici H. M., Bergström Z. M., Ranganath C., & Simons J. S . ( 2016). Goal-directed mechanisms that constrain retrieval predict subsequent memory for new “foil” information. Neuropsychologia, 89, 356-363. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.016 URL
64	Voss J. L., & Paller, K. A . ( 2009). Remembering and knowing: Electrophysiological distinctions at encoding but not retrieval. NeuroImage, 46, 280-289. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.048 URL pmid: 19457375
65	Wagner A. D., Koutstaal W., & Schacter D. L . ( 1999). When encoding yields remembering: Insights from event- related neuroimaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 354( 1387), 1307-1324. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1999.0481 URL pmid: 1692641
66	Watts S., Buratto L. G., Brotherhood E. V., Barnacle G. E., & Schaefer A . ( 2014). The neural fate of neutral information in emotion-enhanced memory. Psychophysiology, 51( 7), 673-684. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12211 URL pmid: 24673606
67	Wilding E. L. , & Sharpe, H. ( 2003) . Episodic memory encoding and retrieval: Recent insights from event-related potentials. In A. Zani, A. M. Proverbio, & M. I. Posner (Eds.), The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain (pp. 169-196). San Diego: Academic Press.
68	Wong J. X., de Chastelaine M., & Rugg M. D . ( 2013). Comparison of the neural correlates of encoding item-item and item-context associations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 436. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00436 URL pmid: 3743067
69	Wong S., Irish M., O’Callaghan C., Kumfor F., Savage G., Hodges J. R., .. Hornberger M . ( 2017). Should I trust you? Learning and memory of social interactions in dementia. Neuropsychologia, 104, 157-167. doi: 10.1007/s00234-017-1892-1 URL pmid: 28811259
70	Yick Y. Y., Buratto L. G., & Schaefer A . ( 2015). The effects of negative emotion on encoding-related neural activity predicting item and source recognition. Neuropsychologia, 73, 48-59. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.030 URL
71	Yonelinas A. P., Aly M., Wang W. C., & Koen J. D . ( 2010). Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions. Hippocampus, 20( 11), 1178-1194. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20864 URL pmid: 20848606

[1]	叶舒琪, 尹俊婷, 李招贤, 罗俊龙. 情绪对直觉与分析加工的影响机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(5): 736-746.
[2]	郭理, 加锁锁, 李圭泉, 李蔓林. 高处不胜寒?领导工作场所孤独感的多层次双刃剑效应[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(4): 582-596.
[3]	杨智超, 王艇. 消费决策中的零：零价格效应和零比较效应[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(3): 492-506.
[4]	蔡华俭, 张明杨, 包寒吴霜, 朱慧珺, 杨紫嫣, 程曦, 黄梓航, 王梓西. 心理学视野下的社会变迁研究：研究设计与分析方法[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(2): 159-172.
[5]	马原啸, 陈旭. 焦虑易感群体焦虑识别与消退中催产素的作用[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 10-19.
[6]	肖婷炜, 董洁, 梁飞, 王福顺, 李洋. 厌恶情绪与自杀行为的关系[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 87-98.
[7]	寇东晓, 王晓玉. 权力对人际敏感性的影响[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(1): 108-115.
[8]	邹迪, 李红, 王福顺. 唤醒定义探析及其认知神经生理基础[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(9): 2020-2033.
[9]	刘薇, 沈晓玲. 团队行动中反思与团队创新关系研究的动态视角——认知与情绪的双元路径[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1759-1769.
[10]	梁飞, 江瑶, 肖婷炜, 董洁, 王福顺. 基本情绪的神经基础：来自fMRI与机器视觉技术研究的证据[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1832-1843.
[11]	杨倩. 负性情绪在冲突适应中的作用机制：分离与整合视角[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1844-1855.
[12]	刘春晓, 刘立志, 王丹, 陈文锋. 集体仪式促进群体情绪感染的机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(8): 1870-1882.
[13]	王燕青, 龚少英, 姜甜甜, 吴亚男. 情感代理能否提高多媒体学习的效果?[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(7): 1524-1535.
[14]	武晓菲, 肖风, 罗劲. 创造性认知重评在情绪调节中的迁移效应及其神经基础[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 477-485.
[15]	刘俊材, 冉光明, 张琪. 不同情绪载体的神经活动及其异同——脑成像研究的ALE元分析[J]. 心理科学进展, 2022, 30(3): 536-555.