注意过程中的行为振荡现象

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.00460

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

行为振荡是个体心理加工过程的周期性动态变化在行为上的表现。通过高时间分辨率的行为采样方法, 行为振荡研究为探索视觉注意的时间动态结构提供了一个新的视角。各种不同的注意任务中都发现存在行为振荡现象。大量行为振荡证据表明, 注意过程存在两种主要的节律成分：反映注意抑制的α节律(8~13 Hz)和反映注意转移的θ节律(4~8 Hz)。这些结果有助于揭示注意的时间动态结构, 也为序列搜索理论和平行搜索理论之间的争论提供了新的分析思路。行为振荡的节律特征会受到一些潜在因素(如任务难度、线索有效性)的影响。行为振荡和神经振荡在某些任务中表现出相同的节律成分, 提示两者涉及了相似的心理过程。后续研究应进一步关注各种不同的注意控制过程以及多模态交互任务, 深入探索其行为振荡特点, 以更好地揭示注意的动态加工过程。

关键词: 行为振荡, 注意, 节律性采样, 神经振荡

Abstract:

Behavioral oscillations are periodic changes of behavioral performance which result from rhythmic mental processes. Through behavioral methods that have high temporal resolutions, prior studies have provided a unique perspective to investigate the temporal dynamics of visual attention. Phenomena of behavioral oscillations were observed in many types of attentional tasks. There was much evidence supporting that attentional sampling showed periodic changes mainly at two different rhythms: α (8~13 Hz) band which reflects attentional suppression and θ (4~8 Hz) band which reflects attentional shift. These results help revealing the temporal dynamics of attention and provide a new approach for the controversy between serial- and parallel-search theories of attention. Some potential factors, including task difficulty and cue validity, were found to be able to influence the rhythmic characteristics of behavioral oscillations. Behavioral oscillations showed consistent rhythms with neural oscillations in some attentional tasks, suggesting that they might involve similar mental processes. To systematically reveal the temporal dynamics of attention, future studies are needed to investigate the specific patterns of behavioral oscillations under various attentional control processes, as well as in multimodal attentional tasks.

Key words: behavioral oscillations, attention, rhythmic sampling, neural oscillations

中图分类号:

B842

章小丹, 张沥今, 丁玉珑, 曲折. (2021). 注意过程中的行为振荡现象. 心理科学进展 , 29(3), 460-471.

ZHANG Xiaodan, ZHANG Lijin, DING Yulong, QU Zhe. (2021). Behavioral oscillations in attentional processing. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(3), 460-471.

图/表 7

图1 重置注意相位及设置随机采样点。 t0为重置相位事件出现时刻。重置相位事件出现前(左半部分), 不同试次的注意振荡(不同颜色线)之间不存在明确的相位关系。重置相位事件出现之后(右半部分), 振荡的高兴奋状态和低兴奋状态的出现时间在实验中保持一致, 实现心理动态变化过程的同步化。t1、t2、t3、t4为随机设置的采样点, 不同时刻的采样数据反映了注意加工过程的不同行为反应, 当采样点足够多时, 个体的行为反应及其心理加工过程将趋于同步化。

图2 行为数据的时频分析过程示例。 A：标准化处理结果。B：去趋势化结果。C：傅里叶变换结果。[图引用并修改自Song等人(2014)]

图3 两种常用的行为振荡研究范式。 A：线索-目标范式示意图。线索的出现(外周框加粗或中央注视点变大)将被试的注意引导到特定的空间位置(外周或中央), 从而完成相位重置; 一定时间的空屏后, 被试对紧接着出现的目标刺激进行反应。[图引用并修改自Chica等人(2014)]。B：视觉搜索范式示意图。搜索序列出现在屏幕的左下方或右下方完成注意相位重置; 随后在搜索序列的任意两个位置上出现两个探针以及后续的掩蔽刺激; 在反应阶段中被试需要先判断搜索序列中是否出现目标刺激(反应1), 接着在呈现的一行刺激中识别出两个探针(反应2)。[图引用并修改自Dugué等人(2015)]。在上述A、B两种任务范式中, 在重置相位事件(线索-目标范式中的线索, 或视觉搜索范式中的搜索序列)呈现后的一定长度的时间窗内设置不同的SOA来采集被试的行为数据, 每个时间点的数据反映了被试在重置注意相位后对应时刻的任务表现; 任务表现越好, 表明在该时刻下被试分配给目标刺激更多的注意资源。C：视觉搜索范式结果示意图。其中P1表示分配最多注意的位置的探针报告率, P2表示分配最少注意的位置的探针报告率; 由图中可知, 在不同SOA条件下均存在P1 ≠ P2, 表明注意在两个空间位置间的分配是不均匀的, 即被试一次只能加工一个空间位置上的刺激。[图引用并修改自Dugué等人(2015)]

图4 空间注意中的行为振荡。 A：Landau和Fries (2012)的空间线索范式结果示意图。实验中被试需要在双侧呈现的光栅刺激中检测目标刺激的出现; 红线代表刺激出现在线索同侧, 蓝线代表刺激出现在线索异侧, 不同颜色的水平线段指示对应条件下出现峰值振幅的频率区间; 极坐标图表示两个条件(同侧或异侧)出现峰值振幅的频率区间的平均相位关系。结果发现当线索出现在右侧屏幕(左图), 被试的反应正确率呈现约4 Hz (红线：3.5~4.12 Hz, 蓝线：4.12~4.8 Hz)的振荡模式, 当线索出现在左侧屏幕(右图), 被试的反应正确率呈现6~10 Hz (红线：6.2~7.45 Hz, 蓝线：9.4~9.95 Hz)的振荡模式, 且左右两侧刺激的正确率存在反相位振荡关系(相差222°, 黑色实线), 揭示了空间注意中的行为振荡现象。B：Song等人(2014)发现的α脉冲示意图。在行为数据中观察到α脉冲(约8~20 Hz)成分以θ节律(3~5 Hz, 约每300 ms一次)在两个空间位置间切换。

图5 客体注意中的行为振荡。 A：双矩形范式示意图。在线索提示某一位置后, 目标刺激可能出现在两个矩形的任一端点位置(共4个位置), 被试需要对目标刺激的出现进行反应; 数字“1” “2” “3”标志的位置分别表示“线索提示位置”、“同客体非线索提示位置”和“等距离异客体位置”三种位置条件, 用于区分空间注意和客体注意的振荡频率。B：双矩形范式的结果示意图。虚线表示对应条件下的统计显著性边界; 极坐标图表示位置“2” “3”的检测率的平均相位差(箭头, p < 0.05)。结果表明：当目标刺激出现在位置“1” “2”时, 被试的行为反应呈现约8 Hz的振荡模式, 而当目标刺激出现在位置“3”时, 行为振荡频率为约4 Hz; 并且位置“2”和“3”的检测率的行为振荡存在显著的反相位关系。该结果既揭示了注意采样过程的节律性, 也区分了注意基于空间和基于客体转移的不同采样频率。[图引用并修改自Fiebelkorn等人(2013)]。

图6 特征注意中的行为振荡。 A：双刺激及结果示意图。空间位置重叠的、由颜色和运动方向共同定义的两个刺激先后出现, 被试需要在第二个刺激出现时进行反应。阴影部分表示标准误区间, 不同颜色的水平线段指示对应条件下出现峰值振幅的频率区间; 极坐标图表示两个条件出现峰值振幅的频率区间的平均相位关系(红色实线)。结果表明：当同一空间位置上存在两个特征刺激时, 被试的行为反应呈现约4 Hz的振荡模式, 对两个刺激的采样节律并不存在严格的反相位关系。B：单刺激及结果示意图。当只存在单个刺激时, 行为振荡频率为约8 Hz, 这可能是个体知觉环境的基本周期。[图引用并修改自Re等人(2019)]

图7 视觉搜索中的行为振荡。 A：Dugué等人(2015)的视觉搜索任务结果示意图。对图3C中的P1和P2的差异值进行快速傅里叶变换, 结果发现约7 Hz的行为振荡现象。B：Dugué等人(2017)在视觉搜索任务中使用的搜索序列示意图。特征搜索任务的刺激(左)由单一特征(方向)定义, 联合搜索任务的刺激(右)包含多个特征(方向、密度)。C：Dugué等人(2017)的视觉搜索任务结果示意图。特征搜索的采样频率以12 Hz左右为主(左), 联合搜索则以5 Hz左右为主(右)。A、C图中背景颜色的亮度表示在零假设条件下进行的bootstrap统计检验的显著性, 水平黑线表示bootstrapping得到的平均振幅, 水平虚线表示p值的边界。

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